L’objectif de cette étude est de caractériser des altérations de qualité de la viande du porc et de la dinde. Chez porc, la qualité de la viande est handicapée par une lésion de type de myopathie exsudative appelée PSE ou viandes déstructurées dans sa forme localisée. La transformation de ces viandes conduit à de faible rendements suite à une perte d’eau importante et un grave défaut de présentation du produit fini et donc à des pertes économiques importantes. Parmi les facteurs conditionnant l’apparition de la lésion, la génétique des animaux aux loci HAL et RN occupe un premier plan. Au second plan, l’environnement pre-mortem a une influence tout aussi importante et en particulier les conditions d’abattage. L’histologie comparative des muscles montre que la structure du réseau vasculaire et la typologie des fibres musculaires chez le porc des différents génotypes HAL et RN sont responsables de leur vulnérabilité. Chez la dinde, les expressions du problème PSE dans le muscle sont vraisemblablement similaires à celles observées chez le porc. Les caractéristiques de qualité de 3 souches de dinde (Hybride, Nicholas et BUT9) ont été étudiées : la chute du pH post mortem et la couleur de la viande évaluée dans le système L*a*b* nous confortent dans cette position / The objective of this study is to characterize the alteration of meat quality of the pork and the turkey. In pork, the quality of the meat is handicapped by a lesion exsudative myopathy called PSE (Pale Soft Exsudative) or localized destructured meats. The transformation of these meats leads to a reduced performance following an important water loss and a serious defect of presentation of the end product will cause massive losses in economy. Among the factors influencing the appearance of the lesion, HAL and RN genotypes occupy the first plan to limit these effects in pork. In the second plan, the pre-mortem environment has an all-important influence also and in particular the slaughter conditions. Comparative histology of muscles shows that the structure of the vascular network and the typology of muscle fibers of various genotypes HAL and RN in pork are responsible for their vulnerability. In turkey, the expressions of PSE muscle problem are probably similar to those observed in pork. Quality characteristics of 3 lines of turkey (Hybride, Nicholas and BUT9) were studied. The rate of pH fall post-mortem and the colour of the meat (which were evaluated in the L*a*b* system) have reinforced us in this position.

Ce travail cherche à défendre une théorie objectiviste des couleurs en conciliant deux thèses tenues habituellement pour incompatibles : le physicalisme, selon lequel les couleurs sont des propriétés physiques décrites par la science, et la thèse de la révélation, selon laquelle la nature des couleurs est révélée par l’expérience. Ces deux thèses sont tenues pour inconciliables parce que les couleurs se présentent comme des qualités, alors que la science traite de quantités. Après être revenu sur l’histoire du problème en montrant comment on peut comprendre la controverse moderne sur les qualités secondes à partir de la thèse de la révélation, je montre comment comprendre cette dernière thèse et je soutiens que toute théorie plausible des couleurs doit soutenir la révélation. Je soutiens que les couleurs sont des événements transitoires, et non pas des propriétés permanentes des objets. La lumière ne se contente pas de révéler la couleur des objets, mais la produit : les couleurs sont des effets de l'interaction de la lumière avec l'objet ou, quand il s'agit de sources primaires de lumière, des événements se produisant en leur sein. Cette thèse semble offrir une réponse, au moins partielle, à des arguments classiques à l'encontre de l'objectivité des couleurs, notamment certaines versions de l'argument de la relativité. Surtout, cette catégorisation nouvelle des couleurs permet de concilier les descriptions qualitatives et chromatiques des couleurs avec leurs descriptions quantitatives et physiques, permettant ainsi de concilier l’image manifeste et l’image scientifique du monde. / This work tries to defend an objectivist theory of colour by a reconciliation of two theses generally considered as incompatible: physicalism, the theory that colours are scientific properties of objects, and revelation, the thesis that the nature of a colour is revealed by an experience of this colour. Those theses are considered as incompatible because colours are presented as qualities, while science is only about quantities. After a chapter about the history of the problem, showing how we can understand the modern controversy on secondary qualities thanks to the revelation thesis, I show how to understand revelation, distinguishing it from phenomenology, and claim that a correct theory of colour must support revelation. After that, I argue that colours are transitory events, not standing properties: light produce colours, which are effects of the interaction of light with matter or, for primary light sources, events happening in them. This thesis gives a partial answer to some arguments against objectivism, notably variability arguments. Above all, this new categorization of colour reconciles the qualitative chromatic descriptions of colours with their quantitative physical descriptions, thus allowing reconciliation between the manifest and the scientific images of the world.

Esta tese de doutoramento trata da disputa entre o PSDB e o PT nas eleições presidenciais ocorridas no Brasil entre 1994 e 2006. O objetivo principal é identificar quais são as variáveis que estão associadas ao voto nos dois partidos que nos permitem prever com alguma precisão as chances de voto em cada um deles. A análise será procedida com auxílio de bancos de dados representativos dos eleitores brasileiros. São observadas diversas variáveis, classificadas em dois grupos: no primeiro estão as variáveis relacionadas a aspectos de longo prazo que incidem sobre o comportamento eleitoral, as características demográficas, sócio-econômicas e político-ideológicas dos eleitores, no segundo estão as variáveis ligadas diretamente ao processo eleitoral, as avaliações dos governos e dos candidatos. A hipótese mais importante a ser testada é que as variáveis de curto prazo têm impacto muito maior sobre as chances de voto nos partidos do que as variáveis de longo prazo. Isso indica que o contexto eleitoral afeta mais o resultado das eleições presidenciais do que qualquer aspecto estrutural, seja social, econômico ou político. Os resultados obtidos com a utilização de regressões logísticas corroboram a hipótese e apontam para diferenças importantes entre o voto no PSDB e no PT. / This Ph.D. thesis is about the dispute between the PSDB and PT for presidential elections ran in Brazil between 1994 e 2006. Its main objective is to identify the variables linked to votes given for both parties which would lead us to predict under a certain precision degree the chances each one has against other. The analysis is based on relevant databases from brazilian electoral activities. Several variables were observed and separated in two different groups: the first contains the ones related to long term aspects linked to the voters behavior as well as demographics, socio-economic, and political-ideological variables, while the second one contains the variables directly linked to the electoral process, to candidates evaluations and the country issues. The most important hypothesis to be tested is the one of short term variables making a bigger impact over each party vote chance when compared to the long term ones. Considering the hypothesis valuable, this presents the scenary of the electoral context with a bigger effect over presidential election than any other voter structural aspect either social, economic or political. The given result corroborates with the hypothesis and came from logistics regressions, pointing out relevant differences between votes given in favour of PSDB and PT.

The Wind Projects are based around ideas about materialization. They are an attempt at combining factors related to textiles, such as patterns, structure, materials and body with abstract ideas about movement, change, unpredictability and interrelated relationships between materials, environments objects and actions. / Program: Master in Textile Design

Neste trabalho foi desenvolvido e aplicado um programa de controle de qualidade ao equipamento de raios X (160 kV, potencial constante, alvo de tungstênio) do Laboratório de Calibração de Instrumentos (LCI) do IPEN no intervalo de energia relativo aos feixes de mamografia (de 25 a 35 kV). Depois da aplicação deste programa foram implantados os campos padrões de radiação X, nível mamografia, utilizando filtração adicional de molibdênio e alumínio, seguindo recomendações nacionais e internacionais, neste mesmo equipamento. A câmara de ionização de referência possui rastreabilidade ao PTB e foi submetida rotineiramente a testes de controle de qualidade para avaliação e análise da confiabilidade de seu desempenho. Foram implantadas qualidades relativas aos feixes de entrada (RQR-M), feixes de saída (RQA-M), feixes estreitos (RQN-M) e feixes largos (RQB-M), seguindo as recomendações da nova norma internacional IEC 61267, de 2005 e do novo código de pratica da AIEA, TRS 457 (2007). Para a implantação dos feixes RQN-M e RQB-M foram desenvolvidos dois simuladores específicos para mamografia. As camadas semi-redutoras encontradas são aquelas apresentadas pelo laboratório primário alemão PTB, e variaram de 0,35 até 1,21 mmAl. As taxas de kerma no ar foram determinadas para todas as 15 qualidades implantadas. / In this work it was developed and applied a quality control program of the Xradiation system (160 kV, constant potential, target of tungsten) of the Calibration Laboratory of IPEN(LCI) in the energy range relative to mammography beams (from 25 kV to 35 kV). The X radiation standards beams, level mammography, using molybdenum and aluminum as additional filtration, were established after the application of this quality control program following national and international recommendations. The reference ionization chamber has traceability to PTB and was regularly submitted to quality control tests for evaluation and analysis of its performance. The radiation qualities emerging from the X-radiation assembly (RQR-M), based on a phantom made up of an aluminum added filter (RQA-M), narrow beam condition (RQN-M) and broad beam condition (RQB-M), following the recommendations of the international standard IEC 61267 (2005) and the IAEA code of practice, TRS 457 (2007) were established. For the implantation of RQN-M and RQB-M radiation qualities, two mammography phantoms were developed. The half-value layers found are those presented by the German primary laboratory PTB, and varied from 0.35 to 1.21 mmAl. The air kerma rates were obtained for all the 15 implanted qualities.

Neste trabalho foi desenvolvido e aplicado um programa de controle de qualidade ao equipamento de raios X (160 kV, potencial constante, alvo de tungstênio) do Laboratório de Calibração de Instrumentos (LCI) do IPEN no intervalo de energia relativo aos feixes de mamografia (de 25 a 35 kV). Depois da aplicação deste programa foram implantados os campos padrões de radiação X, nível mamografia, utilizando filtração adicional de molibdênio e alumínio, seguindo recomendações nacionais e internacionais, neste mesmo equipamento. A câmara de ionização de referência possui rastreabilidade ao PTB e foi submetida rotineiramente a testes de controle de qualidade para avaliação e análise da confiabilidade de seu desempenho. Foram implantadas qualidades relativas aos feixes de entrada (RQR-M), feixes de saída (RQA-M), feixes estreitos (RQN-M) e feixes largos (RQB-M), seguindo as recomendações da nova norma internacional IEC 61267, de 2005 e do novo código de pratica da AIEA, TRS 457 (2007). Para a implantação dos feixes RQN-M e RQB-M foram desenvolvidos dois simuladores específicos para mamografia. As camadas semi-redutoras encontradas são aquelas apresentadas pelo laboratório primário alemão PTB, e variaram de 0,35 até 1,21 mmAl. As taxas de kerma no ar foram determinadas para todas as 15 qualidades implantadas. / In this work it was developed and applied a quality control program of the Xradiation system (160 kV, constant potential, target of tungsten) of the Calibration Laboratory of IPEN(LCI) in the energy range relative to mammography beams (from 25 kV to 35 kV). The X radiation standards beams, level mammography, using molybdenum and aluminum as additional filtration, were established after the application of this quality control program following national and international recommendations. The reference ionization chamber has traceability to PTB and was regularly submitted to quality control tests for evaluation and analysis of its performance. The radiation qualities emerging from the X-radiation assembly (RQR-M), based on a phantom made up of an aluminum added filter (RQA-M), narrow beam condition (RQN-M) and broad beam condition (RQB-M), following the recommendations of the international standard IEC 61267 (2005) and the IAEA code of practice, TRS 457 (2007) were established. For the implantation of RQN-M and RQB-M radiation qualities, two mammography phantoms were developed. The half-value layers found are those presented by the German primary laboratory PTB, and varied from 0.35 to 1.21 mmAl. The air kerma rates were obtained for all the 15 implanted qualities.

Digestion rates have been measured for brown trout (Salmo trutta Linn.) during summer, fall, winter and spring seasons on the Blacksmith Fork River, Utah. Exponential rates of digestion varied from a gradual rate of -0.2372 to an accelerated rate of -0.6808. Factors found to affect digestion rate most were water temperature and the amount of food in the stomach. The affect of temperature was not clearly isolated. However, the amount of food in the stomach, at the beginning of the digestion study, appeared to have the most pronounced effect. Four of the five digestion rate measurements, with high coefficients 'of determination, were highly correlated to changes in the amount of food in the stomach. A stomach capacity study was also conducted during the winter season. A comparison of the results of the present study with those of an earlier study conducted during the summer season exhibited two nearly parallel non-linear regression lines. The differences in stomach capacity ranged from only 0.02 cc at 170 mm fork length to 0.93 cc at 340 mm fork length. Throughout the 170 to 340 mm size range, stomach capacities were smaller in the present study than those reported in the earlier study. Although some differences in method of determining stomach capacity did occur, these differences should have led to larger stomach capacities in this study. Since season of collection was different, it is suspected that was largely responsible for these differences. Therefore, the results of the stomach capacity study indicate that stomach capacities can be expected to change between summer and winter seasons. However, these changes may not be significant.

Current theory and research have suggested that adolescent friends share many similarities which range from strong similarities in sociodemographic variables to weaker correlations for personality characteristics. The goal of this study was to advance the base of knowledge related to similarities between friends by exploring relationships between early adolescent ego identity status and friendship strength, quality, and duration. First, the objective measure of Ego Identity Status was used to test the hypothesis that early adolescents in reciprocally identified friendship pairs are more similar in their ego identity status; no such relationship was found. Second, a measure designed to assess friendship qualities/strengths and duration lead to the conclusion that the quality/strength and duration of a friendship was also not associated with identity similarities. In addition, in-depth interviews of a subsample confirmed the findings associated with the full sample paper-pencil measures. Based on these findings, it appears that these early adolescents select friends who are not likely to operate within similar identity statuses.

Research and literature on teaching adults primarily discusses longer courses within the sphere of formal education, that is formal tertiary education and non-formal education (typically work-place or work-related learning). While both these fields provide a rich source of general information, it is difficult to find research texts that specifically deal with teaching adults in a seminar environment, that is, a planned, one-off learning event ranging in length from three hours to two days. While some research has focused on Thai culture in general and the nature of Thai university teaching in particular, very little has been published concerning the teaching of Thai adults, whether in a formal setting such as a university or college, or in a non-formal, work-place or work-related setting. This research reflects an effort to compensate for this pronounced lack of research in teaching adults in a short course environment and the paucity of research on teaching Thai adults. Using a case-study method, fifteen Western or Western-educated Thai trainers in the Thai short-course market were interviewed to determine the characteristics of an effective short-course trainer instructing courses in English. Based on a semi-structured interview format, with questions framed from the literature review, eight key characteristics were determined that reflect the qualities of an effective trainer in the Thai market. Centered on the vital role played by trainers' knowledge of the participants and their culture, the characteristics identified by the research highlight the need to foreground key aspects of participant culture when planning and presenting a short course in the Thai business community. While content expertise and teaching skills remain important, the key to effectiveness lies in acquiring and skillfully applying a knowledge of participants that goes beyond needs analysis to include a generic knowledge of the social norms that identify Thais as a cultural group throughout the training process. The eight characteristics are discussed in detail, and while some aspects of these are consistent with the conventional wisdom discussed in the literature review, most arose from the analyses of comments provided by the interviewees. This discussion leads into a number of recommendations for new trainers in this market and concludes with insights into further areas of study that could prove useful in Thai and other cultures, and for educators involved in short- or long-course events.

<p>When discussing the value of an information technology (IT) system, the most common approach is to take on the perspective of either the organization introducing the IT system or the end users. The purpose of this thesis has been to study the values of both stakeholder groups in order to define what system characteristics are the most desirable from a dual-stakeholder point of view.</p><p>Through a series of contextual inquiries, interviews and questionnaires, the value perceptions of end users and IT managers at a large European rail operator were investigated. The results of the study point to a high degree of similarity in the value perceptions of end users and IT managers, although the former were generally focused on short-term value while the latter also were concerned about long-term, sustaining value.</p><p>The findings are applicable to practitioners wishing to take a dual perspective on IT value as well as academics looking to find touch points between usability and business strategy. In the context of end users and IT managers, the most important system characteristics that maximize value for both stakeholder groups were found to be Availability, Recoverability, Efficiency, Reliability and Future Proofness.</p>