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The assignment, which has been carried out on behalf of Troax AB was to develop suggestions on one sided fasteners that will be used to attach the anti-collapse system for pallet racks. The problem, as it is today, is that the installers of the mesh panels for the anti-collapse system find it difficult to reach behind and inside the pallet racking beam when they screw together the screw and the nut to hold up the anti-collapse system. Therefore, there is a desire to use a fastener which does not have to handle screws or bolts on the back of the beam. One design requirements is that it should fit most hole patterns and hole sizes available for pallet racks today. It also has the requirement that it must hold for a pendulum test. The energy is then converted into a force for easier calculations. When a safety factor is applied the force that the system is subjected to is approximately 10KN. SolidWorks was used to model and structurally analyze the various design proposals. The best design proposal was put into a simulations study to be analyzed. Then the proposal was compared with the screw which is currently in use. The results of the structural analysis of the current screw show that it withstands the applied loads. The proposed suggestion lacks credibility due to the fact that the stresses shown in the simulations are too high. Based on the results from the structural analysis, it is concluded that further studies are needed and also that the other design suggestions should be examined further in case they could be improved to make them meet the requirements. / Detta arbete är utfört på uppdrag av Troax AB där uppgiften var att ta fram förslag på ensidesfästade fästelement som ska användas till att fästa rasskydd till pallstallage. Problemet som det är idag är att montörerna av rasskyddet anser att det är svårt att komma åt bakom och innanför balken då man ska skruva dit skruv och mutter för att hålla upp rasskyddet. Därför finns det en önskan att kunna använda ett fästelement där man inte behöver hantera skruvar eller muttrar på baksidan av balken. Kravet som sattes på fästelementet är att den ska passa till de flesta hålbilder och hålstorlekar som finns på stallagebalkar idag. Den ska även hålla för ett pendeltest då en pendel med vikten 160kg och rörelseenergin 2500J slås in i ett gallernät. Energin räknas sedan om till en kraft för enklare beräkning och för att kunna föra in kraften i datorsimuleringar. Kraften som systemet utsätts för blir enligt uträkning ca 7100N och med en säkerhetsfaktor blir den resulterande kraften 10000N. SolidWorks används för modellering samt för analys av designförslagen. Först sätts hela systemet med alla balkar, konsoler, paneler och skruvar upp i SolidWorks och Simulation för att se hur allt hänger ihop. Därefter förenklas uppsättningen och ger resultatet att skruven utsätts för dragkraft och skjuvkraft där hela kraften appliceras. Det designförslag som bäst uppfyllde kraven sattes in i Simulation för att studeras. Där undersöks och jämförs förslaget med dagens skruv där båda utsätts för både dragkraft och skjuvkraft. Dagens skruv visar resultatet att den håller för de uppsatta krafterna. Förslagets resultat vid drag är dock opålitliga då uppsättningen av denna inte är optimal. Utifrån resultatet dras slutsatsen att det krävs ytterligare studier på förslaget och att man även bör titta på de övriga förslagen som togs fram för att se om det finns eventuella förbättringar på dessa som gör att de uppfyller kraven. / <p></p><p></p>

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As an engineering student, the most natural way of summarizing this thesis project is by relating it to a mathematical equation. The solution to this equation is given, and it is in the form of a racking concept that enables the use of robots. The other side of the equation is however a bit more complex. This side contains several undefined variables, which can only be solved by delving into various theoretical fields and exploring unchartered depths of the creative space.The project’s main objective is to design a concept rack for Gestamp HardTech in Luleå, Sweden, for storage and in-house transport of the beams which are produced at the HardTech facility. The rack is meant to be loaded both into and out of by robots and should suit an as wide array of beams as possible. To determine the possibilities and limitations of the rack’s robot-user, several automation aspects are researched, centered on industrial robots and machine vision. The beams which are produced at the Gestamp HardTech Luleå production plant today are analyzed, whereby twelve of them are ultimately chosen for the rack’s design to be focused on. What follows this is a creative process consisting of a creative idea-generating phase, an evaluative phase focused on implementation of the ideas, and a refinement phase where the rack concept is finalized. The process includes various methods of idea generating, a great deal of sketching, physical testing of the concepts, and finally CAD-modeling. The result, named 4.0-Rack, is in the form of a modular rack-concept which balances the aspects of flexibility, by suiting ten of the reviewed beams, with a high packing-grade, providing a mean packing-grade of 83% in relation to the way the beams are currently packed.

The following thesis is based on a study on warehousing for an inventory of finished goods at Volvo Construction Equipment in Eskilstuna.   The inventory stores components consisting axles and transmissions. The project portrays a current situation analysis based on collected primary data, in form of interviews and observations. The current situation analysis includes a detailed process mapping, different warehouse layouts along with calculations. These aspects have been used in the development of improvement propositions.   The company is currently required to deliver components according to FIFO (First In, First Out), that is therefore fundamental when designing the following thesis. The project has however not been based on implementing FIFO, but only improving the existing management of FIFO. The current way of working with FIFO at the company is not ideal, consequently contributed to lack of storage space. This has eventually led to some components being stored outside the warehouse. It means that the components will not be weather-protected, which is one of the aspects that the company wishes to improve.   The Authors have presented various improvement propositions consisting investing in a: pallet, mobile- and a push back racking system and an improved inventory layout. These suggestions have been compared based on various factors that could be prioritized by the company. Examples on these key factors are: cost, volume utilization and enforcement of FIFO. The cost analysis for the racking systems are based on assistance from suppliers that has led to an enhanced cost comparison. The presented propositions have been delimited to ultimately being able to decide the final suggestion. For further studies, the company is recommended to invest in a pallet racking system, which is not only a beneficial economical solution, but also solves space shortage while all the components are stored with weather- protection. This will ultimately lead to improvement on managing FIFO in the finished goods inventory that the company strives after. / Detta examensarbete är grundat på undersökningar inom lagerhanteringen i färdigvarulagret (FVL) på Volvo Construction Equipment i Eskilstuna.   Färdigvarulagret lagerhåller i dagsläget komponenter bestående av axlar och transmissioner. Detta arbete redogör en nulägesbeskrivning som har tagits fram med hjälp av insamlad primärdata, i form av intervjuer och observationer. Nulägesbeskrivningen innefattar bland annat en detaljerad processkartläggning, olika lagerlayouts samt beräkningar som har varit fördelaktigt vid framtagandet av förbättringsförslagen. Den insamlade primärdata har jämförts med den teoretiska referensramen, som har varit till stöd vid utformningen av förslagen.   Företaget har i dagsläget krav på att leverera komponenter enligt FIFO (First In, First Out), som därmed är grunden till examensarbetet. Detta arbete har inte utgått från att implementera FIFO, utan att endast förbättra den befintliga hanteringen. Dagens arbetssätt av FIFO är inte optimal, i och med att det har bidragit till platsbrist i lagret. Detta har lett till att vissa komponenter lagerhålls i ett utelager som är placerat utanför FVL. Komponenterna som lagras i utelagret blir inte väderskyddade, vilket är en av de faktorer som företaget vill lösa.   Författarna har tagit fram olika förbättringsförslag bestående av införandet av ett: mobilt-, pall och rullfackställage, eller en ny lagerlayout. Dessa förslag har jämförts utifrån olika faktorer som författarna anser att företaget bör prioritera. Exempel på väsentliga faktorer som förslagen innefattar är bland annat kostnadsaspekten, volymutnyttjandet och tillämpningen av FIFO. Kostnadsförslagen för lagersystemen är framtagna utifrån stöd från leverantörer, vilket lett till en tydligare kostnadsjämförelse. Utifrån de presenterade förbättringsförslagen, har dessa avgränsats för att till slut kunna komma fram till ett slutgiltigt val. Vid fortsatta studier kring arbetet rekommenderas företaget att investera i ett pallställage som inte endast är en ekonomisk lösning, utan som dessutom löser platsbristen i lagret. Samtidigt lagerhålls samtliga komponenter med väderskydd. Detta kommer slutligen leda till en förbättrad FIFO hantering i FVL som företaget eftersträvar.

In recent time, some of the construction processes of multi-storey timber buildings are achieved by using prefabricated volume modules since this method is very beneficial due to its high prefabrication level and the fast on-site assembly of the modules. The main structural component of these modules is a light-frame shear wall that stabilizes these modules from the effect of horizontal forces. A shear wall typically consists of timber frame with studs and rails and sheathing panels connected by dowel type fasteners to one or both sides of the frame. The structural behavior of shear wall and its racking performance is controlled by adequate design of its mechanical joints where sheathing-to-framing joints is the key issue in evaluating the overall behavior of shear wall. This study mainly deals with modelling of light-frame shear walls based on linear elastic characteristic for sheathing-to-framing joints. The objective of this study is to create two effective computer-based models (beam-spring-shell and beam-spring-shell-solid) to predict linear behavior of light-frame shear walls. In addition, the study deals with an experimental investigation of various types of short light-frame shear walls. Finally, the study compares modelling and experimental results to verify that they are in good agreement and that an efficient FE model is able to predict the structural behavior of shear walls for a short computational time. The study optimizes use of beam-spring-shell model which is as reliable as the beam-spring-shell-solid model, emphasizing its advantages over the resource-consuming solid model. The beam-spring-shell model is efficient and can be implemented and used for design and analysis of modular-based timber buildings.

Modern Panamax Pure Car and Truck Carriers (PCTC) have become more vulnerable to critical roll responses as built in margins have been traded against increased transport efficiency. The research presented in this licentiate thesis aims at enhancing the predictability and control of these critical roll responses. The thesis presents the development of a new method for assessing the roll damping, which is a crucial parameter for predicting roll motions. The method involves a unique set up of full scale in-service trials and is straightforward, cost efficient and shows a good potential. The thesis also includes a demonstration of a new application for rudder control to be used for mitigation of parametric roll. This is performed by simulating real incidents that have occurred with PCTC’s in service. Simulations with rudder roll control show promising results and reveal that the approach could be very efficient for mitigation of parametric roll. Last but not least an approach for monitoring of roll induced stresses, so-called racking stresses in PCTC’s, is presented. The approach involves measurement of the ship motions and scaling of pre-calculated structural responses from global finite element analysis. Based on full scale motion and stress measurements from a PCTC in-service the approach is evaluated and demonstrated to be an efficient alternative to conventional methods. / <p>QC 20130424</p>

This thesis investigates the in-plane shear performance of full-scale walls made from compressed earth blocks. Compressed earth blocks are a type of masonry where the blocks are composed of compressed soil and typically dry-stacked without mortar. Prior research has demonstrated that the in-plane shear strength of these blocks falls far short of capacities predicted by conventional masonry building codes, requiring new testing to develop effective and safe designs for seismic conditions. This thesis specifically studies the effects of block type and the use of grouted shear keys at the block head joints. Three full-scale walls were constructed and tested under in-plane, cyclic loading. To compare the effect of block type on shear strength, one wall was constructed from Rhino blocks as used by the Center for Vocational Building Technology, while another used V-Lock blocks designed by the Vermeer Corporation. Apart from differences in size and interlock mechanism, the standard Rhino blocks have shear keys at the head joints which are not present on the V-Lock blocks. To examine the effect of these shear keys, a third wall was built from Rhino blocks with the shear keys removed. The two standard block types displayed no major difference in strength that could not be attributed to grouted area or the presence/absence of the head joint shear keys. The Rhino block wall with shear keys reached a higher peak load relative to the grouted area but experienced a brittle drop in capacity after peaking, while the other two walls exhibited an extended loading plateau after the initial peak. All walls failed with cracking and block sliding along the main diagonals, a failure mode similar to conventional masonry. Proposals are made for modifying the equations for shear capacity from the Masonry Standards Joint Committee (MSJC) 2013 code for use in designing compressed earth block shear walls.