Title from PDF of title page. / Document formatted into pages; contains 104 pages. / Thesis (M.S.I.E.)--University of South Florida, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references. / Text (Electronic thesis) in PDF format. / ABSTRACT: Medical decision problems are extremely complex owing to their dynamic nature, large number of variable factors, and the associated uncertainty. Decision support technology entered the medical field long after other areas such as the airline industry and the manufacturing industry. Yet, it is rapidly becoming an indispensable tool in medical decision making problems including the class of sequential decision problems. In these problems, physicians decide on a treatment plan that optimizes a benefit measure such as the treatment cost, and the quality of life of the patient. The last decade saw the emergence of many decision support applications in medicine. However, the existing models have limited applications to decision problems with very few states and actions. An urgent need is being felt by the medical research community to expand the applications to more complex dynamic problems with large state and action spaces. / ABSTRACT: This thesis proposes a methodology which models the class of sequential medical decision problems as a Markov decision process, and solves the model using a simulation based reinforcement learning (RL) algorithm. Such a methodology is capable of obtaining near optimal treatment strategies for problems with large state and action spaces. This methodology overcomes, to a large extent, the computational complexity of the value-iteration and policy-iteration algorithms of dynamic programming. An average reward reinforcement-learning algorithm is developed. The algorithm is applied on a sample problem of treating hereditary spherocytosis. The application demonstrates the ability of the proposed methodology to obtain effective treatment strategies for sequential medical decision problems. / System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader. / Mode of access: World Wide Web.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol inst., 2003. / Härtill 6 uppsatser. ISBN tilldelat efter tryckningen.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2003. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Introdução: Há poucos estudos avaliando qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde (QVRS) e anos de vida ajustados para qualidade de vida (QALY) em pacientes com câncer que necessitam internação em unidades de terapia intensiva. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar sobrevida, QVRS e QALY durante o seguimento a longo prazo de pacientes com câncer internados em UTI. Métodos: Realizamos uma coorte prospectiva de pacientes com câncer admitidos em duas UTIs do estado de São Paulo. Coletamos dados na admissão da UTI, incluindo QVRS antes da doença aguda que motivou internação em UTI e no seguimento em 15 dias, 3 meses, 6 meses, 12 meses e 18 meses para avaliar a QVRS e status vital. Adicionalmente, o status vital foi avaliado em 24 meses. QVRS foi determinada com o questionário EQ-5D-3L. A sobrevida foi calculada com o estimador de Kaplan-Meier e o QALY com uma adaptação do estimador Zhao e Tsiatis. Resultados: Foram incluídos 792 pacientes. A média de idade foi 61,6±14,3 anos, 42,5% dos pacientes eram do sexo feminino e metade foi admitida após cirurgia eletiva. A média do escore SAPS3 foi 47,4±15.6. A probabilidade de sobreviver 12 e 18 meses foi 42.4% e 38.1%, respectivamente. A média do índice de utilidade da QVRS antes da internação na UTI foi 0,47±0,43, aos 15 dias pós-admissão a UTI 0,41±0,44, aos 3 meses 0,56±0,42, aos 6 meses 0,60±0,41, aos 12 meses 0,67±0,35 e aos 18 meses 0,67±0,35. A probabilidade de atingir 12 e 18 meses de vida ajustados para qualidade de vida foi de 30.1% e 19.1%, respectivamente. Houve diferenças estatisticamente significativas do tempo de sobrevida e QALY conforme as características de base consideradas (admissão após cirurgia eletiva, cirurgia de urgência ou clínica; SAPS3; extensão do câncer; status do câncer; cirurgia prévia; quimioterapia prévia; radioterapia prévia; capacidade funcional; e QVRS prévia). No entanto, apenas QVRS prévia e capacidade funcional foram associados a QVRS ao longo do seguimento de 18 meses. Conclusão: Em pacientes com câncer admitidos em UTI, a sobrevida, QVRS e QALY a longo prazo são limitados. Entretanto, há bastante variabilidade entre os pacientes nestes desfechos clínicos que é associada a características simples presentes na admissão à UTI e que podem auxiliar a equipe de saúde a avaliar o prognóstico / Introduction: Only few studies assessed health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and quality-adjusted life years (QALY) of cancer patients admitted to intensive care units (ICU). We aimed to assess the long-term HRQOL and QALY of cancer patients admitted to ICUs. Methods: We conducted a prospective cohort study of cancer patients admitted to two ICUs from the state of São Paulo, Brazil. We assessed the HRQOL with the EQ-5D-3L before ICU admission, 15 days, 3, 6, 12 and 18 months. In addition, the vital status was assessed at 24 months. Survival was calculated with the Kaplan-Meier estimator and QALY with the adapted Zhao and Tsiatis estimator. Results: The mean age of the subjects was 61.6 ± 14.3 years, 42.5% were female and half were admitted after elective surgery. The mean Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS) 3 was 47.4 ± 15.6. Survival at 12 and 18 months was 42.4% and 38.1%, respectively. The mean EQ5D utility measure before admission to the ICU was 0.47±0.43, at 15 days it was 0.41±0.44, at 90 days 0.56±0.42, at 6 months 0.60±0.41, at 12 months 0.67±0.35 and at 18 months 0.67±0.35. The probabilities for attaining 12 and 18 months of quality-adjusted survival were 30.1% and 19.1%, respectively. There were statistically significant differences in survival time and QALYs according to all assessed baseline characteristics (ICU admission after elective surgery, emergency surgery or medical admission; SAPS3; cancer extension; cancer status; previous surgery; previous chemotherapy; previous radiotherapy; performance status; and previous HRQOL). Only the previous HRQOL and performance status were associated with the HRQOL during the 18-month follow-up. Conclusion: Long-term HRQOL, survival and QALY expectancy of cancer patients admitted to the ICU are limited. Nevertheless, these clinical outcomes exhibit wide variability among patients and are associated with simple characteristics present at the time of ICU admission, which may help healthcare professionals estimate patients\' prognose

Thesis (MPhil (Philosophy))--University of Stellenbosch, 2006. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Every individual has a mental image of what a ‘good’ life entails. Whether this idea of a good life is based on hedonist, preference satisfaction or ideal theories, or a combination of these theories, it forms the underlying framework that indicates and measures how well or how poorly we are doing. The smaller the discrepancy between these suppositions we nurture and our real circumstances, the greater the degree of wellbeing and satisfaction we experience. This satisfaction with our lives can be indicated on objective and subjective scales, and these serve as a direct reflection of our quality of life. In addition to self experienced quality of life, quality of life is also seen as the aim of health care. However, as the World Health Organization (WHO) sketches an almost utopian view of health, the field is deemed to be so wide that it includes man in his totality. This state of total psychological, physical and social welfare is further seen as a primary or basic necessity to which everyone is entitled. Human welfare, or quality of life, viewed from a healthcare perspective, serves as the criterion for substantiating, informing and guiding health care. Not only are choices regarding the type and degree of intervention in the therapeutic situation guided by this, but quality of life is also regarded as the single cut-off point for determining whether continued existence would be better or worse than not existing at all. A further outcome of quality of life is the use of QALYs (quality-adjusted life years) and TTO (Time trade-off). These instruments are designed to determine the net efficiency of therapeutic intervention by combining two dimensions, namely quality and quantity of life. Quality of life and [healthy] lifespan are therefore combined in a single framework of value assessment, and this framework is applied as the main criterion for allocating limited resources. This application of quality of life has been adjusted to serve as the main measure for determining the value of a life. In this study quality of life will critically be investigated with the focus on self experienced quality of life; quality of life as the aim of health care; and quality of life as the determining factor to place a value on a human life. The study indicates that the concept of quality of life had to undergo a natural and unavoidable development and expansion to keep pace with the changed medical ethos of our times. The writer indicates that the transformation of quality of life as the aim of healthcare to quality of life as the factor for determining the value of a life is currently ethically unacceptable in its application. Finally, a more acceptable development that includes referred competition and social responsibility is suggested.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Umeå universitet, 2010.

Dans un système de santé avec budget limité, l’efficience des différentes options thérapeutiques doit être comparée afin d’assurer une allocation optimale des ressources. À cette fin, l’analyse coût-utilité (ACU) est privilégiée par les agences d’évaluation des technologies de la santé et requiert des données pharmacoéconomiques telles que les coûts et les scores d’utilité. Toutefois, les données pharmacoéconomiques ne sont pas systématiquement collectées lors des essais contrôlés randomisés (ECR). Lorsqu’elles le sont, elles sont soumises aux limites des ECR affectant ainsi la validité externe des résultats. Cela a mené à l’émergence des études en pratique réelle (real-world evidence studies) comme évidence complémentaire aux ECR aux fins de remboursement. Les données en pratique réelle peuvent être des données primaires (recueillies spécifiquement pour répondre à un objectif particulier) ou des données secondaires (données déjà collectées pour répondre à d’autres objectifs). D’importantes données pharmacoéconomiques, telles que l’utilité, la perte de productivité et les coûts non médicaux, étant généralement manquantes dans les banques de données traditionnelles, les chercheurs en pharmacoéconomie doivent parfois générer leurs propres données. Néanmoins, il n’existe pas de lignes directrices spécifiques pour guider les chercheurs désirant générer des données pharmacoéconomiques en pratique réelle. Le but de cette thèse était d’étudier et contribuer à l’amélioration des pratiques méthodologiques pour la génération de données pharmacoéconomiques en pratique réelle. Précisément, l’objectif du volet 1 était donc de caractériser les pratiques méthodologiques des études collectant des données de pharmacoéconomie et d’évaluer la qualité des résultats obtenus. Une revue systématique de la littérature a permis de confirmer certaines craintes face aux études de pratique réelle, c’est-à-dire le manque de transparence et de crédibilité. Le volet 1 a mis de l’avant le besoin d’améliorer les méthodologies actuelles qui ne produisent pas toujours des résultats robustes, pouvant ainsi affecter la validité et la pertinence des évaluations économiques. Un cadre de recherche spécifique à la collecte de données pharmacoéconomiques en pratique réelle pourrait augmenter la qualité des résultats générés. L’objectif du volet 2 était donc d’identifier les lignes directrices spécifiques à la génération de données d’utilité. Ensuite, d’incorporer les bonnes pratiques méthodologiques dans une boîte à outils destinée spécifiquement aux investigateurs cherchant à générer des valeurs d’utilité en pratique réelle. Bien que cette thèse englobe plus largement l’ensemble des données pharmacoéconomiques, telles que les coûts et l’utilité, la boîte à outils se concentre sur les scores d’utilité uniquement. Il s’agit d’un premier pas vers des lignes directrices officielles fournissant des bonnes pratiques méthodologiques pour la conception et conduite d’études en pharmacoéconomie. Pour ce qui est du volet 3, l’objectif était de mettre en pratique la boîte à outils en rédigeant un protocole de recherche de qualité, pertinent et applicable à la réalité des chercheurs en pratique réelle. Précisément, d’utiliser les recommandations de la boîte à outils afin de mettre en place un devis d’étude et des procédures d’étude qui limitent le risque de biais. Cette thèse contribue à l’avancement des bonnes pratiques et sensibilise la communauté de chercheurs à viser un niveau hiérarchique d’évidence plus élevé. La standardisation des méthodologies pour générer des données pharmacoéconomiques en pratique réelle est un besoin qui demeure non comblé. / In a resource-constrained healthcare system, the effectiveness of various therapeutic interventions must be compared by the means of economic evaluations to ensure optimal resource allocation. The cost-utility analysis (CUA) is favored by health technology assessment (HTA) agencies, and requires health economics and outcomes research (HEOR) data such as costs and utilities. Although they have gained prominence, HEOR data are not systematically collected in randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Even if they were, RCTs are well-known to have inherent limitations leading to a low external validity. Consequently, real-world evidence (RWE) studies have been used as complementary evidence in reimbursement decision-making. Real-world data can be primary data (specifically collected to achieve a certain objective) or secondary data (data that have already been collected for other purposes). However, important HEOR data, such as utility scores, productivity and non-medical costs, are not routinely collected in traditional databases. Therefore, HEOR investigators may need to generate their own pharmacoeconomic data. Nevertheless, there is no single guideline for investigators seeking guidance on methodological steps to estimate HEOR data in a real-world setting. The goal of this thesis was to study and improve good practices for HEOR data generation in a real-world setting. Specifically, the objective of the first article was to characterize methodological practices for collecting HEOR data as well as critically appraise the quality of the results. The systematic literature review confirmed concerns about RWE studies, namely the lack of transparency and credibility. The first article highlighted the need for good practices as current methodologies may not generate robust estimates, thereby affecting the validity and relevance of economic evaluations. A research framework specifically designed for HEOR data collection in a real-world setting could help improve the quality of results. Thus, the objective of the second article was to review current recommendations for health state utility (HSU) generation, and incorporate methodological standards into a single toolbox intended for investigators seeking to collect HSU in a real-world setting. Although this thesis broadly encompasses HEOR data, such as costs and utilities, the toolbox focuses on utility scores only. This is a first step toward official guidelines providing good practice recommendations for designing and conducting HEOR studies. As for the third article, the objective was to use the toolbox to develop a study protocol that is relevant, realistic and of good methodological quality. The recommendations of the toolbox were followed to design the study and limit bias. This thesis provides good practices to help generate high quality HEOR estimates, and motivate investigators to improve the level of evidence to be generated. Standardization of RWE studies collecting HSU has yet to come.

Tesis por compendio / [ES] El brote de Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 representó un reto para la economía, la vida social y los servicios sanitarios. Justo cuando más se necesitaba la información para la planificación económica, los servicios de vigilancia y notificación no fueron capaces de ofrecer, a pesar de esfuerzos extraordinarios, datos consistentes, como así reconocieron los propios orga-nismos gubernamentales. Esta tesis incluye tres artículos publicados durante los brotes de COVID-19 y una investi-gación adicional fuera del conjunto de publicaciones. La investigación tiene como objetivo general proporcionar información a través de estimaciones alternativas. Para ello se han utilizado varias metodologías, entre ellas los modelos matemáticos de predicción epidemio-lógica, el Mejor Ajuste de Valores Relacionados (BARV), los análisis de diferentes encues-tas y la metodología bibliométrica, aprovechando u ofreciendo alternativas a los métodos bayesianos más complejos, las simulaciones de Monte Carlo o las cadenas de Markov, aun-que algunos datos obtenidos se apoyan parcialmente en estas metodologías. Cada artículo aborda un tema esencial relacionado con la pandemia COVID-19. La primera publicación se centra en los datos epidemiológicos básicos. Se refiere al primer brote de COVID-19, estimando su duración, incidencia, prevalencia, tasa de fallecimientos sobre infectados (IFR) y tasa de fallecimientos sobre casos (confirmados) (CFR). Como dato destacado de este trabajo, se previó que la seroprevalencia era demasiado baja para que la inmunidad de rebaño desempeñara algún papel. Aunque el valor obtenido fue aproxima-damente un 2% inferior al que demostró posteriormente un estudio poblacional (Instituto Carlos III), la conclusión sobre la inmunidad de rebaño no cambió, y los resultados confir-maron la idoneidad del enfoque. La segunda publicación se centró en las cuestiones legales y las noticias falsas, analizando la reticencia de la población a vacunarse, el impacto de las falsas noticas en estos comporta-mientos, las posibilidades legales de hacer obligatoria la vacuna y las posibles acciones contra los profesionales de la salud que publican noticias falsas. La principal conclusión fue que, aunque se podría encontrar una vía legal para la obligatoriedad de la vacunación, y para la persecución gubernamental de las noticias falsas, la opinión ciudadana parece prefe-rir que la administración no tome la iniciativa, por lo que se recomienda promover y fomen-tar la concienciación ciudadana. La tercera publicación presentó un modelo matemático simplificado para la estimación del coste-efectividad de la vacuna contra la COVID-19. Se actualizan los datos de dos fechas para la estimación de los costes directos para el sistema sanitario debidos a la COVID-19, computando el coste por ciudadano y por Producto Interior Bruto (PIB), así como el coste-efectividad de la vacuna. La estimó razón de coste-efectividad incremental (RCEI) para dos dosis por persona a un coste de 30 euros cada dosis (incluida la administración). Asumien-do al 70% de efectividad y con el 70% de la población vacunada resultó ser de 5.132 euros (4.926 - 5.276) por año de vida ajustado a calidad (AVAC) ganado (a 17 de febrero de 2021). Una cifra que desciende cada día de pandemia activa. Se incluyó una investigación adicional, no incorporada en el conjunto de artículos, centrada en los recursos humanos y la educación. Se analizaron los temas preocupan al personal de primera línea, es decir, a la enfermería, y cómo la pandemia ha afectado a sus publicaciones científicas, como índice de los cambios en el clima laboral que sufre este colectivo. Median-te un estudio bibliométrico comparativo entre las publicaciones de 2019 y 2020, se analizó el cambio de temas y ámbitos como reflejo del impacto del COVID-19 en el personal de enfermería. Así se comprobó que, en los ámbitos de enfermería de atención especializada, y sobre todo e / [CA] El brot de Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 va representar un repte per a l'economia, la vida soci-al i els serveis sanitaris. Quan més es necessitava la informació per a la planificació econò-mica, malgrat esforços extraordinaris, els serveis de vigilància i notificació no van ser capa-ços d'oferir dades consistents, com així van reconèixer els mateixos organismes governa-mentals. Aquesta tesi inclou tres articles publicats durant els brots de COVID-19 i una investigació addicional fora del conjunt de publicacions. La investigació té com a objectiu general pro-porcionar informació a través d'estimacions alternatives. Per a això s'han utilitzat diverses metodologies, entre elles els models matemàtics de predicció epidemiològica, el Millor Ajust de Valors Relacionats (BARV), les anàlisis de diferents enquestes i la metodologia bibliomètrica, aprofitant o oferint opcions alternatives als mètodes bayesians més comple-xos, les simulacions de Montecarlo o les cadenes de Markov, tot i que algunes dades obtin-gudes es recolzen parcialment en aquestes metodologies. Cada article aborda un tema essen-cial relacionat amb la pandèmia COVID-19. La primera publicació se centra en les dades epidemiològiques bàsiques. Es refereix al pri-mer brot de COVID-19, calculant la seua durada, incidència, prevalença, taxa de defuncions sobre infectats (IFR) i taxa de defuncions sobre casos (confirmats) (CFR). Com a dada des-tacada d'aquest treball, es va preveure que la seroprevalença era massa baixa perquè la im-munitat de ramat exercirà algun paper. Tot i que el valor obtingut va ser aproximadament un 2% inferior al demostrat posteriorment en un estudi poblacional (Institut Carles III), la conclusió sobre la immunitat de ramat no va canviar, i els resultats van confirmar la idoneï-tat de l'enfocament. La segona publicació es va centrar en les qüestions legals i les notícies falses, analitzant la reticència de la població a vacunar-se, l'impacte de les falses notícies en aquests comporta-ments, les possibilitats legals de fer obligatòria la vacuna i les possibles accions contra els professionals de la salut que publiquen notícies falses. La principal conclusió va ser que, tot i que es podria trobar una via legal per l'obligatorietat de la vacunació, i per la persecució governamental de les notícies falses, l'opinió ciutadana sembla preferir que l'administració no prenga la iniciativa, per la qual cosa es recomana promoure i fomentar la conscienciació ciutadana. La tercera publicació va presentar un model matemàtic simplificat per a l'estimació del cost-efectivitat de la vacuna contra la COVID-19. S'actualitzen les dades de dues dates per a l'estimació dels costos directes per al sistema sanitari deguts a la COVID-19, computant el cost per ciutadà i per Producte Interior Brut (PIB), així com el cost-efectivitat de la vacuna. La va estimar raó de cost-efectivitat incremental (RCEI) per dues dosis per persona a un cost de 30 euros cada dosi (inclosa l'administració). Assumint al 70% d'efectivitat i amb el 70% de la població vacunada va resultar ser de 5.132 euros (4.926 - 5.276) per any de vida ajustat a qualitat (AVAQ) (a 17 de febrer de 2021). Una xifra que descendeix cada dia de pandèmia activa. Es va afegir una investigació addicional, no inclosa en el conjunt d'articles, centrada en els recursos humans i l'educació. Es van analitzar els temes que preocupen al personal de pri-mera línia, és a dir, a la infermeria, i com la pandèmia ha afectat les seues publicacions cien-tífiques, com a índex dels canvis en el clima laboral que pateix aquest col·lectiu. Mitjançant un estudi bibliomètric comparatiu entre les publicacions de 2019 i 2020, es va analitzar el canvi de temes i camps com a reflex de l'impacte del COVID-19 en el personal d'infermeria. Així es va comprovar que en els àmbits d'infermeria d'atenció especialitzada, i sobretot en atenció primària, els principals problemes detectat / [EN] The SARS-CoV-2 Coronavirus outbreak has posed a challenge to the economy, social life, and health services. Just when information was most needed for economic planning, moni-toring, and reporting services were unable, despite extraordinary efforts to provide con-sistent data, as government agencies themselves acknowledged. This thesis includes three articles published during the COVID-19 outbreaks and additional research outside the publication set. The overall aim of the research is to provide infor-mation through alternative estimates. Several methodologies have been used, including mathematical models for epidemiological prediction, Best Adjustment of Related Values (BARV), analyses of different surveys and bibliometric methodology, taking advantage of or offering an alternative to, more complex options such as Bayesian methods, Monte Carlo simulations or Markov chains, although some data obtained are partially supported by these methodologies. Each article addresses a key issue related to the COVID-19 pandemic. The first publication focuses on basic epidemiological data. It refers to the first outbreak of COVID-19, estimating its duration, incidence, prevalence, Infection Fatality Rate (IFR) and Case Fatality Rate (CFR). As a highlight of this work, the seroprevalence was anticipated to be too low for herd immunity to play a role. Although the value obtained was approximate-ly 2% lower than that subsequently demonstrated by a population-based study (Instituto Carlos III), the conclusion on herd immunity remained unchanged, and the results con-firmed the appropriateness of the approach. The second publication focuses on legal issues and fake news, analysing reluctance to be vaccinated in the population, the impact of fake news on these behaviours, the legal possi-bilities of making vaccination mandatory, and possible actions against health professionals who publish fake news. The main conclusion was that, although a legal avenue could be found for mandatory vaccination and for governmental prosecution of fake news, public opinion seems to prefer that the authorities do not take the initiative, therefore it recom-mends promoting and encouraging public awareness. The third publication presented a simplified mathematical model for estimating the cost-effectiveness of the COVID-19 vaccine. Data from two dates were obtained for the estimation of the direct costs to the health system due to COVID-19, computing the cost per citizen and per Gross Domestic Product (GDP), as well as the cost-effectiveness of the vaccine. The estimated incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) was calculated for two doses per person at a cost of 30 euros per dose (including administration). Assuming 70% effectiveness and with 70% of the population vaccinated, it was found to be 5,132 euros (4,926 - 5,276) per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) gained (as of 17 February 2021). The figure decreases with each day of the active pandemic. Additional research not included in the set of articles focuses on human resources and education. It analyses the concerns of frontline staff, i.e., nurses, and how the pandemic has affected their scientific publications, as an index of the changes in the work climate experienced by this group. Through a comparative bibliometric study of publications in 2019 and 2020, the change in topics and fields was analysed, as a reflection of the impact of COVID-19 on nursing staff. It was found that in the fields of specialised care nursing and above all in primary care, the main problems detected are those related to protective measures and psychological factors, while the publications of nursing staff in nursing homes showed an increase in topics related to management and organisation. Finally, some aspects of the implementation of telecommuting and distance learning have been reviewed. Some of the boosts in this field resulting from the pandemic could be very useful and remain in the future, such as the incorporation of telewo / Marco Franco, JE. (2021). What have we learned from the economic impact of the Covid-19 outbreak? Critical analysis of economic factors and recommendations for the future [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/174883 / Compendio