Le but de notre recherche était de traiter le rapport de la langue de François Rabelais et de Michel de Montaigne avec le monde de la matière. Nous avons combiné l'approche philosophique avec l'analyse linguistique, en donnant une préférence à cette dernière. nous avons étudié l'utilisation des proverbes et des expressions proverbiales, des régionalismes, des métaphores organiques et leur fonction dans la recherche de la consistance matérielle de la langue. Notre recherche a permis de souligner des aspects communs à Rabelais et à Montaigne. Les deux auteurs exploitent les mécanismes de la langue, les expressions, les mots et les sens déjà en usage, pour les mettre ensuite au service de la création littéraire. Notre analyse est d'une nature comparative, mais nous avons insisté sur la différence de l'emploi des termes analysés, due au fait que les romans de Rabelais sont une fiction comique et les "Essais" de Montaigne sont soumis à un projet introspectif / The purpose of our research was to analyze the relationship between the language of Rabelais, the one of Montaigne and the material world. We combined a philosophical approach with a linguistic analysis, preferring this last one. We studied the use of proverbs and proverbial expressions, of regional words, of organic metaphors and their function in the material consistence of the language. Our research highlighted aspects shared by Rabelais and Montaigne. The two authors explore the mechanisms of the language, the expressions, the words and the meanings already in use, to put to use in the literary creation. Our anlysis is of comparative nature but we insisted in the differences between the use of the analyzed words, the difference due to the fact the novels by Rabelais are a comic fiction and the "Essais" de Montaigne are committed to an introspective project

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Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

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Pourquoi une thèse sur Rabelais, en 2012 ? Certes : en apparence on ne présente plus l’écrivain, qui s’inscrit ànotre Panthéon, sans conteste, comme l’un des « pères » de la littérature française. Pourtant, le constat quifonde notre propos, c’est qu’il y a, justement, une nécessité urgente à réintroduire Rabelais. Auprès du grandpublic – parce que les lecteurs la délaissent, souvent induits à penser qu’elle est illisible ou inactuelle. Leréintroduire, aussi, dans le discours de la critique généraliste, dont les recherches les plus stimulantes tendent àrejeter Rabelais, et son époque dans la sphère du non-littéraire. C’est aussi ce que les rares études sur laréception de l’écrivain indiquent : en suggérant qu’au-delà d’une série de reprises ponctuelles ou d’imitationsde second rang, l’auteur n’aurait pas eu de réelle postérité chez les écrivains modernes – et qu’il se serait heurtéà un « malentendu », sinon à une déconcertante « défiguration ». En somme, à l’époque moderne, l’oeuvre deRabelais s’identifie insidieusement à un objet du patrimoine : plus qu’à un objet littéraire – de rechercheslittéraires. Et en 2012, malgré soi, l’on en viendrait à reprendre les conclusions amères de Céline : que Rabelaisa « raté son coup ». Alors que faire ? Notre thèse sur les « fils de Rabelais », envisageant successivement les casde Nerval et d’Apollinaire, entend récuser ce constat accablant. En réhabilitant la notion de « fils » enlittérature, nous montrerons que Rabelais possède bel et bien une postérité dans la littérature moderne : qu’auXXIe siècle, son oeuvre réussit encore à faire parler d’elle – et à inspirer de nouveaux regards critiques. / Why present a thesis on Rabelais in 2012? Clearly, at first sight, we no longer need to showcase a writer who has undoubtedly earned his place in our Pantheon as one of the "fathers" of French literature. Yet, our whole thesis is based on the premise that there is a pressing need to revitalise Rabelais in our literary consciousness. Readers neglect his work – often led to believe that it is unintelligible or outdated – and the trend in the most stimulating of critical studies is to reject Rabelais and his era into the non-literary sphere. This is what the rare studies of how the writer was received show : they suggest that, aside from a series of one-off replications or substandard imitations, the author is not really a source of inspiration to modern writers – his legacy has come up against "misunderstanding" and has even bafflingly been "distorted". In short, in our modern age, Rabelais' work is insidiously identified as part of our heritage, rather than literary matter or a subject for literary study capable of inspiring critics and writers. If, in 2012, against our better judgment, we are tempted to concur with Céline's bitter conclusions: that Rabelais "failed in his design ". What should we do about it? The aim of our thesis on the "sons of Rabelais" is to challenge this damming conclusion, by considering successively Nerval’ and Apollinaire’ cases. Through a rehabilitation of the notion of a literary descendant or “son”, we will show that there is a clear thread between Rabelais and modern literature, and that in the 21st century, his work can still, and always still, succeed in attracting debate and discussion – inspiring fresh critical thought. Keywords : Rabelais – Nerval – Apollinaire – filiation – reception – posterity – analogy – manner.

A leitura em Francês Língua Estrangeira (FLE) pode ser abordada de diferentes maneiras em função dos objetivos individuais ou institucionais para sua aprendizagem. Esta pesquisa concentra-se num público de leitores bastante específico: alunos de primeiro ano do curso de Letras/Francês da Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas da USP que devem ler literatura francesa no original dispondo de pouco ou nenhum conhecimento dessa língua. Essa é uma situação paradoxal que se coloca para um número considerável de estudantes ao ingressar nesse curso a cada ano e que fez com que se buscasse desenvolver uma abordagem do texto literário que se aproximasse dos processos em jogo no ato da leitura e das verbalizações desses processos por parte deste grupo de leitores. Busca-se, nesta pesquisa, refletir sobre como a aproximação do texto do leitor, ou seja, como a verbalização de seu processo de leitura pode informar sobre as estratégias para ler literatura em sala de aula, considerando a dificuldade implicada no processo em razão do pouco conhecimento em língua francesa. A hipótese concentra-se em perceber a verbalização de uma leitura como um processo metacognitivo de elaboração em que o leitor controla a construção e eventual perda de sentido na leitura, o texto do leitor seria um híbrido entre o relato desse processo e elementos de sua compreensão no ato da leitura. Dispor desses elementos pode vir a permitir com uma abordagem do texto literário em FLE aproxime-se da forma como os textos são apreendidos pelos leitores nesse contexto, potencializando os resultados dessa aprendizagem. / The reading in French Foreign Language (FFL) can be approached in different ways in terms of individual or institutional aims for its learning. This research concentrates in a reader group rather specific: students attending the first year of French Language at Philosophy and Language and Human Sciences Department of the University of São Paulo that must read French literature in the original version, having some or no knowledge of this language. It is a paradoxical situation that is set to a considerable number of students that enroll this course each year and it caused a search for developing a literary text approach that could come close to the processes in the act of reading and of the verbalizations of these processes on the part of this reader group. It is sought, in this research, to reflect about how the approximation of the the readers text, or whether, how the verbalization of his reading process could inform about the strategies to read literature in a classroom, considering the difficulties implied in the process on account of the limited knowledge in French Language. The hypothesis concentrates in perceiving the verbalization of a reading as a metacognitive process of elaboration in which the reader controls the construction and eventual lose of the sense in the reading, the readers text would be a hybrid between the report of this process and the elements of his understanding in the act of reading. Disposing these elements, it can allow that an approach of the literary reading in FFL approximates the form how the texts are learnt by the readers in this context, potentiating the results of this learning.