Institute for Rural Development / PhDRDV

Albanians are known for their long legacy in migrating worldwide for economic reasons, especially in Europe. Yet, return programs and policies are falling behind to meet the needs of those migrants who decides to return to their home country. The aim of this study is to explore the topic of return migration and reintegration in the context of Albanian migrants. To this end, this thesis answers three research questions: 1) What are the forces driving Albanians to emigrate from their country of origin? 2) What are reasons that Albanians return to their country of origin? 3) What are the challenges that Albanian returnees face during the reintegration process in Albania? The main theoretical lenses adapted by this study are the social network theory, the theory of reintegration, and push-pull factors. Through a qualitative research, based on semi-structured interviews, this study identifies as pull factors of migration higher paying jobs and employment opportunities, while recognising educational systems and labour laws as push factors. Furthermore, discrimination and unsuccessful acculturation resulted as key drivers of return. Finally, this study investigates dysfunctional systems, unresponsive public institutions, and economic difficulties as significant challenges throughout returnees’ reintegration.

Soils in many regions in North America, including Quebec, are selenium (Se) deficient. To date, no field study has been conducted in Quebec regarding the Se status of horses. The objectives of this study were (1) to measure plasma Se in horses from different geographical locations in the province of Quebec and (2) to survey the Se consumption of the sampled horses. Four samplings were done on 59 horses over a 1-year period. Plasma was analyzed for Se, vitamin E and GSH-Px. Hay, concentrate and water were also analyzed for Se. Horses were classified in four groups for statistical analysis according to their forage:concentrate consumption respectively: group 1- 100% : 0%; group 2- 75-99% : 1-24%; group 3- 51-74% : 25-49%; group 4- < 50% : ≥ 50%. Owners were asked questions from a survey questionnaire at each visit. Results demonstrate that plasma Se varies according to BCS (P = 0.031) (n = 224 measures, 1 measure/horse/season), the season (P = 0.015) and the feeding group (P< 0.001). Plasma vitamin E was affected by the sex (P = 0.047) (mares: n = 37, geldings: n = 18, stallions: n = 4), the exercise level (P< 0.001) and the season (P< 0.001). GSH-Px activity was influenced by the type of feeding only (P = 0.002). When comparing plasma Se, vitamin E and GSH-Px results along with the answers of the survey questionnaire, it is possible to conclude that feeding practices of horse owners in Quebec are not appropriate to meet the Se requirements of horses. / Les sols de plusieurs régions en Amérique du Nord, incluant le Québec, sont déficients en sélénium (Se). À ce jour, aucune étude sur le terrain n’a été menée au Québec en ce qui concerne le statut en Se des chevaux. Les objectifs de cette étude étaient (1) de mesurer le Se sanguin chez des chevaux de différentes régions du Québec et (2) de recenser la consommation de Se des chevaux échantillonnés. Quatre échantillonnages ont été réalisés sur 59 chevaux durant une période d’un an. Le plasma a été analysé pour les éléments suivants : le Se, la vitamine E (interagit avec le Se en tant qu’antioxydant) et la glutathion peroxydase (GSH-Px). Le foin, les concentrés et l’eau consommés pas les chevaux ont aussi été analysés pour le Se. Les chevaux étaient classés en quatre groupes en raison de leur consommation de fourrages:concentré respectivement : groupe 1 - 100% : 0%; groupe 2- 75-99% : 1-24%; groupe 3- 51-74% : 25-49%; groupe 4- < 50% : ≥ 50%. Les propriétaires ont été sondés à chaque visite en utilisant un questionnaire validé. Les résultats démontrent que le niveau de Se plasmatique varie en fonction de l’état de chair (P = 0.031) (n = 224 mesures, 1 mesure/cheval/saison), de la saison (P = 0.015) et du groupe alimentaire (P< 0.001). La vitamine E plasmatique était influencée par le sexe (P = 0.047) (juments : n = 73, hongres : n = 18, étalons : n = 4), le niveau d’exercice (P< 0.001), et par la saison (P< 0.001). L’activité de la GSH-Px variait en fonction du groupe alimentaire (P = 0.002). À partir des résultats sanguins et des réponses au questionnaire, il est possible de conclure que les pratiques alimentaires des propriétaires de chevaux du Québec ne sont pas appropriées afin de répondre aux besoins en Se des chevaux.

No description available.

Blue Catfish Ictalurus furcatus are native to tributaries of the Mississippi River but are now invasive in several Atlantic slope drainages. This includes subestuaries of the Chesapeake Bay, where their feeding ecology and potential impact on native species was largely unknown. We collected stomach contents from 16,110 Blue Catfish at 698 sites in three large subestuaries of the Chesapeake Bay (James, York, Rappahannock rivers). Cumulative prey curves revealed that sample size was sufficient for diet description, though 1,000 – 1500 stomachs were needed per river. Blue Catfish are opportunistic generalists that feed on a broad array of plant and animal material. Logistic regression models reveal that Blue Catfish undergo significant ontogenetic diet shifts to piscivory at larger sizes (P<0.01) though the lengths at which these shifts occur varies by river system (500 – 900 mm total length; TL). Over 60% of Blue Catfish stomachs contained other invasive species, primarily Hydrilla verticillata and Asian clams Corbicula fluminea. Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) revealed that salinity and season explained the most variation in Blue Catfish diet, while Generalized Additive Models (GAMs) demonstrated that there is considerable spatiotemporal and length-based variation in predation of species of concern. Species of concern include American Shad, American Eel, and river herring, which are imperiled, and blue crab, which support valuable fisheries in Chesapeake Bay. Predation of American Shad, American Eel, and river herring was rare (max predicted occurrence in Blue Catfish diets = 8%), while blue crab was much more common in the diet (max predicted occurrence =28%). Predation of American Shad and river herring peaks in freshwater areas in April, while predation of blue crab peaks in brackish areas in October. Predation of all species of concern is highest for large catfish (500 – 1000 mm TL). Field and laboratory-based estimates of consumption rate revealed that Blue Catfish feed at similar rates as Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus, and daily ration is estimated to be 2-5% bodyweight per day during warm temperatures, while peak feeding (maximum daily ration) can approach 10% bodyweight per day. While consumption of imperiled species is rare, Blue Catfish could still have negative impacts on these species due to dense catfish populations. / Ph. D. / Native to the Mississippi River basin, Blue Catfish Ictalurus furcatus are the largest catfish species in North America; they can exceed 100 lbs and live for over 30 years. They were stocked in Chesapeake Bay as a sportfish 40 years ago and are now considered invasive. We performed a series of experiments to describe how invasive Blue Catfish fit in the food web, including diet and consumption rate analyses. Most of the Blue Catfish population is comprised of opportunistic generalists that feed on a diverse array of plant and animal material. We experimentally demonstrated that Blue Catfish tend to feed on whatever species are locally abundant. The most common prey were other species considered invasive in Chesapeake Bay; primarily Asian clams and Hydrilla verticillata, which is an invasive aquatic plant. Blue Catfish also eat other types of vegetation, clams, snails, crabs, fish, small invertebrates, mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians. Consumption of imperiled native fishes (like American Shad, American Eel, and river herring) was uncommon while consumption of the commercially-valuable blue crab was common, especially in brackish areas during the autumn. Blue Catfish consumption rates were similar to a closely related species, the channel catfish, and blue catfish can consume an estimated 2 – 5% of their body weight per day during the summer months, and up to 10% of their body weight per day during times of peak feeding. While consumption of imperiled species is rare, Blue Catfish could still have negative impacts on these species due to dense catfish populations

在統計學上，高維度常造成許多分析上的問題，如進行多變量迴歸的假設檢定時，當樣本個數小於樣本維度時，其樣本共變異數矩陣之反矩陣不存在，使得檢定無法進行，本文研究動機即為在進行兩群多維常態母體的平均數檢定時，所遇到的高維度問題，並引發在分類上的研究，試圖尋找解決方法。本文研究目的為在兩種不同的正則化方法中，比較何者在檢定與分類上表現較佳。本文研究方法為以 Warton 與 Friedman 的正則化方法來分別進行檢定與分類上的分析，根據其檢定力與分類錯誤的表現來判斷何者較佳。由分析結果可知，兩種正則化方法並沒有絕對的優劣，須視母體各項假設而定。 / High dimensionality causes many problems in statistical analysis. For instance, consider the testing of hypotheses about multivariate regression models. Suppose that the dimension of the multivariate response is larger than the number of observations, then the sample covariance matrix is not invertible. Since the inverse of the sample covariance matrix is often needed when computing the usual likelihood ratio test statistic (under normality), the matrix singularity makes it difficult to implement the test . The singularity of the sample covariance matrix is also a problem in classification when the linear discriminant analysis (LDA) or the quadratic discriminant analysis (QDA) is used. Different regularization methods have been proposed to deal with the singularity of the sample covariance matrix for different purposes. Warton (2008) proposed a regularization procedure for testing, and Friedman (1989) proposed a regularization procedure for classification. Is it true that Warton's regularization works better for testing and Friedman's regularization works better for classification? To answer this question, some simulation studies are conducted and the results are presented in this thesis. It is found that neither regularization method is superior to the other.

Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o efeito de enzimas fibrolíticas na degradação da parede celular do volumoso, quando aplicadas antes da ensilagem e no momento da alimentação do animal. No experimento I analisou-se o efeito do emurchecimento, da redução do tamanho de partículas e da adição de enzimas fibrolíticas (associadas ou não ao inoculante bacteriano Lactobacillus plantarum) na fermentação e nas perdas do processo de ensilagem de capim Tanzânia (Panicum maximum, Jacq. cv. Tanzânia). A forragem foi cortada aos 45 dias de crescimento vegetativo e armazenada em silos experimentais (50 L) durante 136 dias. Durante o período de armazenamento o efluente foi coletado e quantificado no 1o, 2o, 7o, 14o, 21o, 60o, 90o e 136o dias. A redução do tamanho de partícula não influenciou as perdas totais, embora o tamanho menor tenha contribuído para garantir maior estabilidade aeróbia da silagem. A taxa de recuperação e as perdas de MS por efluente e gases foram de 72, 5 e 23% nas silagens não-emurchecidas e de 80, 0 e 21% nas silagens emurchecidas, respectivamente. A adição de enzimas fibrolíticas associadas ou não ao inoculante bacteriano promoveu redução da fração fibrosa (FDN, FDA, celulose, hemicelulose), sendo esta redução mais acentuada nas silagens emurchecidas. Contudo, não houve aumento da digestibilidade in vitro da MS com adição de enzimas fibrolíticas. Foram observados os valores médios de DBO (11.289 mg L -1), DQO (36.279 mg L -1) e DQO/DBO (3,35) no efluente das silagens contendo umidade original; o maior período de armazenamento aumentou significativamente o potencial poluidor do efluente. O experimento II teve por objetivo avaliar o efeito do conteúdo de matéria seca da forragem e o uso de enzimas fibrolíticas aplicadas durante a ensilagem de capim Tanzânia ou após a abertura do silo. Os tratamentos foram confeccionados da seguinte forma: A - forragem emurchecida sem aplicação de enzimas; B - não-emurchecida sem aplicação de enzimas; C - emurchecida com enzimas (2 L t -1 de massa verde); D - não-emurchecida com enzimas; e E - não-emurchecida com enzimas (10 L t -1 de massa verde), após a abertura do silo. Cinco novilhos da raça Nelore foram distribuídos ao acaso em delineamento do tipo Quadrado Latino 5 x 5. Os parâmetros de cinética de passagem de sólidos (2,23% hora-1) e de líquidos (4,83% hora-1) foram similares para os tratamentos avaliados. O comportamento ingestivo dos animais não foi alterado com a elevação da concentração de MS da silagem, sendo observados os seguintes tempos (minutos dia-1) e taxas (min kg MSI-1) de ingestão de MS (247 e 24), de ruminação (426 e 43) e de mastigação (673 e 67), respectivamente. As médias das concentrações totais dos ácidos graxos voláteis (109,62 mM) e de nitrogênio amoniacal (5,6 mg dL-1), do fluido ruminal, não foram alteradas pelos tratamentos aplicados. Diante dessas observações, pode-se concluir que o emurchecimento da forragem e o uso de aditivo enzimático não resultaram em alterações significativas no comportamento ingestivo, nos parâmetros ruminais e na digestibilidade de nutrientes em animais. / The present trial aimed to evaluate the effect of fibrolytic enzymes on forage cell wall degradation, when applied either during the ensiling process or just before the animal feeding. The experiment I analyzed the effects of wilting (wet vs wilted), particle size reduction (small vs large) and the addition of fibrolytic enzymes (alone vs combined with Lactobacillus plantarum) on the fermentation and ensiling losses of Tanzania grass (Panicum maximum, Jacq. cv. Tanzania). Forage was harvested and cut at 45-day vegetative re-growth period and stored in experimental plastic silos (50 L) during 136 days. During the storage period, the effluent flow was collected and measured at days 1, 2, 7, 14, 21, 60, 90 and 136. Total silage losses were not affected by particle size reduction, even though the smallest particle size promoted better aerobic stability of the silage. The rate of silage DM recovery, effluent and gases losses were 72, 5 e 23 % for wet and 80, 0 e 21% for wilted silages, respectively. The addition of fibrolytic enzymes exclusively or combined with Lactobacillus plantarum led to decreased concentrations of NDF, ADF, cellulose and hemicellulose mainly on wilted silages, however, no benefit was observed in the in vitro DM digestibility. Mean values for BOD (11.289 mg L -1), COD (36.279 mg L -1), and the ratio COD/BOD (3.35) were observed on the effluent of wet silages, which increased the potential of environmental pollution with the longer silage storage period. The experiment II aimed to study the effects of forage wilting or fibrolytic enzymes addition to the Tanzania grass silages. Treatments consisted of: A - wilted forage without enzymes; B - fresh forage without enzymes; C - wilted forage with enzymes at ensiling (2 L t-1 wet forage); D - fresh forage with enzymes at ensiling; E - enzymes applied onto silage (10 L t-1 wet silage) 30 minutes before feeding (direct-fed). Five ruminally cannulated Nellore beef steers were randomly assigned to a 5 x 5 Latin square design. The ruminal passage rate of solid (2.23 % hour -1) and liquid (4.83 % hour -1) phases were similar for all treatments. The animal ingestive behavior measured as total time (minutes day-1) and rate (minutes DM kg-1) was not changed across silages DM concentration, averaging DM eating (247; 24), DM ruminating (426; 43) and DM chewing (673; 67), respectively. The molar concentration (109.62 mM) of total volatile fatty acids (VFA) and ammonia-N (5.6 mg dL-1) observed in ruminal fluid were similar across silages diets. According to the results it may be concluded that wilting Tanzania grass or the application of fibrolytic enzymes did not improve significantly either the animal ingestive behavior, ruminal parameters or the nutrient digestibilty.

Os objetivos deste experimento foram avaliar os efeitos da substituição do milho e do feno de coastcross pela casca de soja (CS) no desempenho e comportamento ingestivo de cabras em lactação e na digestibilidade dos nutrientes das rações e parâmetros ruminais de borregos Santa Inês. Foram realizados quatro experimentos. Experimento 1: Oito cabras foram alojadas em baias tipo tie stall e distribuídas em um delineamento de quadrado latino duplo 4x4, com duração de cada período de 16 dias, sendo 12 dias para adaptação às rações experimentais e quatro dias para colheita das amostras. Os animais foram alimentados com dietas compostas por 40% de volumoso e 60% de concentrado. A CS substituiu o milho em 0, 20, 40 e 60%, da matéria seca (MS). Não houve efeito (P>0,05) no consumo de MS, produção de leite e no comportamento ingestivo, contudo, o teor de gordura no leite aumentou (P<0,05) com a inclusão da CS na ração. Experimento 2: Quatro borregos foram alojados em gaiolas metálicas para ensaio de metabolismo e distribuídos em delineamento experimental quadrado latino 4x4. Os períodos foram de 14 dias, sendo 10 dias para a adaptação dos animais às rações experimentais e 4 dias para colheita das amostras. Os tratamentos e as dietas foram semelhantes ao Experimento 1. Não houve efeito (P>0,05) da substituição do milho pela CS para o consumo e digestibilidade da MS. No entanto, ocorreu diminuição (P<0,05) da concentração de propionato no rúmen e aumento (P<0,05) da digestibilidade da fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), do pH ruminal e da concentração de acetato. Experimento 3: Trinta e seis cabras foram alojadas em baias tipo tie stall e distribuídas em delineamento experimental de blocos completos casualizados pelo período de oito semanas. As cabras foram alimentadas com dietas compostas por 50% de volumoso e 50% de concentrado e com o mesmo teor de FDN. A CS substituiu o feno de coastcross em 0, 33, 67 ou 100% da MS. O consumo de MS e FDN apresentaram efeito quadrático (P<0,05). A produção de leite e a variação do peso corporal não foram alteradas (P>0,05), porém a concentração de gordura aumentou (P<0,05) e os tempos gastos com ruminação e mastigação decresceram (P<0,05) com a inclusão da CS na dieta. Experimento 4: Dezesseis borregos foram alojados em gaiolas metálicas para ensaio de metabolismo e distribuídos em delineamento experimental blocos completos casualizados. O experimento teve duração de 14 dias, sendo 10 dias para a adaptação dos animais às rações experimentais e 4 dias para colheita das amostras. Os tratamentos e as dietas foram semelhantes ao Experimento 3. O consumo de MS e FDN apresentaram efeito quadrático (P<0,05) quando foi adicionada CS na dieta. Entretanto, observou-se aumento (P<0,05) da digestibilidade da MS e FDN, enquanto a concentração de ácidos graxos de cadeia curta, acetato e propionato não se alteraram (P>0,05) e o pH ruminal diminuiu (P<0,05). A CS pode substituir parcialmente o milho ou o feno de coastcross sem prejudicar o desempenho ou o metabolismo dos nutrientes de pequenos ruminantes. / The objectives of this experiment were to determine the effects of replacing corn and coastcross hay by soybean hulls (SH) on performance and ingestive behavior in lactating goats and nutrient apparent digestibility and ruminal measures in ram lambs. Experiment 1: Eight goats were housed in a tie stall and used in a two 4 x4 Latin square design conducted concurrently. Each experimental period consisted of 16 d; the first 12 d were used to adapt the goats to the treatments and the remaining 4 d were used for data collection. Animals were fed a 40:60 (concentrate:roughage ratio). Soybean hulls replaced corn by 0%, 20%, 40% or 60% on a dry matter (DM) basis. Dry matter ground intake (DMI), milk yield and ingestive behavior were not affected (P>0.05) by replacing corn by soybean hulls. However, milk fat concentration increased (P<0.05) with soybean hulls inclusion. Experiment 2: Four ram lambs were placed individually in metabolism crates and assigned to a 4 x 4 Latin square design. The experimental period consisted of 14 d; the first 10 d were used to adapt the lambs to the treatments and the remaining 4 d were used for data collection. The treatments and diets were the same as in Experiment 1. Dry matter intake and digestibility were not affected (P>0.05) by replacing ground corn by soybean hulls. Nevertheless, propionate concentration decreased (P<0.05) while neutral detergent fiber (NDF) intake and digestibility, ruminal pH and acetate concentration increased (P<0.05) with soybean hulls inclusion. Experiment 3: Thirty-six goats were assigned to a complete randomized block design and housed in a tie stall for a period of 8 weeks. Goats were fed a 50:50 (concentrate:roughage ratio) with similar amount of NDF. Soybean hulls replaced hay by 0%, 33%, 67% or 100% on a DM basis. Dry matter and NDF intake showed a quadratic response (P>0.05). Milk yield and body weight change didnt differ (P<0.05), however milk fat concentration increased (P>0.05) while time spent with rumination and chewing decreased (P>0.05), when SH were added to the diet. Experiment 4: Sixteen ram lambs were housed individually in metabolism crates and assigned to a complete randomized block design. The experimental period consisted of 14 d; the first 10 d were used to adapt the lambs to the treatments and the remaining 4 d were used for data collection. The treatments and diets were the same used in Experiment 4. DMI and NDF intake showed a quadratic effect (P<0.05) when SH were added to the diet. However, DM and NDF digestibility increased (P<0.05) while short-chain fatty acids, acetate and propionate concentration, didnt change (P>0.05) and ruminal pH decreased (P<0.05). SH can partially replace corn or coastcross hay with no detrimental effects on performance or nutrient metabolism in small ruminants.

En mati??re de s??curit?? en r??gion frontali??re, les ??tats f??d??raux nord-am??ricains ne sont pas les seuls acteurs puisque celle-ci renvoie ?? plusieurs champs de comp??tences constitutionnels partag??s avec les gouvernements f??d??r??s ou d??tenus par ceux-ci. Ainsi, au Canada la s??curit?? en r??gion frontali??re concerne autant les comp??tences f??d??rales que les responsabilit??s provinciales. La S??ret?? du Qu??bec ??tant l???organisation polici??re de la province, elle est amen??e ?? jouer un r??le important en cette mati??re. Cette organisation reste un acteur transnational au sens de Keohane et Nye, elle ??tablit des relations transgouvernementales avec ses homologues ?? travers le monde, notamment pour assurer la s??curit?? en r??gion frontali??re. L???existence d???une culture organisationnelle partag??e par la majorit?? des polici??res et des policiers favorise l?????tablissement de relations entre eux, qui ne se produisent pas sous les directives du gouvernement f??d??ral ou m??me des gouvernements provinciaux. Cette ??tude ne concerne pas l???ensemble des activit??s internationales de la S??ret?? du Qu??bec, mais se concentre sur les relations transgouvernementales entretenues par les directeurs et directeurs adjoints des quatorze postes frontaliers ?? la fronti??re Qu??bec-??tats-Unis. Ces fonctionnaires de proximit?? poss??dent un pouvoir discr??tionnaire et une autonomie particuli??re au sein de l???organisation polici??re et cela leur permet de choisir ou non d?????tablir des relations avec leurs homologues. Cette ??tude cible les facteurs qui favorisent et les ??l??ments qui entravent l?????tablissement des relations transgouvernementales des polici??res et policiers en r??gion frontali??re.

L'interférence entre la désintégration du méson $\Bs$ vers un état final propre de CP, directement ou via le mélange $\Bs-\Bsb$, donne lieu à une phase violant CP mesurable $\phi_s$, dont la valeur dans le Modèle Standard est $\phi_s^{MS} = (-0.0370\pm 0.0006)~\mathrm{rad}$. Cependant, des contributions de Nouvelle Physique peuvent intervenir dans ce processus et modifier la valeur de $\phi_s$. À l'heure actuelle, la mesure la plus précise de $\phi_s$ est donnée par l'expérience LHCb et la valeur moyenne mondiale est $\phi_s^{\rm{exp}} = (-0.021 \pm 0.032)~\mathrm{rad}$, dominée par l'incertitude statistique.Dans ce contexte, l'étude de la désintégration $\Bs \to \etac \phi$ est effectuée en utilisant les données de collisions $pp$ correspondant à une luminosité intégrée de~3.0\invfb, collectées avec le détecteur LHCb avec le Run~1 du LHC. La première observation de la désintégration $\Bs \to \etac \phi$ est obtenue, avec le méson \etac reconstruit dans les quatres modes de désintégration $p\bar p$, $ K^+ K^- \pi^+ \pi^-$ , $\pi^+\pi^-\pi^+\pi^-$ et $K^+K^-K^+K^-$ et $\phi(1020)$ reconstruit dans le mode $K^+K^-$. La désintégration $ \Bs \to \jpsi \phi $ est utilisée comme canal de normalisation.Le rapport de branchement mesuré est $\mathcal B (B^{0}_{s} \to \eta_{c} \phi) = \left(5.01 \pm 0.53 \pm 0.27 \pm 0.63 \right) \times 10^{-4}$, où la première incertitude est statistique, la seconde est systématique et la troisième incertitude est due à la connaissance limitée des rapports d'embranchement externes. / The interference between $\Bs$ meson decay amplitudes to CP final state directly or via mixing gives rise to a measurable CP-violating phase $\phi_s$, which is predicted to be $\phi_s^{SM} = (-0.0370\pm0.0006)~\mathrm{rad}$ in the Standard Model. However, such process may receive contributions from New Physics and change the value of $\phi_s$. At present, the most precise measurement of $\phi_s$ is given by the LHCb experiment and the world average is $\phi_s^{\rm{exp}} = (-0.021\pm 0.032)~\mathrm{rad}$, with uncertainty still dominated by the statistics.In this context, a study of $\Bs \to \etac \phi$ decays is performed using $pp$ collision data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of~3.0\invfb, collected with the LHCb detector during the Run~1 of the LHC. The observation of the decay $\Bs \to \etac \phi$ is reported, where the \etac meson is reconstructed in the $p\bar p$, $K^+K^-\pi^+\pi^-$, $\pi^+\pi^-\pi^+\pi^-$ and $K^+K^-K^+K^-$ decay modes and the $\phi(1020)$ in the $K^+ K^-$ decay mode. The decay $\Bs \to \jpsi \phi$ is used as a normalisation channel.The measured branching fraction is $\mathcal B (B^{0}_{s} \to \eta_{c} \phi) = \left(5.01 \pm 0.53 \pm 0.27 \pm 0.63 \right) \times 10^{-4}$, where the first uncertainty is statistical, the second systematic and the third uncertainty is due to the limited knowledge of the external branching fractions.