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Since forming a parliamentary party in 1994, the Bloc Québécois has been interpreted exclusively as the formal federal manifestation of the Québec separatist movement. Although the partys raison dêtre is well known, less so are its actions in the House of Commons. This thesis begins with two main assumptions: first, traditional characterizations of the BQ are incomplete because they ignore crucial aspects of the partys actual behaviour; second, conventional approaches to the study of new parties in Canada perpetuate the emphasis on the BQs nationalist ideology. <p>Taking a new approach to the new party, this is a study of the Bloc Québécois as a party in Canadas Parliament. In order to learn more about the Blocs performance in the House of Commons and its committees, this thesis examines the Blocs contribution to debate on the formulation of national policy. Contrary to what might be expected of a separatist party, the following case studies show the BQ contributing willingly and substantively to parliamentary deliberation on a wide array of pan-Canadian issues. Moreover, during debate, Bloquistes are rarely found demanding an independent Québec state; instead, they address legislation brought before the House, promoting a liberal, social-democratic set of values. Far from being a maverick in Parliament, the BQ is a full participant. In fact, Bloquistes enhance the quality of parliamentary debate, and counterbalance the views of the right-wing Reform/Alliance party. <p>Throughout the thesis the Blocs surprising parliamentary performance is explained by an analysis of the influence of power and institutions on the actions of political agents. It concludes that by accepting membership in the House of Commons, the BQ has been forced to conform to parliamentary rules and customs. Subsequently, Parliament has limited the partys ability to advocate Québec secession, and has broadened its perspective to consider all matters of national concern.

Since forming a parliamentary party in 1994, the Bloc Québécois has been interpreted exclusively as the formal federal manifestation of the Québec separatist movement. Although the partys raison dêtre is well known, less so are its actions in the House of Commons. This thesis begins with two main assumptions: first, traditional characterizations of the BQ are incomplete because they ignore crucial aspects of the partys actual behaviour; second, conventional approaches to the study of new parties in Canada perpetuate the emphasis on the BQs nationalist ideology. <p>Taking a new approach to the new party, this is a study of the Bloc Québécois as a party in Canadas Parliament. In order to learn more about the Blocs performance in the House of Commons and its committees, this thesis examines the Blocs contribution to debate on the formulation of national policy. Contrary to what might be expected of a separatist party, the following case studies show the BQ contributing willingly and substantively to parliamentary deliberation on a wide array of pan-Canadian issues. Moreover, during debate, Bloquistes are rarely found demanding an independent Québec state; instead, they address legislation brought before the House, promoting a liberal, social-democratic set of values. Far from being a maverick in Parliament, the BQ is a full participant. In fact, Bloquistes enhance the quality of parliamentary debate, and counterbalance the views of the right-wing Reform/Alliance party. <p>Throughout the thesis the Blocs surprising parliamentary performance is explained by an analysis of the influence of power and institutions on the actions of political agents. It concludes that by accepting membership in the House of Commons, the BQ has been forced to conform to parliamentary rules and customs. Subsequently, Parliament has limited the partys ability to advocate Québec secession, and has broadened its perspective to consider all matters of national concern.

This thesis examines the political communications strategies of the Scottish National Party and the Bloc Quebecois during the 1997 national elections in the UK and Canada and how these two political parties have promoted their nationalist message, as well as their relationship with the journalists who deliver it. It challenges the consensus that the quality of a party's political communication is the main determinant of its electoral success, and looks at the role of other factors, such as historical, political, cultural and social conditions, and how such factors influence the role of journalists in promulgating nationalism. This is done through an examination of nationalism and cultural identity as well as political journalism in Britain, Scotland, Canada and Quebec; an analysis of the histories of the Scottish National Party and the Bloc Quebecois; data from interviews with journalists and party strategists; an analysis of the political communications strategies of the two parties before 1997; and case studies of the SNP and the Bloc during the 1997 elections in Canada and the UK, which include data from media coverage and party political documents. The author concludes that it is these other factors that have had more of an influence on the electoral outcomes of the Scottish National Party and the Bloc Quebecois rather than their political communication, and which have also determined the sometimes adversarial nature of the relationship that political journalists in Scotland and Quebec have had with these nationalist parties.

My research traces the evolution of the French vision of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas by establishing a genealogy of mythic paradigms which frame how French and Quebecois authors understand the Amerindian from 1534 to present. Myth informs French visions of the Amerindian from the earliest periods of contact until the present day. My research reveals the existence of a mythic representational genealogy in the history of French (and Quebecois) letters. Through the written word, reiterations of mythologies of the Native lead to the creation of a crystallized French cultural imaginary of the Amerindian which circumscribes possibilities for reciprocal understandings between French (European) and Native peoples. The Noble and Ignoble Savage, the Ecological Savage (which I also refer to as the nexus of Nature and Native), the Vanishing Indian, and Going Native are the mythologies and narrative technologies that have mediated (and continue to mediate) French thinking about the Indigenous peoples of the Americas. Not only have these mythic paradigms determined literary representation, but they have also inordinately influenced the articulation of scientific truth about the Amerindian and the concretization of Native ontological difference from a Eurocentric perspective. The inextricable link between representation and praxis, confirmed by my insights into the mythic origins of scientific discourses (Buffon, Durkheim, Lévi-Strauss), cannot be underemphasized. The original myths in that genealogy are the Ignoble and Noble Savage. The Ignoble Savage myth presents the Amerindian as non-human, animal, or monster, in both moral and physical descriptions. The Noble Savage is an idealized portrait of the purity and innocence of Native peoples that Europeans connect to a simpler time and way of life, often seen as belonging to the past. Texts written by Michel de Montaigne and Jean-Jacques Rousseau are instrumental in the creation and propagation of this myth. An important consequence of the Noble and Ignoble Savage myths is an association of the Native with Nature in the French mind, what I refer to as the French cultural imaginary of the Amerindian. The link between the Indigenous peoples of the Americas and Nature is a recurring theme in French texts that represent the Amerindian. The mythologies of the Noble and Ignoble Savage, including the association of the Amerindian with the environment or world of the non-human animal, influence early modern philosophical, religious, scientific and literary images of the Amerindian in French. In the nineteenth century, the mythic paradigm of the Vanishing Indian becomes the prevailing vision of the Amerindian. Originating in the Noble Savage, the myth of the Vanishing Indian presents the Native as extinct or nearing extinction; images are often characterized by nostalgia and guilt. The inevitability of the disappearance of the Amerindian is a logic that informs representations of the Native in Chateaubriand’s writing and in French Western novels. In the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, French and Quebecois authors engage in the myth of Going Native. Following the metaphorical disappearance of the Amerindian according to the Vanishing Indian framework, French and French-Canadian characters undertake journeys of self-actualization that are catalyzed by contact with the (myths of the) Native. Through mythologized knowledge of the Native, non-Native characters are transformed into truer versions of themselves. Representations of androgynous and homosexual Native sexualities are significant elements in many narratives of Going Native, which I interpret through a queer critique. In addition to literary forays, my dissertation focuses on how myths of the Native are presented in French texts that claim to produce scientific truth. In the eighteenth century, the field of natural history uses images of the Native that echo the logic of the Ignoble Savage myth. In the nineteenth century, one of the foundational texts of the discipline of sociology utilizes images of Amerindian gender ambiguity to formulate a distinction between primitive and modern peoples. In my conclusion, I examine how the mythologies traced throughout the study influence the father of structural anthropology in his text Tristes tropiques.

The father figure has a strong but often hidden presence in Marie-Claire Blais’ novels. Although frequently absent from daily life, fathers have an important impact on the family. Blais’ early novels present traditional fathers, while more recent novels portray a modern figure. The dissolution of the traditional role for fathers has led to confusion: expectations and responsibilities are no longer clearly defined. The presentation of father figures rests with the narrator. Every narrator offers a unique perspective, which changes with age. We propose to study the father figure throughout Blais’ novels in order to determine the influence of the narrative perspective, the impact that age has on this perspective, and also the influence of Québécois societal transformations on the portrayal of father figures within Blais’ work. We will examine the father figure from a child’s perspective, before moving on to the perspective of adolescents, young adults and finally, adults. / Dans l’œuvre romanesque de Marie-Claire Blais, la figure du père est omniprésente mais souvent silencieuse. Elle y change et évolue au fil des transformations de la société québécoise et de ses normes. Le rôle traditionnel du père perd sa place privilégiée ; les pères cherchent un nouveau modèle de paternité. Le portrait du père est surtout déterminé par le narrateur et la perspective de celui-ci évolue au fil de l’œuvre. Au début, les jeunes narrateurs portent des jugements sévères sur les figures paternelles. Toutefois, les romans les plus récents ont des narrateurs adultes qui racontent les histoires de manière moins biaisée. Dans ce travail, nous nous proposons d’effectuer une étude approfondie des différentes figures de père dans l’œuvre romanesque blaisienne. D’abord, nous étudierons comment ces figures sont représentées de la perspective des enfants, avant de nous concentrer sur les perspectives des adolescents, des jeunes adultes, puis des adultes.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Ce travail de doctorat a été rédigé dans le cadre d’une cotutelle internationale de thèse, établie entre l’Université de Limoges et l’Université de Montréal. Nous examinons quatre romans québécois contemporains : Hadassa de Myriam Beaudoin, La Logeuse d’Éric Dupont, Le Fou d’Omar d’Abla Farhoud et Côte-des-Nègres de Mauricio Segura. Les romans ont été publiés entre les années 1998 et 2006. Le plus important objectif est l’étude du lien entre l’hétérolinguisme du roman québécois des années 1995-2010 et la pratique langagière des protagonistes. Nous plaçons les héros littéraires au cœur de notre recherche. Nous procédons par induction, parce que nous décryptons la conception du monde des personnages principaux à partir de leur pratique langagière. Cela nous permet de déterminer les facteurs qui motiveraient le changement de registre et de variété de langue dans des situations spécifiques. Nous nous servons des théories littéraires, linguistiques et sociolinguistiques. L’analyse de la diégèse s’inspire de la théorie de Gérard Genette. Nous nous servons de cinq procédés de différenciation de Philippe Hamon et de deux procédés d’individualisation de Boris Tomachevski pour établir la hiérarchie des personnages. Les résultats de l’analyse diégétique sont reproduits sur le schéma graphique de l’énonciation, qui est notre création. Rainier Grutman décrit l’hétérolinguisme comme « la présence dans un texte d’idiomes étrangers, sous quelque forme que ce soit, aussi bien que de variétés (sociales, régionales ou chronologiques) de la langue principale ». Nous recourons aux travaux de Rainier Grutman (1997) et de Chantal Richard (2004) pour analyser les formes et fonctions de l’hétérolinguisme dans notre corpus. L’approche sociolinguistique s’inspire du modèle variationniste de l’alternance et de l’emprunt de Shana Poplack (1988). / This doctoral degree dissertation has been written for a joint PhD, established between the Université de Limoges and the Université de Montréal. We examine four contemporary Quebecois novels: Myriam Beaudoin’s Hadassa, Éric Dupont’s La Logeuse, Abla Farhoud’s Le Fou d’Omar and Mauricio Segura’s Côte-des-Nègres. The novels were published in Montreal between 1998 and 2006. The most important objective is the study of the link between the heterolingualism of the Quebecois novel during the years 1995-2010 and the linguistic practice of the protagonists. We place literary heroes at the heart of our research. We make an interpretation by induction, as we decrypt the worldview of this literary heroes from the linguistic practice. This will allow us to determine the factors that could motivate the change of register and variety of language in specific situations. We use literary, linguistic and sociolinguistic methods. The analysis of the diegesis is based on Gérard Genette’s narratology theory. We use Philippe Hamon’s five differentiation processes and Boris Tomashevsky’s two individualization processes to establish the hierarchy of the literary characters. The results of the analysis of the diegesis are reproduced on a diagram. This type of diagram is our creation. Rainier Grutman define the heterolingualism like “the use of foreign languages or social, regional and historical varieties in literary texts” (translated by Nicole Nolette). We refer to the works of Rainier Grutman (1997) and Chantal Richard (2004) to analyse the form and function of hetorolingualism in our corpus. A sociolinguistic approach is based on Shana Poplack’s works and her variationist model of code switching and of borrowing (1988).

Cette thèse de doctorat en études théâtrales propose d’étudier les modèles et pratiques d’écriture du personnage dans les écritures théâtrales québécoises des années 2000, et, à partir de cette analyse à la fois dramaturgique (études de pièces et définition d’une typologie des personnages) et génétique (entrée dans la fabrique de plusieurs auteurs pour comprendre comment ils créent leurs personnages), de définir la ou les figures de l’auteur dramatique dans ce contexte de création. La dramaturgie québécoise présente des survivances du personnage, quand d’autres ne cessent de le remettre en question. Mais loin de perpétuer un réalisme psychologique américain, les auteurs québécois des années 2000 mettent en scène des êtres profondément déterritorialisés dont la profondeur psychologique disparaît au profit d’une profondeur intertextuelle ou métathéâtrale. Ces personnages-créatures invitent à entrer dans la fabrique des auteurs pour interroger le partage des voix qu’ils opèrent afin de détourner un réalisme encore majoritaire dans les dramaturgies d’Amérique du Nord. À partir des pôles d’écriture du personnage que sont la langue, le corps, l’intertexte et la scène, la thèse analyse les pratiques d’écriture de plusieurs auteurs issus de générations et de formations différentes : Normand Chaurette, Daniel Danis, François Godin, Étienne Lepage et Larry Tremblay. Ces auteurs, qui doivent négocier sans cesse avec une altérité, qu’elle soit réelle (le contexte de production québécois invite les auteurs à échanger avec les autres actants du processus théâtral) ou fictive (les auteurs sont profondément habités par des autres qui parlent à travers eux), se trouvent démultipliés dans le processus d’écriture. Il semble alors que, face à cette démultiplication et à la difficulté de plus en plus grande pour l’auteur de faire entendre sa voix, les auteurs québécois choisissent le chemin de l’autopoïétique et exploitent dans leurs dernières créations leur moi d’auteur comme un matériau et comme un hyperpersonnage surplombant la fiction. C’est alors une voix de l’écriture unifiée, toujours aux limites de l’autofiction et de l’autobiographie, qui habite des dramaturgies qui ne seraient plus capables de faire advenir l’autre, un personnage entièrement détaché de la voix de son créateur. / The purpose of this doctoral thesis in drama studies is to investigate the models and practices in character writing in Quebecois drama in the years 2000, and from this investigation, which will have both a theatrical approach – through the study of plays and the elaboration of a typology of characters – and genetic – by entering into the authors’ factory to understand how they create their characters –, to identify the figure(s) of the playwright in this creative context. In Quebecois playwriting, characters still survive, while they are constantly questioned in other writing contexts. However, far from perpetuating realism as it prevails in American character writing, Quebecois authors in the years 2000 create deeply deterritorialized characters whose psychological depth disappears to make room for intertextual and metatheatrical profoundness. These creature-characters invite us into the authors’ factory to examine the sharing of voices they perform so as to circumvent North American drama’s still dominant realism. The four poles of character writing – language, body, intertext and stage – will then allow us to analyze the writing practices of several authors who belong to different generations and followed different trainings: Normand Chaurette, Daniel Danis, François Godin, Etienne Lepage and Larry Tremblay. These authors, who constantly have to deal with an otherness whether it is real – the production contexts in Quebec lead authors to interact with the other actors of drama’s creative process – or fictional – authors are deeply inhabited by others who speak through them –, find themselves demultiplied inside the writing process. It then seems that, when facing this demultiplication and the growing difficulty to make their voice heard, authors in Quebec are chosing the path of autopoiesis and using their “I” as authors in their latest creations as a material and as a supercharacter which dominates fiction. The act of writing then acquires a unified voice, constantly on the fringe of autofiction and autobiography, which inhabits plays that would may no longer be able to bring forth the other, a character which would be entirely separated from its creator’s voice.