近年來政府大力推動行政革新、政府再造等工作,然綜觀其所採行之相關措施仍以工具理性為導向，忽略了實質理性的重要性,主客分離互易的結果,產生"異化"問題，對於國家整體生產力將造成負面影響，因此，研究官僚組織的異化問題,實為政府推動種種革新措施的首要之務。 異化論具有宗教的涵義，其後之黑格爾、費爾巴哈、馬克思、盧卡奇、馬庫色等人對此概念均有所論述，近代學者更進一步將此概念應用於官僚組織的經驗研究，以期能對官僚組織的異化問題有更深入的了解與認識，本文乃對異化論及其應用於官僚組織的相關研究予以探析及介紹，並藉此研究、探討官僚組織的異化問題。 目次 第一章 緒論 第一節 研究動機與目的 第二節 研究問題與重要名詞釋義 第三節 研究方法與流程 第四節 研究範圍與限制 第二章 相關理論及文獻探討 第一節 異化論探析 第二節 官僚組織理論探析 第三節 異化論、官僚組織理論的相關研究 壹 異化論的相關研究 貳 官僚組織理論的相關研究 第四節 官僚組織異化問題的相關研究 第三章 研究設計與實施 第一節 研究架構與假設 第二節 研究工具與前測 第三節 研究對象、樣本選取與研究實施過程 第四節 資料處理與統計分析方法 第四章 研究調查結果分析與討論 第一節 樣本結構分析 第二節 公務人員不同個人特質異化情形的差異性分析 第三節 行政官僚組織各面向與公務人員異化各面向間的相關分析 第四節 行政官僚組織整體面向對公務人員異化的綜合影響 第五章 研究發現與建議 第一節 研究發現 第二節 研究建議 參考書目 附錄一 附錄二 / Our government has been wholly absorbed in reinventing task recently. But trying to make a through inquiry, it's not difficult for us to find that it was mainly emphasizing on instrumental rationality, losing sight of substantive rationality. And owing to overlooking substantive rationality , it may result in alienation which will do more harm than good to the productivity of our government. Therefore, the research of alienation in the bureaucracy should be the most important job we ought to do. Alienation has religious implication. Hegel、Feuerbach、Marx、Luck'acs、Marcuse used to discuss it , and modern scholars further apply it to the research of bureaucracy. This research will illustrate the alienation theory and it's application to bureaucracy to understand the alienation problem of Taiper City Government bureaucracy.

<p>Bounded rationality is the study of how human cognition with limited capacity is adapted to handle the complex information structures in the environment. This thesis argues that in order to understand the bounded rationality of decision processes, it is necessary to develop decision theories that are computational process models based upon basic cognitive and perceptual mechanisms. The main goal of this thesis is to show that models of perceptual categorization based on the storage of exemplars and retrieval of similar exemplars whenever a new object is encountered (D. L. Medin & M. M. Schaffer, 1978), can be an important contribution to theories of decision making. Study I proposed, PROBEX (PROBabilities from Exemplars), a model for inferences from generic knowledge. It is a “lazy” algorithm that presumes no pre-computed abstractions. In a computer simulation it was found to be a powerful decision strategy, and it was possible to fit the model to human data in a psychologically plausible way. Study II was a theoretical investigation that found that PROBEX was very robust in conditions where the decision maker has very little information, and that it worked well even under the worst circumstances. Study III empirically tested if humans can learn to use exemplar based or one reason decision making strategies (G. Gigerenzer, P. Todd, & the ABC Research Group, 1999) where it is appropriate in a two-alternative choice task. Experiment 1 used cue structure and presentation format as independent variables, and participants easily used one reason strategies if the decision task presented the information as normal text. The participants were only able to use exemplars if they were presented as short strings of letters. Experiment 2 failed to accelerate learning of exemplar use during the decision phase, by prior exposure to exemplars in a similar task. In conclusion, this thesis supports that there are at least two modes of decision making, which are boundedly rational if they are used in the appropriate context. Exemplar strategies may, contrary to study II, only be used late in learning, and the conditions for learning need to be investigated further.</p>

Bounded rationality is the study of how human cognition with limited capacity is adapted to handle the complex information structures in the environment. This thesis argues that in order to understand the bounded rationality of decision processes, it is necessary to develop decision theories that are computational process models based upon basic cognitive and perceptual mechanisms. The main goal of this thesis is to show that models of perceptual categorization based on the storage of exemplars and retrieval of similar exemplars whenever a new object is encountered (D. L. Medin &amp; M. M. Schaffer, 1978), can be an important contribution to theories of decision making. Study I proposed, PROBEX (PROBabilities from Exemplars), a model for inferences from generic knowledge. It is a “lazy” algorithm that presumes no pre-computed abstractions. In a computer simulation it was found to be a powerful decision strategy, and it was possible to fit the model to human data in a psychologically plausible way. Study II was a theoretical investigation that found that PROBEX was very robust in conditions where the decision maker has very little information, and that it worked well even under the worst circumstances. Study III empirically tested if humans can learn to use exemplar based or one reason decision making strategies (G. Gigerenzer, P. Todd, &amp; the ABC Research Group, 1999) where it is appropriate in a two-alternative choice task. Experiment 1 used cue structure and presentation format as independent variables, and participants easily used one reason strategies if the decision task presented the information as normal text. The participants were only able to use exemplars if they were presented as short strings of letters. Experiment 2 failed to accelerate learning of exemplar use during the decision phase, by prior exposure to exemplars in a similar task. In conclusion, this thesis supports that there are at least two modes of decision making, which are boundedly rational if they are used in the appropriate context. Exemplar strategies may, contrary to study II, only be used late in learning, and the conditions for learning need to be investigated further.

The topic of this study is to what extent standards of rational inquiry can be rationally criticized and revised. It is argued that it is rational to treat all such standards as open to criticism and revision. Arguments to the effect that we are fallible with regard to all standards of rational inquiry are presented. Standards cannot be ultimately justified and with certainty established either as adequate or as inescapable presuppositions. Apel's attempt to give ultimate justifications of certain moral and logical rules is examined and criticized. Special attention is given to our fallibility with regard to logical inference rules. The idea that certain logical rules cannot be put into question because any critical argument presupposes them is criticized. It has been claimed that there must be some basic standards which are such that they cannot be rationally evaluated and hence are rationally unrevisable. This is called "the unrevisability thesis". Related to this thesis is the normative policy according to which rationality requires that some standards be treated as unrevisable, the unrevisability policy. Two arguments that have been used to defend the unrevisability thesis and policy are examined and criticized. The conclusion is that we are not forced to accept either the thesis or the policy. The negation of the unrevisability policy is the revisability policy, according to which it is rational to treat all standards as open to rational criticism and revision. Objections that have been directed against the revisability policy are discussed and criticized. According to the objections, the revisability policy leads to rationality relativism. These objections are refuted, and it is argued that it is, on the contrary, rational to adopt the revisability policy and treat all standards of rational inquiry as criticizable and revisable. It is proposed that the rational change of standards should be viewed as a bootstrap process. General features of a bootstrap view of rational change of standards are presented, and it is argued that it is impossible to formulate a real theory of bootstrapping. Two models of standard change are presented and discussed: Laudan's reticulated model of scientific rationality and Briskman's bootstrap theory. It is claimed that in spite of defects and limitations, these models contribute to a richer understanding of bootstrapping. The fallibility and revisability of standards of rational inquiry have consequences for how the normativity of rationality should be understood. The book ends with an account of how the rationality of cognitive actions is related to the idea of the adequacy of standards. A distinction between absolute and standard-relative rationality is made, and it is argued that what an inquiring agent rationally ought to do coincides with what it is standard-relatively rational for him to do. It is shown that this view of rationality of inquiry is nevertheless inconsistent with rationality relativism, and that it is compatible with an objectivistic view of rationality. / digitalisering@umu

Urban land prices have important effects on urban development and locational distribution of land-uses. Housing is one of those sectors. There are high-density residential areas covering high-rise apartments at the city center where the land prices are quite high. Here, sizes of the plots and the housing units are relatively small. However, land prices begin to decrease with the increasing distance from the city center and the production of low-density, low-rise housing which is economically unfeasible at the center turns to be feasible for the housebuilders at the outskirts. Low-rise houses at the urban fringe provides various opportunities for the households. In these areas, plots and housing units are relatively larger due to cheap and available land. In addition to this, better urban services, quiet and clean environment as well as privacy contribute to create a livable urban environment. However, households living in low-rise housing units are subject to high transportation and maintenance costs. It is expected that they would compensate these costs with larger housing units, prestigious urban environment and many opportunities that their neighborhoods offer. Urbanization processes may be differ from one country to another with respect to the socio-economic and political structures, and the environmental characteristics. In that sense, low-rise housing areas at the urban fringe of Ankara were found to be developed highly compatible with urban land use theories / but different from the processes experienced in developed countries, to some extent. With regard to these, low-rise housing development in Ankara is discussed according to plan decisions, housebuilders, households and urban development pattern, considering the theoretical basis and historical processes.

[pt] Este trabalho identifica, por meio de estudos de caso, a racionalidade presente em três empresas pertencentes ao Projeto de Economia de Comunhão, procurando qualificar a presença da instrumentalidade ou substantividade nos processos administrativos. O referencial teórico relaciona autores relevantes para a compreensão de tais racionalidades, principalmente Guerreiro Ramos e Habermas, sintetizados numa metodologia desenvolvida por Maurício Serva para tal identificação da racionalidade organizacional. A pesquisa consistiu da coleta de dados nas três empresas, por meio de observação, entrevistas e análise documental, seguida da análise e qualificação de seus processos. Procurou-se evidências entre a fifliação ao Projeto e a presença de substantividade na ação empresarial. / [en] This study aims at depicting the rationality that underlies three companioes which take part in the Communion Economy Project. By means of the metodology of case studies, we attempt to characterize the presence of instrumentality or substantivity in the companies administrative processes. The theoretical background includes relevant authors that have contributed to the further understanding of these rationalities., especially Guerreiro Ramos and Habermas, synthesized in a methodology developed by Maurício Serva for the identification of such organizational rationality. The research consists os the analysis and qualification of the processes observed in the data that was collected from the three companies by means of observation,interviews and document analysis.Evidence of substantivity in these firms action due to their affiliation in the Project were investigated.

Notre travail s'attache à examiner la spécificité ainsi que la pertinence du mode d'explication cognitiviste des croyances, tel qu'il est défini par Raymond Boudon, à travers, tout d'abord, une analyse de la notion de "rationalité épistémique" et un examen de certaines des objections qui peuvent lui être faites. Nous interrogeons ensuite la compatibilité de ce type d'explication avec l'idée, propre à un certain nombre de travaux en sciences sociales, selon laquelle les intérêts sociaux et/ou les mécanismes fonctionnels sont aptes à expliquer la formation des croyances. Enfin, nous réfléchirons à la question de savoir si la présence éventuelle de facteurs explicatifs mixtes doit nous inciter à repenser la question de la rationalité des croyances, c'est-à-dire ici de la contribution explicative des raisons au sein de leurs modes de formation. Cette interrogation nous mènera alors à une tentative d'élucidation de la notion de "contexte épistémique" ainsi qu'à un examen de sa pertinence explicative. / My work aims at examining the specificity and the relevance of what Raymond Boudon calls 'the cognitivist model of belief explanation', through an analysis of the notion of 'epistemic rationality' and an examination of some objections against it. Then I ask the compatibility between this kind of explanation with the common idea in social science that social interests and functional mechanisms are relevant to explain the belief formation process. Finally, I will study the question of the influence of the plurality of explanative factors on the rationality of social agent's beliefs. This interrogation will lead us to an elucidation of the notion of 'epistemic context' and its explanative relevance.

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「Wason選擇作業」是推理心理學領域中相當經典的作業，由於原版的 「Wason 選擇作業」正確率相當低，引發許多學者相繼投入研究，並形成了各種理論。例如「實用推理基模理論」、「社會契約理論」、「相配偏誤理論」、「訊息獲得量理論」、「關聯性理論」等等。歷經約四十年的研究，「Wason選擇作業」從經典的推理作業至今則被許多研究者質疑其成為研究推理歷程作業的 適當性，有些研究者則認為「Wason選擇作業」應被視為決策作業而非推理作業，並認為參與者在這個作業上不會表現出合於邏輯的推理能力。本研究重新以「規範性理性」的角度探究參與者在這個作業上的表現。研究一以「命題解讀作業」做為輔助，發現至少三成的參與者在傳統抽象型式的「Wason選擇作業」中的選擇行為是符合邏輯對應的，這樣的比例並不低於「命題解讀作業」本身的「正確」率。由於在傳統「Wason選擇作業」上要有「正確」表現須正確解讀命題且無其他形式誤解題意再加上符合邏輯的選擇歷程，低正確率可能僅是各歷程「正確」率相乘的效果，而非「選擇歷程」不具邏輯性所致。研究二則以「雙思考系統理論」的觀點設計有利於「系統二」(即分析性系統)歷程表現的評估型「Wason選擇作業」，實驗一與實驗二分別有約四成及五成七的參與者表現符合「規範性理性」的預期。本研究認為過去多數「Wason選擇作業」的研究著重在研究「系統一」(即聯結性系統)的歷程，故未能觀察到參與者高程度的邏輯表現。本研究結果顯示「規範性理性」在「Wason選擇作業」仍扮演重要角色。本研究最後提出新的研究取向並討論「理性爭議」的課題。

Text in Afrikaans / 'n Verkennend-beskrywende, interpretatiewe, meta-teoretiese studie is onderneem om die invloed van epistemologiese relativisme op opvoedkundige teorievorming te ondersoek. Die verwagting bestaan, in 'n tydsgees wat die kompleksiteit van die kenterrein van die Opvoedkunde benadruk, dat die opvoedkundige objektiewe en praktykrigtende kennisuitsprake aangaande die kenterrein van die Opvoedkunde sal maak. Om aan laasgenoemde verwagting te kan voldoen, is dit vir die opvoedkundige nodig om die kenterrein van die Opvoedkunde te betree en interpretatiewe, kontekstueel-funksionele kennisuitsprake te maak. Vanuit 'n tradisionele perspektief op wetenskapsbeoefening en rasionaliteit kan aantygings van epistemologiese relativisme ontstaan teen kennisuitsprake wat die kenterrein interpreteer. Dit is egter moontlik om aantygings van epistemologiese relativisme in opvoedkundige teorievorming te weerle, indien 'n verbrede beskouing van rasionaliteit in die Opvoedkunde gehuldig word. Op grond van die verband wat tussen taal, interpretasie en rasionaliteit bestaan, word meta-norme van rasionaliteit wat met taalgebruik en interpretasie verband hou, ge"identifiseer. Die mensbeskouing van die Eksistensiele Fenomenologie en Habermas se Teorie van Kommunikatiewe Rasionaliteit het dit in gemeen dat dit die moontlikheid erken dat mense deur middel van taalgebruik 'n gemeenskaplike realiteit kan identifiseer wat ook as 'n vertrekpunt in wetenskaplike gesprekvoering kan dien en wat objektiewe kennisuitsprake moontlik maak. Die mens se interpretasie van die werklikheid deur middel van taal is 'n ontiese gegewene, daarom word dit gestel dat die navorser se interpretasie van 'n kenobjek deur middel van taal deur. meta-norme van rasionaliteit onderle word. Met die grondliggende aanname dat daar metanorme van rasionaliteit bestaan wat met taal en interpretasie verband hou, word 'n verbrede begrip van rasionaliteit in die Opvoedkunde, wat interpretatiewe kennisuitsprake van die opvoedkundige akkommodeer, voorgestel. Omdat daar meta-norme van rasionaliteit bestaan wat met taalgebruik en interpretasie verband hou, is dit vir opvoedkundiges moontlik om binne hulle eie paradigmatiese kontekste die kenterrein van die Opvoedkunde funksioneel te interpreteer, sonder om in epistemologiese relativisme te verval. Op grond daarvan dat meta-norme van rasionaliteit bestaan, is dit vir opvoedkundiges moontlik om oor die kenterrein van die Opvoedkunde in gesprek te tree en toenemend objektiewe kennisuitsprake, wat die kontekste van individuele paradigmas oorskry, te maak. / An investigative, descriptive, interpretative, meta-theoretical study was undertaken to determine the influence of epistemological relativism on educational theory formation. It is expected that, at a time when the complex nature of Education is being emphasised, educationists will make objective as well as functional, directive knowledge statements about the education epistemic. To fulfil the latter expectations, it is necessary for educationists to enter into the education epistemic and make interpretative, contextually functional knowledge statements about education. From a traditional perspective on the practice of science and rationality, allegations of epi stemological relativism may arise against statements which interpret the education epistemic. However, it is possible to allay allegations of epistemological relativism in educational theory formation, if a broadened view of rationality is upheld in Education. On the basis of the relation between language, interpretation and rationality, meta-norms of rationality are identified that relate to language usage and interpretation. Existential Phenomenology and Habermas's Theory of Communicative Rationality correlate in their acknowledgement of the possibility that people can, through language usage, identify a common reality which can also seNe as point of departure in scientific discourse, while at the same time facilitating objective knowledge statements. A person's interpretation of reality by means of language is an ontic premise and, therefore, it is stated that the researcher's interpretation of an object of study is based on language through meta-norms of rationality. With the basic assumption that there are meta-norms of rationality which are related to language and interpretation, a broadened understanding of rationality in Education, which accommodates interpretative knowledge statements, is suggested. Because meta-norms of rationality exist which are related to language interpretation, it is possible for educationists to make a functional interpretation, within their own paradigmatic context, of the education epistemic, without lapsing into epistemological relativism. On the basis of the existence of meta-norms of rationality, education discourse becomes possible between educationists, and they can make increasingly objective knowledge statements, which extend beyond the context of individual paradigms. / Educational Studies / D. Ed. (Filosofie van die Opvoeding)