The extreme motion and load of ships have been assessed using a linear frequency domain method or a linear energy spectral method and RAOs, which may be too approximate to be used for estimation of ship motion in severest seas. The new technology uses simulation in the time domain to deal with the non-linear responses to the random seas. However, the current simulation technique has been successful only up to the sea state of 7 (“high seas”), defined by the significant wave height of 9 meters. The above cannot provide the extreme wave loads and motions for seas higher than the sea state 7. The ultimate goal of this work would be to develop a new technique that can simulate responses to the seas of states 8 and 9. The objective of the present study is to simulate the vertical relative motion and wave topping of a moored ship in the time domain by varying the significant wave heights. The analysis was able to predict with a fair accuracy the relative motion characteristics of a freely floating body in the head and beam sea conditions. The resonance aspects and its significance in the overall response are also analyzed.

The influence of nitrogen supply on relationships of relative growth rate (RGR) to leaf physiology, structural and non-structural carbon partitioning, and nitrogen- and water-use efficiencies were examined in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) clonal lines differing in growth potential. Nine 18-month-old loblolly pine clones were grown in a climate-controlled greenhouse for 20 weeks under two contrasting nitrogen (N) regimes (50 and 250 ppm) and a growth analysis was carried out. Higher nitrogen increased plant RGR and largely resulted in proportional shifts in biomass from roots and stems to needles. The RGR of plants receiving higher nitrogen was increased primarily through increased leaf area ratio (LAR), which was increased through higher leaf mass fraction (LMF) and not through changes in needle morphology. Although concentrations of needle glucose in plants receiving 250 ppm N were 22 percent higher than plants receiving lower N, total non-structural carbohydrate concentrations in needles of plants receiving 50 ppm N were nearly double that of clones receiving 250 pm N, primarily due to starch accumulation of the nitrogen-deficient plants. Plants receiving 250 ppm N also had 39 and 18 percent lower starch in the coarse and fine roots, respectively. Plants receiving higher nitrogen were also more water-use efficient, but had lower photosynthetic nitrogen-use efficiency. LAR, net assimilation rate (NAR), specific leaf area (SLA), and LMF were all positively correlated with RGR, but the main influence on RGR differences among clones was LAR. In addition, leaf-level rates of photosynthesis and respiration were positively correlated with RGR; however, faster-growing clones did not exhibit greater carbon economy at the leaf level. Both instantaneous water-use efficiency (A/E) and δ13C were positively correlated with RGR and photosynthetic nitrogen-use efficiency was negatively correlated with RGR. The identification of physiological and morphological traits underpinning differences in RGR among clones and how these traits are affected by nitrogen supply provides new information on trait correlations within species and parallels broader patterns observed among species.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo observar as estratégias de relativização utilizadas por estudantes brasileiros adultos de espanhol como língua estrangeira e uma eventual influência da língua 1 (L1) nas preferências constatadas nessa produção. Para tanto, fizemos, primeiramente, um estudo comparado entre as estratégias de relativização presentes no português brasileiro (PB) e no espanhol (E). Nesse estudo, observamos a presença e a ausência, junto às relativas do tipo padrão simples (sem preposição) e às relativas do tipo padrão piedpiping (com preposição), das chamadas relativas cortadoras, (TARALLO, 1993), típicas do português brasileiro (PB), e das relativas com pronomes cópia, estruturas conhecidas como de despronominalización de relativos (LOPE BLANCH, 1983) ou como de (re)duplicación de relativos (BRUCART, 1999). As duas últimas estratégias de relativização, ainda que apareçam em ambas as línguas, de acordo com diversos estudos, ocorrem com diferente frequência e aceitação na língua culta dos dois idiomas, e, portanto, têm especial importância em nossa pesquisa. Para observar as consequências que a influência dessas construções relativas poderia ocasionar na produção não nativa de estudantes brasileiros aprendizes de espanhol como língua estrangeira (ELE), analisamos uma amostra de aceitabilidade, outra de produção oral e outra de produção escrita, e verificamos que a influência da L1 ocorre em algumas circunstâncias e que essa influência se deve ao fato de que as relativas cortadoras e as despronominalizadas ou (re)duplicadas fazem parte de um conjunto de características que corroboram a existência de uma inversa assimetria entre o português do Brasil e o espanhol no que se refere à presença e/ou à ausência das formas pronominais átonas ou tônicas para a expressão dos argumentos do verbo, tal como constatou González (1994). / It is aim in this paper to observe the strategies of relativization used by Brazilian adults who study Spanish as a foreign language and a possible influence of the first language in the preferences shown in their production. For this, firstly, we did a compared study between the strategies of relativization in Brazilian Portuguese (PB) and in Spanish (E). In this study, we observe the presence and the absence, in the simple standard relative (without preposition) and the piedpiping standard relative (with preposition), relative clauses known as cortadoras relative or pp-chopping, (TARALLO, 1993), typical of Brazilian Portuguese (PB) relatives, and the relative with redundance inside relative clauses or with resumptive pronouns, structures known as despronominalizadoras (LOPE BLANCH, 1983) or as (re)duplication of relative (BRUCART, 1999). According to several studies, although the two last strategies of relativization are present in both languages, they appear with different frequency and approval in the standard language, and, therefore, have a particular importance in our investigation. To observe the consequences that the influence of these relative structures could have in the non native production of Brazilian students of ELE (Spanish as foreign language), we have analyzed a sample of acceptability, a sample of oral production and a sample of written production, and verify that the influence of the first language happens under some circumstances and that it happens because of the cortadoras relative and the despronominalizadas or (re)duplicate are part of a group of characteristics that reinforce the existence of a reverse asymmetry between Brazilian Portuguese and Spanish regarding the presence and/or the absence of the atonic or tonic pronominales forms for the expression of the verb arguments, as it was found by González (1994).

BACKGROUND: Using laser speckle flowgraphy to calculate retinal blood flow, we sought to measure changes in optic nerve blood flow compared to the normal fellow eye (relative blood flow) and changes in vision in patients with central retinal artery occlusions of varying duration. METHODS: Laser speckle flowgraphy was used to measure optic nerve blood flow in eyes with central retinal artery occlusions and the normal fellow eye of patients seen at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center to calculate relative blood flow. Visual acuity was assessed monocularly using Snellen Charts in a standardized fashion. RESULTS: In healthy control patients (n=20), relative blood flow was calculated to be 1.02 (p= 0.6843), indicating no significant difference in blood flow between eyes. In patients with unilateral central retinal artery occlusions (n=7), relative blood flow was calculated to be 0.66 ± 0.13 (p < .001), indicating on average a 33 percent loss in blood flow through the optic nerve head. When comparing relative blood flow values of CRAO patients measured within one year of vision loss versus patients when measured after one year of reported vision loss, values of patients measured within one year were lower. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Laser Speckle Flowgraphy has been shown to be a useful diagnostic tool that can reliably provide quantitative information on retinal blood flow. Results suggest that blood flow through the optic nerve head does return over time, presumably as the occlusion resolves or recanalizes. Longitudinal analysis determined a higher relative blood flow in patients one-year post incident versus within one year. However no statistically significant difference in visual acuity between these groups was found, indicating that return of blood flow is not associated with a return in visual acuity. Relative blood flow may be a useful measure of retinal perfusion in other retinal vascular disorders.

Southern Sotho verbal relative clauses are, on discourse-pragmatic grounds, categorised as direct and indirect. The pragmatic factors that govern the occurrence of these two types of relatives within a particular discourse context are investigated. An analysis of relative clauses occurring in live conversations as well as in the dramas Bulane (Khaketla, 1983) and Tjootjo e tla hloma sese/a (Maake, 1992) reveals that direct relative clauses usually modify the reference of predicate nouns (i.e. nouns used as the complements of copulative predicates), while indirect relative clauses modify the reference of object nouns. Theories which suggest that both predicate as well as object nouns generally convey new information, but that the reference status of predicate nouns is non-specific indefinite, while that of object nouns is specific indefinite, are discussed. A hypothesis suggesting that there is an interrelationship between the reference status of a head noun and the type of relative by means of which it is qualified, is proposed. / African Languages / M.A. (African Languages)

Southern Sotho verbal relative clauses are, on discourse-pragmatic grounds, categorised as direct and indirect. The pragmatic factors that govern the occurrence of these two types of relatives within a particular discourse context are investigated. An analysis of relative clauses occurring in live conversations as well as in the dramas Bulane (Khaketla, 1983) and Tjootjo e tla hloma sese/a (Maake, 1992) reveals that direct relative clauses usually modify the reference of predicate nouns (i.e. nouns used as the complements of copulative predicates), while indirect relative clauses modify the reference of object nouns. Theories which suggest that both predicate as well as object nouns generally convey new information, but that the reference status of predicate nouns is non-specific indefinite, while that of object nouns is specific indefinite, are discussed. A hypothesis suggesting that there is an interrelationship between the reference status of a head noun and the type of relative by means of which it is qualified, is proposed. / African Languages / M.A. (African Languages)

Cette thèse propose une description du vietnamien en comparaison avec le français autour du phénomène de la relativisation, dans le cadre de la linguistique typologique et contrastive. Elle s’articule en deux parties. La première traite des questions préliminaires et du cadre typologique. Il s’agit de présenter quelques traits dominants de la langue vietnamienne, langue isolante, par rapport au français, langue flexionnelle, en passant en revue certaines notions de base en linguistique générale telles que sujet/sujet grammatical, thème/rhème, phrase/proposition et subordination/subordonnant. La notion de subordination sera ensuite introduite dans le cadre typologique adopté (Creissels 2006) pour la présentation de la relativisation translinguistique ainsi que pour l’analyse des relatives en français et en vietnamien. La seconde partie est consacrée à l’étude contrastive des relatives en français et en vietnamien, et cela, avec un double objectif. Le premier est de dégager, aux niveaux morphosyntaxique et fonctionnel, les propriétés de la relativisation en examinant la structure syntaxique du nom de domaine, les stratégies de relativisation, la Hiérarchie d’Accessibilité à la relativisation ainsi que les types de relatives. Le second est de mettre en évidence les particularités du fonctionnement du vietnamien par rapport au français, et plus spécifiquement, la relation minimale (Lemaréchal 1997) entre un nom et une relative et la polyfonctionnalité du relativiseur mà. Cette étude, qui se veut contribuer à la typologie de la relativisation, fournit une description systématique de la subordonnée relative dans une perspective typologique, et jamais une telle étude n’a été entreprise, à notre connaissance, en linguistique vietnamienne. / This thesis proposes a description of Vietnamese in comparison with French around the phenomenon of relativization in the frame of typological and contrastive linguistics. It is divided into two parts. The first part specifies the preliminary matters and typological framework. It presents some salient features of the Vietnamese language, an isolating language, compared to the French inflected language. It reviews some basic concepts in general linguistics such as subject / grammatical subject, theme / rheme, sentence / clause and subordination / subordinator. The notion of subordination is then introduced into the typological framework adopted (Creissels 2006) for the presentation of crosslinguistic relativization as well as for the analysis of relative clauses in French and in Vietnamese. The second part is devoted to the constrative study of the relative clauses in French and in Vietnamese with two objectives. The first objective is to identify the properties of relativization at the morphosyntactic and functional levels by examining the syntactic structure of the head noun, the strategies of relativization, the Accessibility Hierarchy for relativization and the typology of relative clauses. The second objective is to highlight the peculiarities of the functioning of Vietnamese compared with French, and more specifically, the Minimum relationship (Lemaréchal 1997) between a head noun and a relative clause and the polyfunctionality of the relativiser mà. This study, which aims at contributing to the typology of relativization, provides a systematic description of the relative subordination in a typological perspective, and never such a study has been undertaken, to our knowledge, in Vietnamese linguistics.

"Brownfields" are real estate property with subsurface or surface contamination. The redevelopment of Brownfields is required to clean, improve and protect the environment. Piles foundations are often used in Brownfields to support structures. Regulators are concerned about the environmental safety of pile foundations in Brownfields sites. Piling in Brownfields may lead to transport of contaminants from the contaminated region to the underground aquifers. The purpose of this investigation is to determine the potential for contaminant transport due to pile foundation in Brownfields. This investigation is an extension of previous research conducted at the University of New Orleans and ascertains the potential for contaminant transport from concrete piles of different shape, depth of penetration and method of installation. The results of large scale model tests and Finite Element studies are presented. The investigation indicates the possibility of contamination only in selected cases of piles.

Bakgrund: Demens innebär en rad olika sjukdomar som drabbar hjärnan och leder bland annat till en försämring av minnesfunktionen. Drygt 160 000 personer i Sverige är drabbade av en demenssjukdom och det räknas som en folksjukdom som inte bara drabbar den sjuke utan även den närstående. Närstående som vårdar en person med demens har en stor betydelse för sjuksköterskan och vid ett bra samarbete ges förutsättningar för att bedriva en god vård. Syftet: Att beskriva närståendes upplevelser av att leva med en person med demens samt att redovisa vilka undersökningsgrupper som ingår i de valda artiklarna i litteraturstudien. Metod: En deskriptiv litteraturstudie. Artikelsökningen skedde i PubMed och Cinahl som resultareade i 12 vetenskapliga artiklar med kvalitativ design som granskades. Huvudresultat: I fyra underrubriker presenterades huvudresultatet. Rubrikerna var upplevelse av rollförändring, upplevelse av tillgång till stöd och information, upplevelse av psykisk påfrestning och upplevelse utav inskränkningar i det dagliga livet. De flesta av deltagarna i de ingående artiklarna var make/maka, döttrar eller söner till en person med demens. Samtliga studier använde ett ändamålsenligt urval. Slutsatser: Närstående upplevde att deras roll förändrades och det var en psykisk påfrestning med många olika känslor så som oro, frustration, sorg, trötthet och även inskränkningar i det dagliga livet att leva med en person med demens. Tillgången på stöd och information i allmänhet av hälso- och sjukvården upplevdes bristfällig, det skulle behövas i ett tidigt skede av sjukdomen för att hantera olika svåra situationer, känslor och även minska utmaningarna. / Background: Dementia involves a range of diseases that affect the brain to an extent ending with the deterioration of memory functions. More than 160 000 people in Sweden are afflicted with dementia and the risk increases with age. Dementia is considered as a public health problem, affecting not only the patient but also the related parties. Related Parties who are caring for a person with dementia are of great importance for the nurse. A good cooperation between the related parties and caregivers are will provide the opportunity to give a proper care. Aim: To describe the related parties experiences of living with the person with dementia and to report the study groups included in the selected items in literature studies. Methods: A descriptive literature. The Article search was done in PubMed and CINAHL. As a result, 12 revised scientific articles with qualitative design. Results: The four sub-headings presented the main results which are all based on the related parties experience living with the person with dementia. The sub-headings were: the experience of the role change, access to support and information, experience of psychological distress and experiencing restrictions in daily life. Most of the participants in the included articles were husband/wife, daughters or sons of a person with dementia. All studies used adequate samples. Conclusions: Related parties felt that their roles were changed and it was a psychic burden to withstand stress with many different emotions such as anxiety, frustration, sadness, fatigue and even restrictions on the daily life of living with a person with dementia. Access to support and information in general health- care felt inadequate, which were needed in the early stages of the disease to deal with various difficult situations, emotions and even to reduce the challenges.

Bakgrund Varje år drabbas 17 miljoner människor av stroke, varav cirka 5 miljoner blir handikappade livet ut och behöver vård från bland annat anhöriga. Att vara anhörig till en strokedrabbad innebär ofta en stressig situation med både fysiska och psykiska konsekvenser. Syfte Syftet med litteraturstudien var att beskriva erfarenheter av att vara anhörig till en närstående som drabbats av stroke som bor och vårdas hemma. Metod En litteraturstudie gjord med åtta kvalitativa studier. Sökningar har genomförts i Cinahl och Scopus. Studierna har blivit granskade, analyserade och har ställts samman till ett resultat. Resultat Resultatet presenterades i fem kategorier och 13 underkategorier och visar många beskrivningar av känslor och krav som tyngde anhöriga och påverkade deras hälsa både fysiskt och psykiskt. Förändrade relationer, mötet med vården och anpassningen till en ny vardag var något som anhöriga kämpade med. Konklusion Litteraturstudien visar att anhöriga kan ha stora behov av stöd och information för att kunna klara av vårdarrollen. Genom att arbeta utifrån familjefokuserad omvårdnad kan anhörigas behov och styrkor lyftas fram. Ytterligare forskning på anhöriga till närstående som drabbats av stroke utifrån ett genusperspektiv skulle vara intressant, bland annat eftersom den största delen anhörigvårdare är kvinnor. / Background Each year 17 million people suffer stroke worldwide, of these nearly 5 million are permanently disabled and in need of care from relatives among others. Being a relative of a stroke victim often means a stressful situation with both physical and psychological consequences. Aim The purpose of this study was to describe the experiences of being a relative of a stroke victim living and cared for at home. Method A literature study with eight qualitative studies. Searches have been made inCinahl and Scopus. The studies have been reviewed, analyzed and compiled. Result The results were presented in five main categories and 13 subcategories. The relatives described many emotions and demands, which affected their health both physically and mentally. They struggled with changed relationships, the health care and adjustment to a new living. Conclusion This study shows that to be able to handle the caring role relatives may have a big need for support and information. The relatives’ needs and strengths can be highlighted by working from the basis of family-focused care. More research on relatives of a stroke victim from a gender perspective would be interesting, for instance since most caregivers are women.