Depuis la fin des années 1990, un certain courant du cinéma américain indépendant s'est développé à travers l'instauration d'une nouvelle communauté culturelle (jeune, intellectuelle, 'branchée'), d'où a découlé la constitution d'un nouveau public-niche à l'image de cette communauté ; mais également à travers l'invention d'une nouvelle imagerie, d'une nouvelle esthétique et de nouveaux modes de narration. notre hypothèse de travail est la suivante : le cinéma indépendant américain contemporain est devenu 'à la mode' et se prétend être la seule alternative sincère et indépendante du marché du cinéma plus grand public. il s'est constitué depuis les années 1990 jusqu'à aujourd'hui comme une véritable catégorie culturelle qui affiche son caractère d'opposition à un style commercial dominant. or les films indépendants américains sont devenus des produits culturels, tout autant que les films plus grand public. ce qui fut par exemple étiqueté un temps comme l'esthétique caractéristique des films indépendants américains est également réemployée et réinterprétée par hollywood qui la réintègre dans un style dominant (valorisation d'un effet 'petit budget', d'un style visuel amateur).le caractère indépendant des films n'est donc pas tant économique, industriel (ils sont d'ailleurs pour la plupart financés en partie par des grands studios) ou esthétique mais il est plutôt vécu comme une catégorie culturelle autonome, comme un mode de consommation culturelle (organisé par des stratégies marketing spécifiques). / As it became more popular, American independent cinema developed a perceptible label and a commercial industry. It is no longer a peripheral or marginalindustry and instead a dominant cultural sphere. This explains why this contemporary phase of independent cinema is commonly criticised or questioned.This popularisation of independent cinema developed media saturation. Everyone seems to have its own definition, which explains the discursive conflict and contradictory definitions of independent cinema. This independent position has exceeded its industrial and economic status. The new independent model questions agenuine American independent cinema even though the existence of it is assimilated in the auteuriste, promotional, critic and spectatorial discourses. Though,independent cinema represents now a cultural label, a culture of taste, and acommunity of elitist consumers in opposition of Hollywood. It organizes different interpretive strategies and expectations that are shared among authors, audiences,critics and distributors. Independent cinema coheres as a cultural category and nolonger just as a set of industrial or formal or stylistic conventions. It is the product of a judgment that we make about a certain cinema. Independent cinema is a perceptive film category.

Although efforts have been made by the Afghan government and its international partners to promote the tents of gender equality in Afghan society, biases against women and other marginalized groups persist in the society and media sector, particularly. The current study is a timely research because feminist media studies are an under-researched field in the context of Afghanistan. My research aims to be a contribution to this field and open a path for Afghan feminist media studies. The current study explores the representations of gender relations in transnational television soap operas broadcast on Afghan television stations, audiences’ decoding of the representations, and the role of the media in promoting social change. The selected soap operas for the study are Paiman and Qesay Maa, Turkish television soap operas dubbed in the Dari language. The current study is based on feminist theory and feminist methodology, providing a balance of content and reception analysis. Drawing on feminist media studies and focusing on media representations, the content analysis of transnational soap operas echoed previous studies on representations of gender relations and indicated that gender relations are often portrayed in stereotypical and traditional manners. The content analysis further demonstrated that women are objectified in different ways and are often represented as domestic, passive, selfless beings in men’s service. Moreover, relationships between women are often based on rivalry, hatred, and shaming and often without any particular reason. The study also found that contrary to women, men are often represented at outdoor and professional settings. Additionally, grounded on encoding/decoding model through a feminist lens, the thematic analysis of focus group discussions demonstrated that audiences constantly interact with media text and actively make meaning. Interestingly, FGD findings further indicated that as active viewers, both female and male participants, derive multiple and often diverse meanings from the media text. Although both female and male participants problematize the content of transnational soap operas, their interpretations of representations of gender relations and gender equality are dissimilar. The study concludes that transnational soap operas, and the media in general, can play an important role in promoting social change in Afghanistan, particularly gender parity through the Entertainment-Education strategy. However, an intersectional framework is essential in designing EE programmes for promoting gender equality in a diverse society like Afghanistan.

Cette thèse, au carrefour de la traductologie et des études littéraires, se présente sous la forme d’une étude de cas prenant pour point de départ les liens d’influence entre deux écrivains, l’Irlandais Lord Dunsany et l’Américain H. P. Lovecraft. Leurs œuvres se construisent autour de mondes fictionnels où se conjuguent panthéons originaux, visions oniriques et voyages fantastiques. Par une approche descriptive et contrastive, on se propose d’éclairer comment cette démarche mythopoétique fondatrice a également marqué les divers projets de traduction et retraduction qui se sont succédé sur un peu plus d’un siècle.Dans cette perspective, cette recherche se fonde sur une conception de la traduction au sens large comme réécriture et allie plusieurs points de vue (sociologique, culturelle, stylistique) afin d’analyser la manière dont ces œuvres et le mythe qu’elles véhiculent sont reçues et se transmettent. En effet, le mythe naît précisément de la répétition de récits sans cesse régénérés, laissant toujours place à la variation, et le plaisir du mythe vient en partie de ce que lecteur reconnaisse, dans l’histoire qu’on lui conte, un récit familier bien que renouvelé qui pourra faire naître en lui le désir de le transmettre à son tour en se l’appropriant.Il apparaît alors possible de distinguer la spécificité d’une traduction mythopoétique dans le cadre de ce pan particulier des littératures de l’imaginaire, et de mettre au jour une vision nouvelle du ludique en traduction : en faisant appel à la complicité de lecteurs-joueurs qui deviennent à leur tour agents de leur transmission et de leur réception dans le champ littéraire français, ces œuvres se font textes-mondes, s’ouvrent à la démultiplication, à la réécriture et au partage, et traduisent un désir d’enchantement participatif qui, jusqu’à aujourd’hui, n’a cessé d’aller croissant. / This dissertation stands at the crossroads of translation and literary studies and focuses on the case of two fantasy authors, Lord Dunsany and H. P. Lovecraft. One having inspired the other, they are both creators of fictional worlds marked by made-up cosmogonies, dream visions and fantasy journeys. Through comparison and contrast, we propose to highlight how the mythopoeic approach which their stories stem from has also shaped the various translation and retranslation projects in France over the past century.From this perspective, this research elaborates on a broad conception of translation as rewriting and relies on sociological, cultural and stylistic approaches in order to analyse how these works and the myth they convey have been received and transmitted. Indeed, myth is born from the endless repetition and regeneration of stories and includes variation as a characteristic; the pleasure derived from myth comes from the readers recognizing a familiar story under a new garment, before passing it on in their turn.It then becomes possible to delineate the specificity of mythopoeic translation as regards to this particular facet of fantasy literature, and to establish a new vision of play within translation: these works, triggering both attachment and complicity in readers who become players of a game of transmission, ensure their reception in the French literary field and become text-worlds. Demultiplied, rewritten, shared, they translate an evergrowing desire for participative enchantment.

L'objectif ici est de repenser la question du politique et du théâtre, en se situant au-delà de la problématique de l'engagement. à partir d'un corpus contemporain incluant «les barbares sont arrivés» de Stasiuk, «invasion!» de Khemiri, les oeuvres de Vinaver et de Crimp, il s'agit de repenser cette question à travers l'angle de l'ironie, en tant qu'élément central d'une conception élargie de la parodie. Cette dernière prendrait alors pour objet non seulement une œuvre ou un genre, mais aussi, et surtout, la cité, à travers les «façons de parler» et les discours qui circulent dans l'espace public. La parodie sera donc considérée comme un travail sur l'énonciation, une décontextualisation et une recontextualisation de l'énonciation, et c'est dans ce sens que l'ironie sera considérée comme son élément central: l'ironie apparaît avec l'écart qui se pose entre le contexte et l'énonciation, avec des mises en contact incongrues entre des éléments jugés inconciliables. elle pose un point de vue détaché et discordant, met en œuvre une déstabilisation propre au comique, interpelle et provoque un travail de réception, engendré par une perte de l'évidence et une remise en question de ce qui « va de soi ». C'est ce geste qui s'avère subversif: L'ironie et la parodie invitent chacun à aller au-delà de ses représentations, à repenser ses certitudes, minent de l'intérieur l'autorité et la stabilité des discours dominants, sans pour autant énoncer des vérités simplificatrices. Elles investissent cette potentialité théâtrale qui rend possible la distance, donnent lieu à une imitation non soumise, décalée, décentrée de la cité, ce qui induit une présence du politique dans ces dramaturgies. / Our purpose is to establish the specificity of recent publications (1990 – 2009) identified as the “theatres of speech”, and based upon a worldwide corpus. These plays shape a new political dimension for theatre through ambiguity, considered as an opening for several interpretations, mutually incompatible. In opposition to the vast majority of political theatre works of the XX century, the authors selected in the present corpus refuse to control the outcome of their work on the reader or audience member, or to orientate his/her interpretation in one direction. Ambiguity, in irony and parody, generally causes two kinds of reception: the naïve one, based upon agreement (approval, belief, or fascination), in a context which makes it discordant, or, on the other side, the critical one. The political dimension of these plays appears in the opportunities given to the reader or audience member to question, all by himself, the kinds of manipulation (such as strategy of speech or narration), their effects, as well as the reception habits which make them efficient. These works can then contribute to reduce the impact of manipulation forms based upon habits of naïve reception; hence reduce the action range of strategies based on a “scheme of domination” (Rancière). However, no certainty exists that such opportunities will be used by the reader or audience member. The new political dimension lies in the fact that its visibility is deliberately connected to the singular encounter between the play and each reader or audience member.

No description available.

Senecan Medea in Deutschsprachiger Raum between the 18th century and today Analyzing the persistence of a mythological figure like Medea, who has endured through time and space, is a complex affair. It becomes apparent how the evolution of the heroine over the centuries assumes new meanings and adapts to constantly changing sociocultural contexts. Medea, already present in archaic mythological material, transcends the boundaries of strictly mythological meaning, and initially achieves full canonization in Greek and then in Latin theater. Indeed, through the tragedy of Euripides in 431 BC, a clear and well-recognizable “biographical career” is attributed to her, which later continues with the Senecan tragedy. In this work, the heroine from Colchis increasingly takes on the traits of a perfidious sorceress, approaching the anti-stoic essence of the monster. When she then seems to almost fade into oblivion completely throughout late antiquity and the Middle Ages, Medea later reappears on the international stage of the Renaissance and the Baroque era. Only from the end of the 18th century did Medea become widespread across Europe and proliferate in the new media of the 20th and 21st centuries on all continents. Thus, Medea's power is nurtured by the creative force of writers, dramatists, and librettists. Particularly in the European context, the Medea adaptations in German-speaking areas have so far enjoyed a lesser degree of systematics: they have been excluded from a coherent overall picture that also considered the influence of the archetype. For this reason, I have decided to focus this research work on the rewritings in German: here, literature picks up the classical myth and creates new versions that make use of unique and unrepeatable circumstances. Since the Euripidean tragedy is considered the most viewed tragic archetype, the model used here will be the Senecan tragedy, whose influence on the European and non-European dramaturgical tradition has often been overlooked. The structure of this work includes a first methodological chapter that lays the theoretical foundations for an in-depth analysis of the selected works, which are examined in a diachronic course in the second chapter. This chapter explores the survival of the heroine from the Classical and Medieval period to the modern and contemporary era, with particular attention to the various historical-cultural changes. The aim of this first part is to capture the often elusive, but just as often simply unexamined dependencies, of some German works on each other and from the Latin model. The result of this operation is a chronological and reasoned list of 86 German rewritings from the 18th to the 21st century in the form of a table, which constitutes an appendix to the research work. The second part begins with the third chapter, which contains the analysis of six representative works of different readings: furor and magic in Medea in Corinth (1786) by Friedrich Maximilian Klinger; Love and melodrama in Medea in Corinto (1814) by Johann Simon Mayr; the ethnic and political question in Medea in Prag (1949) by Max Zweig; the postmodern fragmentation in Medeamaterial by Heiner Müller (1983); the gender struggle in Der Schlaf der Vernunft (1984) by Ula Stöckl; and the psychoanalytic interpretation in M., nach Euripides (1984) by George Tabori. The six works selected here are considered exemplary for certain thematic and stylistic aspects and are essential to examine the Medea story from a critical perspective. The final chapter turns its gaze to the 21st century, highlighting the ongoing relevance of Medea as a source of new artistic truths, with a focus on Mein und dein Herz (Medeia) (2007) by Nino Haratischwili. The work concludes with an examination of potential future research directions and developments of the theme. The importance of Medea as a cultural, overarching icon is emphasized, which continues to deserve attention in academic studies.

Heavy Metal is a peculiar music genre, made by fans for fans, which spread throughout the entire planet and became, over its five decades of existence, a global community as well. These aspects of Heavy Metal make it a very interesting phenomenon to study. Heavy Metal has previously been researched with a micro outlook on its local connotations in several different Global South countries, analyzing one at a time. As far as the whole Global Metal community is concerned, to this day, there seems to be no literature that is based on the Global South perspective, but only on the Western one. As it has not been attempted to study Global Metal with a macro outlook and to take a broader perspective on it, this research employs a larger view on the Global South’s point of view on Metal culture. Therefore this study aims at giving possible explanations about the reasons behind Heavy Metal worldwide spread. Results will show how further Heavy Metal reception studies on Global South metalheads should be approached through the lens of the Cosmopolitan paradigm; how the metalheads of the sample tend to indicate Death Metal as the most spread sub-genre and to describe themselves as open minded and tolerant. This research helps showing a slight tendency of metalheads to consider themselves part of a Global community, which is defined more like a family, underlining their inclination towards cosmopolitanism. Finally it will show how there should be a broader study on the sense making of well-known songs to determine whether or not there is a certain degree of similar interpretation across different cultures.

Literary medievalism has always been critically controversial; it has often been dismissed as reactionary or escapist. This survey of major medievalist writers from America, England, Ireland and Iceland aims to demonstrate instead that medievalism is one of the characteristic literatures of modernity. Whereas realist fiction focuses on typical, plausible or common experiences of modernity, medievalist literature is anything but reactionary, for it focuses on the intellectual circumstances of modernity. Events such as the Enlightenment, the Industrial Revolution, many political revolutions, the world wars, and the scientific discoveries of Isaac Newton (1643-1727) and above all those of Charles Darwin (1809-1882), each sent out cultural shockwaves that changed western beliefs about the nature of humanity and the world. Thus, intellectual anachronisms pervade medievalist literature, as some of the greatest writers of modern times offer new perspectives on old legends. The first chapter of this study focuses on the impact of Darwin’s ideas on Victorian epic poems, particularly accounts of natural evolution and supernatural creation. The second chapter describes how late Victorian medievalists, abandoning primitivism and claims to historicity, pushed beyond the form of the retelling by simulating medieval literary genres. The third chapter crosses into the twentieth century and examines the relationship between the skepticism of a new generation of medievalist writers and their exploration of radical new possibilities in artificial mythology. The fourth chapter examines the gender dynamics of medievalist works, discussing how medievalist writers reinterpreted stock character types through metafiction. The final chapter’s focus is on war, propaganda, and human nature; it documents the iconoclastic trend in postwar medievalism, as writers examine the role of literature in encouraging nationalism and organized violence. Tying together the major threads of medievalism from the previous chapters, this final chapter chases the greatest shockwave of the twentieth century through inverted medieval landscapes where the author may be the greatest villain of all. Rejecting the critical Balkanization of medievalism, this study instead offers a unified view of nineteenth- and twentieth-century responses to northern legend, one which shows medievalism closely tracking the shocks of modernity. / October 2016

Pour respecter les droits d'auteur, la version électronique de cette thèse a été dépouillée de ces documents visuels. La version intégrale de la thèse a été déposée au Service de la gestion des documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal. / Au cours du XIXe siècle, la notion de détail s’est imposée comme un outil théorique majeur pour l’appréhension des représentations visuelles. Menée à travers l’analyse de textes variés rendant compte de la réception des images dans le contexte de cas précis (exposition de peinture, inauguration d’un panorama, publication d’un ouvrage illustré, etc.), l’étude historique de la notion de détail révèle les différents préjugés et réseaux de signification qui lui étaient alors attachés. Le détail étant le produit d’un cadrage opéré par la perception visuelle, l’examen de cette notion nous renseigne non seulement sur le rapport que l’époque entretenait avec le visible, mais aussi sur la nature des liens qu’elle tissait entre la partie et le tout. Ainsi, il apparaît que le détail était propre à satisfaire les besoins d’une période associant voir et savoir et cherchant dans le contrôle du visible les moyens de maîtriser un réel en constante mutation. À ce titre, c’est sur l’argument du détail que reposait l’attribution d’une valeur scientifique, historique ou documentaire aux représentations. Toutefois, le détail devait confirmer le statut de l’ensemble dont il était tiré, car, s’il était discordant, il devenait un indice trahissant un mensonge. Pour cette raison et aussi parce le rendu détaillé dans les représentations témoignait d’une observation rigoureuse du réel et d’un travail patient de restitution, le détail était souvent investi de connotations morales reflétant les valeurs bourgeoises en train de s’imposer. Cependant, alors que le détail était censé servir une meilleure connaissance de l’ensemble, sa prolifération était redoutée, car elle faisait paradoxalement courir à la perception du tout le risque de la dislocation. De plus, dans la mesure où il relève toujours du particulier et d’une observation jugée objective, le détail était souvent perçu comme contrevenant à la valeur artistique des représentations. Ainsi, cette question s’est cristallisée dans les débats portant sur le caractère artistique de l’image photographique qui se distinguait par un rendu inédit et systématique des détails. Enfin, l’analyse de cet argument polymorphe que constitue la notion de détail au XIXe siècle fait apparaître les limites de l’engouement dont elle a fait l’objet. Étant toujours envisagé dans sa dimension figurative, comme instance iconique minimale, le détail tel qu’il était conçu à l’époque ne permettait pas de saisir le substrat matériel qui commençait à émerger dans la peinture moderne. Ainsi, jusque dans ses limites, la notion de détail révèle des enjeux majeurs de la modernité. / Over the course of the nineteenth century, the notion of detail became an established theoretical tool in the understanding of visual representations. Conducted through multiple text analyses taking into account the reception of images in specific contexts (a painting exhibition, the opening of a panorama show, the publication of an illustrated literary work), this historical study reveals the prejudices and networks of meaning attached to the notion of detail. Because detail is the product of visual perception, a study of this notion reveals not only the relationship with the visible that existed at the time, but also the nature of links between parts and the whole. Detail was essential in meeting the needs of a time that associated “seeing” with “knowing” and that attempted to find a means of controlling the ever-changing reality through the visible. As such, the attribution of scientific, historical, or documentary value relied on the argument provided by detail. Nonetheless, detail was supposed to confirm the status of the whole from which it was derived, since when these did not match, the detail became a sign of a lie. For this reason, and also because a detailed depiction signified a rigorous observation of the real conveyed through a careful reproduction, details were often imbued with moral connotations that reflected the bourgeois values of the time. However, while details were meant to help know the whole better, their proliferation was also feared, because it increased the risk of interfering with the perception of the whole. In addition, insofar as it is always derived from the specific and from an observation deemed objective, the detail is often perceived as being in conflict with the artistic value of the representation. This issue became crystallized in the debates on the artistic qualities of photography, an art form characterized by a hitherto unparalleled level of detail. In the end, the analysis of this polymorphic argument encapsulating the notion of detail in the nineteenth century reveals the limits of the infatuation of which it was the object. Previously envisioned in its figurative dimension, the detail as it was perceived at the time did not allow the capture of a material substratum, which started to emerge later with the advent of modern painting. Even in its limitations, the notion of detail reveals the principal issues of modernity.

Proust est un lecteur régulier et exigeant de Baudelaire, auquel il consacre des pages critiques qui ont compté dans la réception du poète au cours du XXe siècle. Toutefois, les liens qui unissent les deux auteurs sont loin de se réduire à cette dimension métatextuelle et permettent d’interroger plus avant la notion même d’intertextualité. La principale difficulté dans l’identification de la présence de Baudelaire tient à son côté diffus qui s’inscrit dans les linéaments de l’écriture. Loin d’être explicites, les renvois à l’œuvre du poète se font au mieux sur le mode de l’allusion, sinon au gré d’un filtrage intertextuel et culturel qui gomme presque totalement les traces de ce souvenir. Nous proposons de revenir à une définition de l’intertextualité entendue dans un sens large, associant l’étude du texte à l’histoire et à l’anthropologie culturelles, soulignant ainsi que l’écriture est autant mémoire qu’oubli, et, partant, que la mémoire du lecteur n’est pas moins ambivalente. Atteindre le Baudelaire de Proust suppose ainsi de comprendre quelle idée le romancier se faisait du poète, mais aussi par quelles médiations l’œuvre de Baudelaire, passée au filtre des sensations de Proust, de son histoire, de son époque s’est imprimée dans la Recherche. En d’autres termes, il convient tout à la fois d’établir la sociologie d’une lecture et celle d’un lecteur.Apparaissent ainsi deux Baudelaire : l’un est explicite et rapidement usée par la conversation et l’autre innerve la Recherche. On voit qu’un Baudelaire chasse l’autre, et que les réseaux intertextuels ne peuvent être que souterrains. L’œuvre de Baudelaire chez Proust est ainsi lue au prisme de la mémoire et de l’oubli. / A voracious and meticulous reader of Baudelaire, Proust’s non-fiction writing pays substantial attention to the poet, in criticism which would influence the reception of Baudelaire’s work throughout the twentieth century.However, the imbrication of these two writers extends far beyond the issue of metatextuality. Rather, by highlighting the pervasive presence of Baudelaire in Proust’s oeuvre, the object of scrutiny becomes the very notion of intertextuality itself. The challenge of identifying Baudelairean references in the Recherche arises from their diffusion. Seldom explicit, Proust’s allusions to the poet’s work are subtle, if not near camouflaged by the cultural and intertextual filters. This thesis argues for a return to intertextual analysis in the broadest sense of the term, namely a study that devotes attention to the text’s historical and cultural-anthropological facets. In so doing, the thesis underlines how the act of writing involves memory as much as forgetfulness, and that the reader’s memory is as ambivalent as the author’s. But also, and more importantly, my thesis undertakes to demonstrate the ways in which Baudelaire’s poetry is transformed through the Proustian prism: that is, the narrative and mood of the Recherche, being written in a particular period, with a particular aesthetic sensibility. The social conditions of a reading, and the social determinism of a reader, are placed here in parallel. There are thus two Baudelaire in the Recherche. One is referenced explicitly in banal exchanges; the other is referenced implicitly a Baudelaire diffuse who vitalises the Recherche. And so, each Baudelaire chases the other, creating intertextual networks.