Cancer is a global risk for human wellness and health. Dietary habits could profoundly affect the risk of certain cancer, such as colorectal cancer (CRC) (Platz, 2000). CRC has listed the third leading cancer among male and female in the United States (Stewart, 2014). Surprisingly, the consumption of dietary fiber has an inverse correlation with the mortality of CRC (Song, 2018). However, most Americans do not consume enough dietary fiber to meet the recommended level of dietary fiber intake (Clemens, 2012; Lee-Kwan, 2017). Hence, it is reasonable to increase the nutrient density, i.e., dietary fiber, of current food model. Xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS), an emerging prebiotics, showed multiple advantages over fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) and inulin. For example, Hsu et al. (2004) reported XOS are more effective than FOS on increasing Bifidobacterium level in rat cecum (Hsu, 2004). It is also suggested that dietary fiber and phenolic compounds have synergistic effect on promoting gut health (Uehara, 2001; Matsukawa, 2009). Therefore, the application of XOS into a polyphenol-dense food vehicle (strawberry puree) could be a viable way to promote gastrointestinal health and help reduce CRC risk. First, the effect of xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS) incorporation on the quality attributes of strawberry puree was investigated. Rheological properties, color and physicochemical characteristics and composition such as water activity, pH, and total soluble solids, were investigated to determine the maximum XOS content that can be incorporated into the strawberry pure without significantly altering the original properties of samples. Based on the collected data, adding xylo-oligosaccharides greater than 7.5% w/w will significantly change the quality attributes of the strawberry puree including its rheological characteristics, color profile, water activity, and total soluble solids. The addition of XOS at 2.5% and 5% w/w did not significantly alter overall quality attributes of strawberry puree. Second, the effects of heat treatment (HTST, 75℃, 15s and UHT, 121℃, 2s) and storage condition (storage time: 1, 15, and 36 days; storage temperature: 4℃ and 55℃) on the quality attributes of xylo-oligosaccharides enhanced strawberry puree was studied (texture, color water activity, total soluble solids, and pH). In addition, the physicochemical (total phenolic, tannin, flavonoids contents, and antioxidant activity) evolution was studied. A 9-point Hedonic test was conducted to evaluate the sensory properties (overall, texture, color, appearance, sweetness, aroma, flavor) of purees (with and without XOS, 5%w/w) under different thermal treatments. Briefly, all nutritional attributes were retained better under cold storage (4 ℃) as compared to high-temperature storage (55 ℃). The result revealed that thermal treatment and high storage temperature showed an inverse correlation with puree consistency. As for chemical analysis, intense thermal treatment (UHT) caused the most degradation in TPC, TFC and tannin level. However, such treatments (UHT) helped significantly increase the measurable antioxidant level. For other physicochemical properties, processing methods (HTST / UHT) and high storage temperature exhibited more significance in changing the color profiles of the specimen than XOS incorporation. Overall, the addition of XOS up to 5% w/w could increase nutritional value of strawberry puree as well as consumer preference without significantly compromising quality attributes. Based on instrumental and sensory analysis, HTST treated strawberry puree with XOS incorporation (5% w/w) meet the standard of sensorial attributes of fresh puree with improved shelf-life stability and fiber concentration.

No description available.

No description available.

Η παρούσα ερευνητική εργασία παρουσιάζει ένα μοντέλο πιστοποίησης της ποιότητας ψηφιακού εκπαιδευτικού υλικού κατάλληλου για εκπαίδευση ενηλίκων με τη μέθοδο της εξ αποστάσεως εκπαίδευσης. Το προτεινόμενο μοντέλο υιοθετεί το πρότυπο ποιότητας λογισμικού ISO/IEC 9126, λαμβάνει υπόψη τις θεωρίες μάθησης ενηλίκων και βασίζεται σε δύο μοντέλα διδακτικού σχεδιασμού: το μοντέλο (κύκλος μάθησης) του Kolb και το μοντέλο των Gagne, Briggs & Wager. Αρχικά περιγράφεται η συσχέτιση των τμημάτων του εκπαιδευτικού υλικού με το μοντέλο διδακτικού σχεδιασμού των Gagne, Briggs & Wager και το μοντέλο του Kolb. Ακολουθεί η περιγραφή, η ανάλυση και η κατηγοριοποίηση των κατάλληλων χαρακτηριστικών, υπο-χαρακτηριστικών και γνωρισμάτων ποιότητας του ψηφιακού εκπαιδευτικού υλικού τα οποία συνιστούν τις διαστάσεις ποιότητας. / This paper presents a model for the quality certification of digital educational material that is appropriate for adult education by means of distance learning. The proposed model adopts the software quality standard ISO/IEC 9126, takes into account adult learning theories and is based on two instructional design models: Kolb’s model (the learning cycle) and Gagne, Briggs &Wager’s model. Initially, the relationship of educational material modules to the two models is described. Then follows the description, analysis and classification of the appropriate characteristics, sub-characteristics and quality attributes of digital educational material that constitute the dimensions of quality.

[pt] Desenvolvedores frequentemente aplicam refatoração para melhorar os atributos internos de qualidade em projetos de software, tais como acoplamento e tamanho. Chamamos de rerrefatoração quando desenvolvedores refatoram um elemento de código-fonte previamente refatorado. O conhecimento empírico é limitado acerca de até que ponto refatoração e rerrefatoração de fato melhoram os atributos internos de qualidade. Nesta dissertação, nós investigamos a limitação supracitada com base em cinco atributos internos de qualidade conhecidos: acoplamento, coesão, complexidade, herança e tamanho. Também nos baseamos no histórico de versionamento de 23 projetos de software de código-fonte aberto, os quais possuem 29,303 operações de refatoração e 49.55 por cento de rerrefatorações. Nossa análise revelou descobertas interessantes apresentadas como segue. Primeiro, desenvolvedores aplicam mais de 93.45 por cento de operações de refatoração e rerrefatoração sobre elementos de código-fonte com ao menos um atributo interno de qualidade crítico, contrariando trabalhos anteriores. Segundo, para 65 por cento das operações, os atributos internos de qualidade relacionados melhoram, enquanto que os demais 35 por cento permanecem não-afetados. Terceiro, sempre que operações de refatoração são aplicadas sem mudanças adicionais no código fonte, o que chamamos de operação de refatoração root-canal, os atributos internos de qualidade frequentemente melhoram, ou ao menos, não pioram. Ao contrário, 55 por cento das operações de refatoração aplicadas com mudanças adicionais, tais como correção de bugs, surpreendentemente melhoram os atributos internos de qualidade, com somente 10 por cento de piora, o que também é válido para rerrefatoração. Nós sumarizamos nossas descobertas na forma de recomendações para desenvolvedores e pesquisadores. / [en] Developers often apply code refactoring to improve the internal quality attributes of a program, such as coupling and size. Given the structural decay of certain program elements, developers may need to apply multiple refactorings to these elements to achieve quality attribute improvements. We call re-refactoring when developers refactor again a previously refactored element in a program, such as a method or a class. There is limited empirical knowledge on to what extent developers successfully improve internal quality attributes through (re-)refactoring in their actual software projects. This dissertation addresses this limitation by investigating the impact of (re-)refactoring on five well-known internal quality attributes: cohesion, complexity, coupling, inheritance, and size. We also rely on the version history of 23 open source projects, which have 29,303 refactoring operations and 49.55 percent of re-refactoring operations. Our analysis revealed relevant findings. First, developers apply more than 93.45 percent of refactoring and re-refactoring operations to code elements with at least one critical internal quality attribute, as oppositely found in previous work. Second, 65 percent of the operations actually improve the relevant attributes, i.e. those attributes that are actually related to the refactoring type being applied; the remaining 35 percent operations keep the relevant quality attributes unaffected. Third, whenever refactoring operations are applied without additional changes, which we call root-canal refactoring, the internal quality attributes are either frequently improved or at least not worsened. Contrarily, 55 percent of the refactoring operations with additional changes, such as bug fixes, surprisingly improve internal quality attributes, with only 10 percent of the quality decline. This finding is also valid for re-refactoring. Finally, we also summarize our findings as concrete recommendations for both practitioners and researchers.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T16:44:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGPV10MA055.pdf: 724635 bytes, checksum: 47f16229cf97fc318aa61ab151a5dad6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-02-05 / The cultivar Catarina produces fruits of good quality, large size and good shape, and is resistant to the main diseases of the apple trees, scab (Venturia inaequalis) and Gala leaf spot (Glomerella cingulata). The commercial use of Catarina apples is limited by its susceptibility to bitter pit, a physiological disorder caused by Ca deficiency in the fruit. This works was carried out to evaluate: 1) the seasonal fluctuation of nutrients in the leaves and fruits of cultivars Catarina, Gala and Fuji, during the vegetative cycle; and 2) the efficiency of sources of Ca, sprayed at preharvest for bitter pit control and the preservation of fruit qualitative attributes of Catarina apples. The researchs were conduced in São Joaquim region, during two growing seasons for evaluation of the nutritional assessment (2004/2005 and 2005/2006), and during three growing seasons for the evaluation of the sources of Ca spraying (from 2004/2005 to 2006/2007). The three cultivars exhibited reductions in the concentration of N, P and K, and increases in the concentration of Ca and Mg in the leaves along the growing season. Among the cultivars, the Catarina had the smallest foliar concentrations of P, Ca and Mg. Catarina apples had the highest increment of fruit mass. Fruits of Catarina , Gala and Fuji showed reduction in the concentration of N, K, Ca and Mg along the growing season. Catarina apples had the highest concentration of K and the smallest concentration of Ca in the fruit. In the cultivars, the Ca content in the fruits increased until the harvest. Catarina had the highest Ca content in the fruit in 2004/2005, and the lowest Ca content in 2005/2006. The low Ca content in the fruit of Catarina incresead the N/Ca, K/Ca, Mg/Ca and (K+Mg)/Ca ratios, especially in 2005/2006, therefore increasing the risk of physiological disorder in the fruit. In the experiment to evaluate the efficiency of sources of Ca sprayed at preharvest, the was no effect of treatments on N, P and K concentrations in the leaves. Only in 2006/2007, preharvest spraying with CalSOL 15 (15 sprayings) increased the Ca concentration in the leaves. In 2004/2005, preharvest spraying with Calboron + CaCl2, Sett, CaCl2, Calboron and S-CaB incresead Ca concentration in the fruit. The control treatment exihibited incidences of bitter pit of 23,9% and 45,5% in 2005/2006 and 2006/2007, respectively. The treatments with Calboron, Sett, Ca Cl2 and Wuxal Cálcio in 2005/2006, and with CaCl2 and CalSOL 15 (10 and 15 sprayings) in 2006/2007, reduced the incidence of bitter pit assessed at harvest. In 2006/2007, the initial severity (at harvest) was not affected by treatments, but the treatments with CaCl2 reduced the severity of this disorder during cold storage. In 2004/2005, 2005/2006 and 2006/2007, the sources of Ca not affect the fruit weight, yield, and flesh firmness, starch index, soluble solids content (SSC), titratable acidity (TA), and SSC/TA ratio of the fruit at harvest / A cultivar Catarina produz frutos de boa qualidade, tamanho grande, bom formato e apresenta resistência às principais doenças da macieira, sarna (Venturia inaequalis) e mancha foliar de Gala (Glomerella cingulata). O plantio comercial da macieira Catarina está limitado pela suscetibilidade ao bitter pit , distúrbio fisiológico relacionado principalmente à deficiência de Ca nos frutos. Os trabalhos tiveram por objetivos avaliar: 1) a variação dos nutrientes nas folhas e nos frutos das cultivares Catarina, Gala e Fuji, durante o ciclo vegetativo, visando diagnosticar as diferenças nutricionais e relacionar com a ocorrência de bitter pit ; e 2) a eficiência de fontes de Ca em pulverização pré-colheita no controle de bitter pit e na preservação dos atributos qualitativos dos frutos da cultivar Catarina. Os trabalhos foram conduzidos na região de São Joaquim, SC, durante as safras 2004/2005 e 2005/2006 para o monitoramento nutricional, e durante as safras 2004/2005 a 2006/2007 para a avaliação das fontes de Ca. As três cultivares apresentaram reduções nos teores de N, P e K, e aumento nos teores de Ca e Mg nas folhas ao longo do ciclo vegetativo. A cultivar Catarina apresentou os menores teores de P, Ca e Mg nas folhas. Entre as cultivares, a cultivar Catarina apresentou a maior massa final dos frutos. As cultivares apresentaram reduções nos teores de N, K, Ca e Mg nos frutos ao longo do ciclo vegetativo. Os frutos da cultivar Catarina apresentou o maior teor de K e o menor teor de Ca em relação às cultivares Gala e Fuji. O conteúdo de Ca nos frutos aumentou até a colheita nas três cultivares. Na safra 2004/2005, a cultivar Catarina apresentou o maior conteúdo de Ca nos frutos, mas na safra 2005/2006, apresentou o menor conteúdo de Ca. O baixo teor de Ca nos frutos da cultivar Catarina aumentou o valor das relações N/Ca, K/Ca, Mg/Ca e (K+Mg)/Ca, principalmente na safra 2005/2006, aumentando a probabilidade da ocorrência de distúrbios fisiológicos nos frutos. No experimento de pulverização pré-colheita com fontes de Ca, não foi verificado efeito nos teores de N, P e K nas folhas. Das três safras, apenas na safra 2006/2007, o teor de Ca nas folhas aumentou com o tratamento CalSOL 15 (15 aplicações). Na safra 2004/2005, o teor de Ca nos frutos aumentou com os tratamentos Calboron + CaCl2, Sett, CaCl2, Calboron e S-CaB. Na testemunha, o bitter pit ocorreu em 23,9% e 45,5% dos frutos, nas safras 2005/2006 e 2006/2007, respectivamente. Os tratamentos Calboron, Sett, CaCl2 e Wuxal Cálcio (safra 2005/2006) e os tratamentos CaCl2 e CalSOL 15 (10 e 15 aplicações) (safra 2006/2007) reduziram a incidência de bitter pit avaliado na colheita. Na safra 2006/2007, a severidade inicial (logo após a colheita) de bitter pit não foi afetada pelos tratamentos, mas o tratamento CaCl2 reduziu a severidade final dos frutos armazenados. Nas safras 2004/2005, 2005/2006 e 2006/2007, as fontes de Ca não afetaram o peso médio, o rendimento de frutos, a firmeza da polpa, o índice de iodo-amido, o teor de sólidos solúveis (SS), a acidez titulável (AT) e relação SS/AT na colheita

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Trees native to Brazil, mangaba (Hancornia speciosa Gomes) is a species mainly extractive, occurrence in various regions of the country. The Northeast holds of 99% of all production, being the Sergipe state the largest producer. The potential for the use of the pulp is quite varied, is used for fresh consumption and industrialization of various foods and drinks. The species has been threatened with extinction by several factors that are contributing to reduction of their naturally occurring areas. To enlarge the database for the use and knowledge of the variability of this species, as well as support to its domestication, it is necessary to carry out studies and characterization of genetic diversity. The present work was developed with the purpose to display and evaluate morphological descriptors, physico-chemical and molecular in germplasm of mangaba. The genebank of mangaba (BGmangaba) of Embrapa Coastal Tablelands was implemented in 2006 and has 213 individuals, representing 22 accessions. For morphological and physico-chemical characterization, 21 descriptors were used on 54 plants, from 10 access on fruit-bearing stage. There was wide variation and significance among and with access, without direct relationship with its origins. Fourteen descriptors were considered of significant importance for studies of characterization of mangaba, without loss of information on characterization. The accesses that presented the most significant values were AB, BI, CA, LG, TC, with greater development when compared to the others, the accesses TC, AB, AD, stand out as attractive, due to their physicochemical characteristics and the accesses BI and TC with fruits of larger masses, characteristic of interest for the in natura consumption and agroindustrial processing. All accesses of the BAG were used for molecular characterization and genetic structure, using nine microsatellite markers (SSR). 100% of polymorphism was observed with the use of SSR. 147 alleles were identified, with an average of 16 alleles for loco. Reliability was verified with stress values (0.042) and correlation (0.988). The alleles showed high frequency of heterozygosity (Ho>Ho). Fst values (0.22) and f (0.07) indicated moderate population structure, being presented greater diversity within the traffic. Bayesian analysis indicated a group with k=2, confirmed with the UPGMA. Were formed two distinct groups, grouped according to similarity. The pairs of individuals PM5 and GX2; CN1 and CN9; G18 and PA1; JA14 and JA15; OI8 and OI9, all belonging to the G2 were those closest genetically. The combination of the keywords used in this study, favors the identification of different individuals and with features of interest. The germplasm evaluated has diversity among and within access.The results will collaborate in the conservation of this material strategies and future breeding programs. The proposed descriptors will be used by FAO/Biodiversity. / Frutífera nativa do Brasil, a mangabeira (Hancornia speciosa Gomes) é uma espécie de cultivo predominantemente extrativista, que ocorre em várias regiões do país. A região Nordeste detém 99% de toda a produção, e o estado de Sergipe é o maior produtor. O potencial para o aproveitamento da polpa é bastante variado, é utilizada para o consumo in natura e industrialização de diversos alimentos e bebidas. Para ampliar a base de dados e conhecimento da variabilidade desta espécie, bem como dar suporte à sua domesticação, é necessário que se realizem estudos de caracterização e de diversidade genética. O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido com a finalidade de indicar e avaliar descritores morfológicos, físico-químicos e moleculares em germoplasma de mangaba. O Banco de Germoplasma de Mangaba (BGMangaba) da Embrapa Tabuleiros Costeiros foi implantado em 2006 e possui 213 indivíduos, que representam 22 acessos. Para a caracterização morfológica e físico-química, 21 descritores foram utilizados em 54 plantas, oriundas de 10 acessos em fase de frutificação. Observou-se ampla variação e significância entre e dentro dos acessos, sem relação direta com a sua origem. Quatorze descritores foram considerados de significativa importância para estudos de caracterização de mangabeira, sem perda de informações na caracterização. Os acessos que apresentaram valores mais significativos foram AB, BI, CA, LG TC com maior desenvolvimento quando comparado aos demais, os acessos TC, AB, AD, se destacam como atrativos, por suas características físico-químicas, e os acessos BI e TC com frutos de maiores massas, característica de interesse para o consumo in natura e processamento agroindustrial. Todos os acessos do BGMangaba foram utilizados para a caracterização molecular e estrutura genética, utilizando nove marcadores microssatélites (SSR). Observou-se 100% de polimorfismo com o uso dos SSR. Foram identificados 147 alelos, com média de 16 alelos por loco. A confiabilidade foi verificada com valores de estresse (0,042) e de correlação (0,988). Os alelos apresentaram alta frequência de heterozigosidade (He>Ho). Os valores de Fst (0,22) e de f (0,07) indicaram moderada estrutura populacional, sendo apresentada maior diversidade dentro dos acessos. A análise Bayesiana indicou um agrupamento com k=2, confirmado com o UPGMA. Foram formados dois grupos distintos, agrupados de acordo com a similaridade. Os pares de indivíduos PM5 e GX2; CN1 e CN9; G18 e PA1; JA14 e JA15; OI8 e OI9, todos pertencentes ao G2 foram os mais próximos geneticamente. A combinação dos descritores utilizados nesse estudo, favorece a identificação de indivíduos mais divergentes e com características de interesse. A diversidade entre e dentro dos acessos foi confirmada com as análises moleculares. Os resultados irão colaborar nas estratégias de conservação desse material e futuros programas de melhoramento. A proposta de descritores será utilizada pela FAO/Biodiversity. / São Cristóvão, SE

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:44:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_cristiane_brisolara.pdf: 435276 bytes, checksum: ec757953db838368371dc056217a1761 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-12-14 / Analysis of data referring to the tests made on reception of soybean seed harvested on Cereal Ouro farms, a company originally from Rio Grande do Sul, currently installed in Rio Verde/Goiás, during 2007/2008 crop, in order to analyze through the results of the tests conducted by the internal quality control (CIQ), the importance of establishing evaluation parameters used at the reception on the quality of soybean seed lots. The CIQ, an important tool of the company, helps to identify problems and its possible causes and, in decision making, reducing large-scale risks at any stage of the production, since it generated information about the performance potential of the seeds. The evaluations about the quality of soybean seed received in seed processing unit (UBS) included tests of percentage of moisture, percentage of mechanical damage (by testing sodium hypochlorite), percentage of broken seeds, percentage of green seed by sieve size and vigor, and viability, by tetrazolium test. The results were compared to tests done after the formation of the lots, which passed by germination, emergence in sand and tetrazolium tests. Concluding that there is a tendency of soybean seeds maintain high quality during the storage, showing that the quality standards adopted on reception must be strict. / Análise de dados referente aos testes feitos na recepção da semente de soja colhida nas fazendas da Cereal Ouro, empresa originária do Rio Grande do Sul e atualmente instalada em Rio Verde, município do Estado de Goiás, durante a safra 2007/2008, com objetivo de analisar através dos resultados dos testes realizados pelo controle interno de qualidade (CIQ), a importância da determinação de parâmetros de avaliação usados na recepção sobre a qualidade final dos lotes da semente de soja. O CIQ, importante ferramenta da empresa, auxilia na identificação de problemas e suas possíveis causas, e na tomada de decisão, reduzindo em larga escala os riscos em qualquer das fases de produção, pois gera informações detalhadas sobre o potencial de desempenho das sementes. As avaliações da qualidade da semente de soja recebida na unidade de beneficiamento de sementes (UBS) incluíram os testes de percentual de umidade, percentual de dano mecânico (através do teste de hipoclorito de sódio), percentual de sementes quebradas, percentual de sementes esverdeadas por tamanho de peneira e vigor e viabilidade pelo teste de tetrazólio. Os resultados destas avaliações foram comparados aos testes feitos após a formação dos lotes da semente de soja, os quais passaram pelos testes de germinação, emergência em areia e tetrazólio. Concluindo-se que Há uma tendência de as sementes de soja manterem elevada qualidade no armazenamento, evidenciando que os padrões de qualidade adotados na recepção devem ser rigorosos.

This thesis emphasizes on investigating the relationship between the quality attributes and service oriented architecture (SOA). Due to quality attributes requirements drive the design of software architecture, it is necessary to maintain the positive quality of SOA and improve the negative quality of SOA. This thesis gives an introduction to SOA, Enterprise Service Bus (ESB) and MULE. Then, it covers information on quality of systems and tactics for achieving each quality attribute. Finally, we discuss the quality of SOA in detail, and illustrate how to set up a SOA and how to improve its quality using a case of an order for supermarket. / Order system

As software systems become increasingly larger and more complex, the need to make them easily maintained increases, as large systems are expected to last for many years. It has been estimated that system maintenance is a large part of many IT-departments’ software develop­ment costs. In order to design a complex system to be maintainable it is necessary to introduce structure, often as models in the form of a system architecture and a system design. As development of complex large-scale systems progresses over time, the models may need to be reconstructed. Perhaps because development may have diverted from the initial plan, or because changes had to be made during implementation. This thesis presents a reconstructed documentation of a complex large-scale system, as well as suggestions for how to improve the existing design based on identified needs and insufficiencies. The work was performed primarily using a qualitative manual code review approach of the source code, and the proposal was generated iteratively. The proposed design was evaluated and it was concluded that it does address the needs and insufficiencies, and that it can be realistically implemented.