O trabalho discute o conceito de performance na esfera pedagógica, que ficou submetido a uma racionalidade instrumental e objetivista, incidindo na pedagogização dos processos formativos e na orientação para uma educação técnica. Investigar a performance docente, problema pouco estudado sob o ponto de vista teórico e prático, é, portanto, possibilitar a superação da apática limitação do próprio conceito, proveniente da sua redução ao princípio da identidade cientificista e da autoridade didática. Em vista dessa exigência, pretendemos lançar um olhar hermenêutico-reconstrutivo com o intuito de repensar os equívocos nos rumos do debate para sugerir sua compreensão como forma de fazer com que a multiplicidade interpretativa possa interagir de modo comunicativo entre formadores, formandos e interlocutores pedagógicos, aperfeiçoando a competência comunicativa na formação de professores. A tese analisa a dimensão performativa reconstruída pela via da racionalidade comunicativa de Jürgen Habermas e Paulo Freire, em diálogo com outros pensadores, reconhecendo a interdependência das várias formas de argumentação e de inter-relações formativas para justificar a singularidade do trabalho pedagógico, tendo em vista a possibilidade realizadora da fala na educação, que integra e inclui a verdade do mundo objetivo, o moralmente prático e o esteticamente expressivo. Ensinar não consiste apenas num dizer, mas num fazer, num agir, no sentido ético, estético e técnico, isto é, produtivo, formativo e expressivo da comunicação humana. Tal racionalidade poderia satisfazer as demandas estéticas e sociais frente aos reducionismos intelectuais, abrindo espaço à pluralidade e à contingência da prática cotidiana, admitindo justificações argumentadas pelo enfoque performativo que assegura validades em favor de um mundo da ação intersubjetiva, dialógica e humana, que é sempre suscetível de refutação. Tal proposta exigiria entre outras modificações, desenvolver o saber linguístico-expressivo dos professores, a ser construído durante o processo formativo, relativizando as concepções positivistas de competência em benefício de uma racionalidade aprendente, performativa e mais alargada de compreensão do mundo. / This work discusses the concept of teacher’s performance in the educational sphere, which was subjected to an instrumental and objective rationality, focusing on the pedagogization of formative process and orientation for technical education. The investigation of teaching performance - a problem poorly studied from the theoretical and practical point of view - is, therefore, a means of enabling the overcome of apathetic limitation of the concept itself, descendant of its reduction to a principle of scientific identity and didactic authority. Given this requirement, we intend to cast a hermeneutic-reconstructive glance in order to rethink the mistakes in the debate course to suggest its understandings as a way of making the interpretative multiplicity interact in communicative manners among educators, apprentices and pedagogical interlocutors, improving communicative competence in teacher’s formation. The thesis examines the performative dimension reconstructed by the communicative rationality of Jürgen Habermas and Paulo Freire, in dialogue with other intelectuals, recognizing the interdependence of the various forms of argumentation and formative inter-relations to justify the singularity of the educational work, raising the possibility of speech in education, which integrates and includes the truth of the objective world, the morally practical and aesthetically expressive. Teaching is not only a telling, but rather a doing, an act in an ethic, aesthetic and technical sense, that is, productive, formative and expressive of human communication. Such rationality could satisfy the aesthetic and social demands in face of intellectual reductionism, giving space for plurality and contingency in daily practice, assuming justifications argued by performative approaches which ensure validity in favor of a world of intersubjective action, dialogic and human, which is always susceptible to refutation. This proposal would require, among other changes, the development of linguistic-expressive knowledge of teachers, which should be built during the formative process, relativizing the positivist conceptions of competence in favor of a rationality learner, with a performative and broader comprehension of the world.

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo analisar a colonização do oeste paulista, mais especificamente, a partir dos anos trinta do século XX, situando-a no contexto geral da expansão do capital no âmbito mundial. A análise busca centrar-se no caráter contraditório do processo de colonização que, ao expandir o agrário como forma de superação aos entraves à reprodução do capital, advindos da grande crise de 1929, simultaneamente, estaria a reproduzir um conjunto de relações sociais sob o qual repousaria o próprio fundamento da crise. Nesse sentido a superação se constituiria, de antemão, na reprodução da própria crise, problema que remete à lógica da valorização como fundamento fundante da sociabilidade moderna. Sendo a reprodução do capital balizada pelo encadeamento lógico de seus momentos, a sociedade se põe a reboque de inexorável. Partindo desse pressuposto, questionaremos a racionalidade que, como forma de consciência indivíduos reproduzam a si e a sua sociedade. Despido de sua racionalidade, o capital revela o seu caráter imanentemente crítico, o que se evidencia pela sua forma contraditória de expansão, sendo essa movida, simultaneamente, pela acumulação e crise de acumulação de valor. / The present study aims to analyze the colonization of western São Paulo, more specifically from the thirties of the twentieth century, placing it in the overall context of capital expansion at the global scenario. The analysis focus on the contradictory nature of the colonization process, which, in order to expand the agrarian as a way of overcoming the obstacles to the reproduction of capital, coming from the 1929 crisis, simultaneously, would be playing a set of social relations under which would rest the very foundation of the crisis. In this sense, the overcoming would constitute, in advance, on the reproduction of the crisis itself, a problem that leads to the logic of the valorization as a fundamental basis of the modern sociability. Being the reproduction of capital guided by the logical sequence of its moments, the society begins to tow a process that goes behind it,\" and which imposes itself on her in an inexorable way. Based on this assumption, we shall question the rationality that, as a form of modern consciousness, puts the mediation of the goods as a \"sine qua non\" condition, to make the individuals to reproduce themselves and their society. Stripped of its rationality, the capital reveals its immanently critical character, which is evidenced by its contradictory form of expansion, which is moved simultaneously by the accumulation and value accumulation crisis.

We propose and investigate several new principles of rational reasoning within the framework of Pure Inductive Logic, PIL, where probability functions defined on the sentences of a first-order language are used to model an agent's beliefs. The Elephant Principle is concerned with how learning, modelled by conditioning, may be uniquely `remembered'. The Perspective Principle requires that, from a given prior, conditioning on statistically similar experiences should result in similar assignments, and is found to be a necessary condition for Reichenbach's Axiom to hold. The Abductive Inference Principle and some variations are proposed as possible formulations of a restriction of C.S. Peirce's notion of hypothesis in the context of PIL, though characterization results obtained for these principles suggest that they may be too strong. The Finite Values Property holds when a probability function takes only finitely many values when restricted to sentences containing only constant symbols from some fixed finite set. This is shown to entail a certain systematic method of assigning probabilities in terms of possible worlds, and it is considered in this light as a possible principle of inductive reasoning. Classification results are given, stating which members of certain established families of probability functions satisfy each of these new principles. Additionally, we define the theory of a principle P of PIL to be the set of those sentences which are assigned probability 1 by every probability function which satisfies P. We investigate the theory of the established principle of Spectrum Exchangeability by finding separately the theories of heterogeneous and homogeneous functions. The theory of Spectrum Exchangeability is found to be equal to the theory of finite structures. The theory of Johnson's Sufficientness Postulate is also found. Consequently, we find that Spectrum Exchangeability, Johnson's Sufficientness Postulate and the Finite Values Property are all inconsistent with the principle of Super-Regularity: that any consistent sentence should be assigned non-zero probability.

The paper deals with the phenomenon of suicide bombers. Terrorism is very serious problem of the modern world. Economics is the social science that studies human behaviour. So this science should be able to explain this extreme behaviour. The key goal of this paper is to describe the suicide attacks as rational action. The paper consists of two parts. The first part deals with the term rationality in economics and its alternative aproach. The second part is about suicide bombers. I have chosen islamic suicide bombers as a object of my work. The social profile of the suicide bombers is studied and the conection between education and wealth on the one hand and propensity to perpetrate the suicide attack on the other hand is discussed.

The diploma thesis deals with the crucial aspect of manager's and leader's role in both public and private organizations -- decision making. It explains the different phases of the decision making process, and then challenges the classical concept based on the theory of rational choice with the results of many experiments outlining a slightly different picture of reality. It seems thought, that human decisions are not fully rational indeed. Despite the availability of advanced methods and tools, many of us instinctively rely on a variety of mental shortcuts and simplifications. Even worse, because they are rooted very deep into our minds and are rather non conscious, we tend to make the same mistakes again and again. To explore and to be fully aware of the danger of this psychological traps threatening the different phases of the decision making process, is the first important step on the way to weaken their influence. Tips and hints illustrated with many experiments and real-life examples from business in this thesis should help us to improve the quality of our decisions and achieve better results.

The aim of this thesis is to empirically analyze the behavior of terrorist groups. In this work we tested the assumption of the model of rational choice in terms of terrorism. The empirical section combines theoretical predictions with observed facts and shows the terrorists as rational actors acting under uncertainty. The data used in the analysis orginate from databases GTD and RDWTI. Mean-variance analysis of portfolios of real attack of terrorist organizations suggests their ability to effectively optimize their activity and to reduce the risks to which they are exposed. Terrorists thus appears as rational agents able to react quickly to external influences. This largely affects the resulting impact of counter-terrorism measures taken when selectively targeted measures may lead to a mere transfer of terrorist activity to another destination.

This thesis aim is to study the planning documents for the tramway in Lund from a perspective of power and rationality. The empirical material used has been studied using critical discourse analysis, departing from the ideas of Fairclough (2010), Winther Jørgensen and Philips (2000) and Watt Bolsen (2007). The discourse analysis resulted in four themes that were predominant in the empirical material. These themes are passenger attraction, economic rationalities, prognosis and attractive urban environment. These are used as the base for the analysis of power and rationality.The analysis of power and rationality depart from a Foucauldian perspective of power. The main perspective used in this thesis is inspired by Flyvbjerg’s (1998) ten propositions of the relation between power and rationality. Where power influence rationality and rationality is embedded by power. The relation between power and rationality is according to Flyvbjerg asymmetrical, and when rationality and reason are confronted, reason yields to power (Flyvbjerg, 1998, p. 228ff). The findings of the analysis of power and rationality present examples from the empirical material where power seeks to define knowledge and reality, as well as examples of powers strategy to blur the line between rationality and rationalisation. This view on the strategies, operations and rationalities of power are also shared by scholars such as Richardson (2004) and Fox-Rogers and Murphy (2014). The ambition of the analysis of power and rationality is not to find out a ‘what’ but to understand ‘how’ power and rationality is presented in the planning documents related to the development of a tramway in Lund. Finally, this thesis discusses the findings from both the discourse analysis as well as the analysis of rationality and power from a wider social perspective. Placing the findings of the discourse analysis into a societal and institutional process, as well as arguing for other rationalities than the one found in the analysis of power and rationality to be valued more in the planning process.

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As increasingly intelligent and autonomous robots continue to proliferate into every area of modern life, there is no doubt that society has to think deeply about the potential impact, whether negative or positive, that this will have on ordinary everyday contexts. One of the most urgent societal expectations for these robots is the need for them to behave in a manner that is respecting of human moral values. In response to this challenge, the field of machine ethics began with the goal of developing robots capable of making moral decisions. This work addresses the challenge by proposing that Exemplarist Virtue Ethics (or simply exemplarism), an ethical theory based on virtue ethics, is a viable, suitable and alternative framework for building ethical robots. Exemplarism is a moral theory that grounds key moral concepts (e.g. virtue, right act, etc.) by direct reference to exemplars of moral goodness. Essentially, it proposes that agents can develop their moral character by following the example of morally admirable agents in society. This work will demonstrate how an exemplar- ist machine ethics framework presents several advantages to building ethical robots over traditional approaches based on consequentialism and deontology. Specifically, exemplarism not only helps us formalise the concept of artificial moral agency more coherently, but it also lends itself to be a technically feasible approach for building ethical robots. This thesis will, therefore, also demonstrate the technical feasibility of actually building an exemplarist AMA and suggest ways in which it could be further improved. Since exemplarism has scarcely been applied to this area in prior literature, this thesis will provide an alternative perspective to the machine ethics project, which, in some small way can help to advance the field forward. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2020. / Philosophy / PhD / Unrestricted

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