Southern Star Valley is a structural and physiographic basin bounded on the east by the southern Star Valley fault, an active normal fault associated with Basin and Range extension. The southern Star Valley fault separates southern Star Valley from the Salt River Range and forms a dramatic north-south trending topographic escarpment. Statistical analysis of relative-age dating (RD) parameters taken from glacial deposits in the Salt River Range defined distinctive age groups for the deposits, and comparison of RD data allowed correlations with late Pleistocene and Holocene glacial deposits elsewhere in the Rocky Mountains. However, the sedimentary lithologies in the glacial deposits in the study area and inherent variability of RD data limited definitive regional correlations. The southern Star Valley fault (SSVF) lies in a parabola-shaped zone of large, seismogenic normal faults. The zone trails to the west of the eastward-migrating Yellowstone hot spot. Basin-facing fault scarps up to 11 meters high created by recurrent late Quaternary faulting along the southern Star Valley fault are preserved in late-Pleistocene and Holocene alluvial fans along the Salt River Range front. Radiocarbon ages from faulted deposits exposed in a trench provide age estimates of ca. 8,090 ± 80 and 5,540 ± 70 yrs. B. P. for the two most recent paleoearthquakes. The magnitudes of the paleoearthquakes, based on surface rupture height and length and estimates, were between Ms6.9 and Ms7.1. The tectonic geomorphology of river alluvium and alluvial fans near the SSVF suggests that recurrent faulting has downdropped the northern end of southern Star Valley more in relationship to the southern part of the valley and created a deep depocenter in the northern part.

O estágio maturação biológica é um fator importante que influencia o processo de seleção e promoção de talentos esportivos. Vários autores têm demonstrado que diferentes aspectos morfofuncionais, como por exemplo, o tamanho corporal, a velocidade e a força, possuem um ritmo de desenvolvimento individual durante o período da puberdade, sendo altamente dependente do estágio de maturação biológica. Diante dessa influência da maturação biológica sobre o processo de seleção de jovens atletas, outro fenômeno vem sendo observado durante esse processo, o Efeito da Idade Relativa (EIR). O EIR refere-se à influência que os meses de nascimento (idade cronológica) podem provocar na aprendizagem e no desempenho de jovens em uma determinada tarefa e/ou processo ensino-aprendizagem. Portanto, seguindo o pressuposto do EIR, os sujeitos nascidos nos primeiros trimestres do ano poderiam apresentar vantagens biológicas (ex. hormônios), físicas (ex. estatura, peso, força, etc.), cognitivas, psicológicas e de aprendizagem sobre sujeitos de mesma idade cronológica nascidos nos últimos meses do ano. Essas variações poderiam afetar o desempenho, provocando a superestimação dos resultados observados no momento da avaliação. Desta forma, o objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar a maturação biológica e o EIR entre os jovens atletas selecionados para programas de treinamento em longo prazo no futebol. Para tanto, em um primeiro momento foram avaliados jovens atletas de futebol, participantes do processo de seleção de talentos para ingresso na categoria sub-14 de um clube de futebol com destaque nacional e internacional. No segundo momento foram coletadas as mesmas variáveis apenas no grupo de jovens selecionados para compor a equipe sub-14 do referido clube. Os parâmetros avaliados foram: mês de nascimento, nível de maturação sexual, concentração de testosterona, composição corporal e força geral (preensão palmar). De maneira geral, os resultados permitiram concluir que há uma forte presença do EIR na amostra investigada de jogadores de futebol apresentando diferentes datas de nascimento entre iniciantes/titulares e excluídos, com maior participação de jogadores nascidos no primeiro trimestre no grupo de iniciantes/titulares (75%) quando comparados ao grupo selecionado (50%). Também foi detectada uma concentração de testosterona mais elevada para os jogadores selecionados (172,0 ± 43,1 nmol.L-1) em comparação com os jogadores excluídos (130,3 ± 28,3 nmol.L-1). Portanto, os achados atuais sugerem uma forte influência do EIR e da maturação biológica no processo de seleção de jovens jogadores de futebol / The biological maturation status is an important factor that influences the talent identification process and development of sports talent. Several authors have shown that different morphological and functional aspects, such as body size, speed and strength have an individual rate of development during puberty, being highly dependent on the stage of sexual maturation. Given this influence of biological maturation on the talent identification process of young athletes, another phenomenon has been observed during this process, the Relative Age Effect (RAE). The RAE refers to the influence that the months of birth (chronological age) can result in learning and performance of a given task in young people. Therefore, following the assumption of the RAE, subjects born in the first quarters of the year could provide biological advantages (eg. hormones), physical (eg. height, weight, strength, etc.), cognitive, psychological and learning about the same subject chronological age born in the last months of the year. These variations could affect performance, causing overestimation of the results observed during the talent identification process. Thus, the objective of this study is to analyze the biological maturation and RAE between young athletes selected for training programs in football long term. Therefore, in the first instance will be assessed youth soccer players participating in the talent selection process for entry into the under-14 category of a football club, with national and international prominence. In the second phase will be collected the same variables in the group of young people selected to make the under-14 team of the club. The parameters are: month of birth, level of sexual maturity, testosterone, body composition, and overall strength (grip hand). In general, the results allowed to conclude that there is a strong presence of EIR in the sample investigated of soccer players showing a different birth date distribution was observed between starters and dismissed players with a greater participation of players born in the first trimester in the starters group (75%) when compared to the selected group (50%). Also a higher testosterone concentration was detected for starters players (172.0 + 43.1 nmol.L-1) as compared to dismissed players (130.3 + 28.3 nmol.L-1). Therefore, current findings suggest a strong influence of EIR and biological maturation on the selection process of young soccer players

Talang är ett komplext begrepp där definitioner från forskare inte alltid stämmer överens. Tränare har ofta en egen syn på när talang identifieras och hur den ser ut. Många förbund och akademier runtom i Europa bedriver ungdomsverksamheter så skiljer sig det ofta åt. Syftet med studien var att undersöka skillnader mellan europeiska fotbollstränare gällande deras perspektiv på talang, specialisering och relative age effect. Frågeställningar som ställdes var: Vad tror fotbollstränaren är mest viktigt mellan naturlig begåvning (talang) och tilltränade färdigheter? Vid vilken ålder kan talang identifieras? När bör en fotbollsspelare börja med talangutveckling? När bör en fotbollsspelare specialisera sig? Anser tränarna att de tar hänsyn till relative age effect vid uttagningar?   Metoden som användes i arbetet var främst kvantitativ genom en enkät. I enkäten ställdes även öppna frågor vilket ledde till en mer mixed method väg. Totalt i studien deltog 92 olika fotbollstränare från länderna England, Italien och Sverige. Resultatet visade att fotbollstränarna hade skilda åsikter på begreppen talang och specialisering, mellan vissa länder signifikanta skillnader, men de hade förhållandevis lika användning av relative age effect. Det framkom en del samband med tidigare forskning som gjorts inom området. Slutsats med arbetet visar att det finns samband mellan tränare som anser det tidigt går att identifiera talang, dessa tränare värdesätter ofta de genetiska anlagen högt. De tränare som anser att det går att identifiera talang senare värdesätter ofta den inre motivation högre än genetiken.

Syfte och frågeställningarSyftet med studien är att undersöka förekomsten av Relative Age Effect (RAE) i svensk tävlingssimning. Studien utgår ifrån följande frågeställningar:-  Finns Relative Age Effect inom svensk tävlingssimning på populationsnivå?-  Vid vilken ålder uppkommer, avtar och försvinner Relative Age Effect för damer respektive herrar?-  Finns det skillnader i Relative Age Effect avseende kön? MetodStudien är en retrospektiv tvärsnittsstudie som undersöker representation av tävlingslicensierade simmare i åldern 5–22 år över en period på 20 år. Studiens deltagare är födda 1978 – 2014 och har mellan åren 2000 – 2019 varit inom åldersspannet 5–22 år. Deltagarna i studien bestod av 43 284 atleter varav 26 583 damer (61,42%) och 16 701 herrar (38,58%). Data mottogs från Svensk Simidrott (fd. Svenska Simförbundet) och deras resultatdatabas TempusStatistik där samtliga tävlingslicensierade simmare finns registrerade från år 2000 och framåt. Förekomst, magnitud och avtagande bestämdes genom Chi-2 (X2) test och Cramer’s V Effect Size. Odds Ratio (OR) och 95% konfidensintervall (95%CI) användes för att undersöka avvikelser mellan kvartal 1–4 (Q1-4). Dessa steg genomfördes på damer och herrar över samtliga åldrar. ResultatEn initial men avtagande Relative Age Effect är närvarande genom en stor-medium effect size (sv. effektstorlek) för damer och herrar 6–8 år. Skillnader mellan herrar och damer upptäcktes också genom a) en ihållande liten effect size upptäcktes för damer 9–20 år och herrar 9–22 år och b) signifikant OR för Q1>Q2>Q3>Q4 var för damer 8–11 år samt för Q2>Q3>Q4 för herrar 7–13 och 15–18 år. SlutsatsRAE fanns på populationsnivå inom svensk tävlingssimning för damer 6–20 år och herrar 6– 22 år. En inledande övergående RAE med en stor-medium effect size var synlig i 6–8 års ålder för både herrar och damer. Eventuella registrerings-, tillväxt-, mognad- eller selektionsfördelar var övergående. En liten effect size var ihållande från 9–20 års ålder för damer och 9–22 års ålder för herrar. Det fanns skillnader i RAE med avseende på kön. Eventuellt verkar RAE ha större genomslag/magnitud på dam- än på herrsidan, i synnerhet vid 8–11 års ålder.

Studiens syfte är att undersöka om den relativa ålderseffekten (RAE) har någon betydelse gällande betyg i skolämnet idrott och hälsa bland pojkar och flickor. För att besvara syftet undersöker vi om det finns ett samband mellan när på året eleverna är födda och vilka betyg de har, om någon förändring har skett över tid, samt om det finns skillnader i betyg mellan könen. Materialet består av 988 slutbetyg från årskurs nio i ämnet idrott och hälsa bland samtliga kommunala grundskolor i Helsingborgs kommun. Studiens metod är kvantitativ och med hjälp av korrelationsanalyser undersöks det om det finns ett samband mellan variablerna födelsekvartal och betyg. Resultat visar att det inte finns något statistiskt samband mellan när på året eleverna är födda och vilka betyg de har. Dock visar det sig att flickor födda tidigt under ett år har generellt bättre betyg än de som är födda sent, medan resultatet för pojkarna är tvärtom. Resultaten skiljer sig mot den tidigare studien som styrkte den relativa ålderseffekten. Pojkarna i studien har bättre betyg än flickorna. En förklaring till resultatet kan vara att Lpo 94 inte är lika prestationsbaserad som Lgr 80, samt nya idrottsvanor. / The aim of this study is to investigate whether the relative age effect (RAE) is a depending factor regarding grades in physical education among boys and girls. To answer the purpose of this study we investigate whether there is a correlation between time of year students are born and what grade they have, if any difference has taken place over time and if there are differences in grades between the genders. The material consists 988 final grades from ninth grade in physical education among all public schools in Helsingborg. Method of this study is quantitative, and by correlations analysis examines whether there is a correlation between the variables of birth and grades. The results show that there is no statistical correlation between time of years students are born and what grade they have. However, it turns out that the girls born early in a year, generally has better grades than those who were born late, while the results for boys are the opposite. The results are different to the previous study which substantiates the relative age effect. The boys in the study have better grades than girls. One explanation for the result may be that Lpo 94 is not as performance-based as Lgr 80, and new sporting habits.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate whether the Relative Age Effect iscrucial for winning the senior, U20, and U18 Men's Ice Hockey World Championships. Wealso aim to gain a better understanding of the significance of the Relative Age Effect for ateam's success. Success can be measured in various ways, but in this study, we have chosen todefine success in ice hockey by focusing on the teams that have won the championships.Method: This study adopts a quantitative design and relies on secondary analysis of publiclyavailable statistics. We have employed a deductive approach to examine the subject of theRelative Age Effect. To conduct the study, we have placed significant emphasis on previousresearch in the field and used it as the theoretical foundation. To gather information and data,we have utilized scientific articles, relevant literature, as well as general sources and websitesthat have contributed to the analysis of our study. By reviewing and referencing previousresearch, we have been able to draw conclusions and benefit from prior insights into theRelative Age Effect.Results and Conclusions: The results we obtained regarding the winning teams between2001-2022 of the senior, U20, and U18 Men's Ice Hockey World Championships indicate thatthe Relative Age Effect is not present at the senior level but is observed in the U20 and U18categories. The results also showed that the younger the age group, the more evident theRelative Age Effect was among the teams, with significant differences between the winningteams in the U20 and U18 divisions. Based on the results of our study, we can conclude thatthe Relative Age Effect is not a decisive factor for winning at the senior level. However, itbecomes more difficult to draw a clear conclusion at the junior level since our researchindicates that the winning teams exhibit the Relative Age Effect, but it remains uncertainwhether it has been decisive or how it has practically influenced the teams' success.Therefore, talent identification and development in younger generations should reassess theselection process and factors deemed crucial for participation in these championships. Furtherresearch is required to determine which individuals within the teams are truly instrumental intheir victories and whether all teams in the tournaments are already influenced by theRelative Age Effect.

Countries invest a large amount of money in talent development and talent identification. The Swedish ice hockey federation is reorganizing and evaluating the national team selection system. Relative age effect (RAE) refers to a selection bias when relatively older athletes get selected because maturity can be mistaken for talent. This study aimed to examine the selection patterns in the Swedish ice hockey national team and see if there is a relationship between selected players and their birth month. Studies on selections have been conducted in Canadian ice hockey and different leagues, but no one has investigated selections in national team ice hockey.  A Quantitative approach was used, to analyze the sample from this retrospective study.The sample contained 384 players that has been selected for the Swedish youth and junior national team once or more from five different cohorts from 1997-2001. The statistical analyses were conducted through 𝑋!test of association, 𝑋! goodness of fit and factorial ANOVA. The significance level was set to £0,05. Cramers V and h2 was used to measure the effect size.  The results showed that 78% of selected players got re-selected, and most players were entering the system early. A relationship between players birth distribution and selection for the Swedish youth and junior national team was obtained, more players selected were born in the first half of the year. No significant difference in birth distribution was found among the players that played in the World Junior Championship (WJC) in 2017-2021. 92 players were selected for the world junior championship (WJC) rosters. 139 spots were available and 58 of these were taken by underaged players. Underaged players showed a significant difference in birth distribution. Underaged players born in the first half of the year were more likely to be selected as underaged for the U20 WJC rosters compared to their relatively younger peers. No significant difference was found in players height and weight between the four birth quarters.  In conclusion, the Swedish ice hockey national team has adopted a collectivistic approach, players could enter the system at a later stage and still be selected to play in the U20 WJC. Most players are initially selected at age 16, which can indicate that the system is closed. Differences in players birth distribution were found and players born early in the year are more likely to be selected for the national team, however in the WJC squads the birth distribution evens out. / Länder investerar mycket pengar i talangutveckling och talangidentifikation. Svenska ishockeyförbundet genomför en omorganisation och ska utvärdera systemet för landslagsuttagningar. Studiens syfte var att undersöka selektions mönstren inom svensk ishockeys ungdoms- och juniorlandslag, och se om relativ ålder påverkar vem som blir uttagen till landslaget. Studier på uttagningar inom ishockey har tidigare genomförts i Kanada i olika ligor, men ingen har undersökt landslagsuttagningar inom ishockey. RAE hänvisas till en urvalsbias, där relativt äldre atleter blir uttagna på grund av att mognad kan missta sig som talang. Spelarnas position undersöktes också för att se om det finns några skillnader i uttagningar mellan olika positioner.  Studien utgick från en kvantitativ ansats, för att analysera landslagsuttagningarna genomfördes en retrospektiv studie. Urvalet bestod i 384 spelare som blev uttagna en gång eller fler, från fem olika generationer 1997–2001. 𝑋!test of association and 𝑋!goodness of fit, och factorial ANOVA användes för att genomföra dataanalyserna. Signifikansnivån sattes till £ 0,05. Cramers V och h2 användes för att mäta effektstorleken.  Resultatet visar att 78% av de uttagna spelarna blir omvalda, de flesta spelarna kommer in i systemet tidigt. Ett samband mellan spelares födelsedistribution och uttagning till det svenska ungdoms- och juniorlandslaget erhölls. Fler uttagna spelare var födda under det första halvåret (Q1 och Q2), ingen signifikant skillnad i födelsedistribution erhölls bland de uttagna spelarna för junior världsmästerskapet (JVM) i ishockey, åren 2017–2021. 92 spelare blev uttagna till JVM trupperna. Totalt fanns 139 platser tillgängliga i de svenska JVM trupperna, 58 platser fylldes av underåriga spelare. Underåriga spelare visade en signifikant skillnad i födelsedistribution. Underåriga spelare födda under det första halvåret hade större sannolikhet att bli uttagna som underåriga för U20 JVM trupperna. Ingen signifikant skillnad upptäcktes i spelarnas längd och vikt mellan de olika födelse kvartalen.  Slutsats, svensk ishockeys landslagsuttagningar har en kollektivistisk approach. Det var möjligt för spelare att komma in i systemet senare och fortfarande ha möjligheten att representera Sverige i U20 VM. De flesta spelarna blir uttagna vid 16 års ålder, vilket kan indikera att systemet är stängt. Skillnader i spelarnas födelsedistribution hittades, och spelare tidigt födda på året var över representerade i landslagen, men i junior VM truppen jämnade åldersdistributionen ut sig.

The purpose of this examination was to evaluate relative age effects among junior elite wrestlers across gender, weight class, and competitive rule sets. Using biographical data, this thesis explores trends representing an oversampling of athletes born earlier in the year, accompanied by potential effects for success in sport and an impact on retention rates. Currently, the use of chronological age is the most common form of classifying sports participants, though this type of classification may have potentially negative long- and short-term implications. Thus, the results may provide an evaluation of weight categorization as a less discriminatory competitive format in junior elite wrestlers.

The overall aim of the thesis was to determine the prevalence and magnitude of relative age effect (RAE) in European female sport via examination of published data spanning 2011-2021. The PRISMA systematic search guidelines were used to identify 14 studies out of 68 containing 53 independent samples across 9 sport types. Based on frequency, percentages were moderated by age group, competitive level, sport type, sport context, and study quality. Additionally, this study analysed whether RAE was present or not by comparing relatively older (born in the first quarter of the year; Q1) with younger (born in the last quarter of the year; Q4) girls and women across all European female sport contexts. The thesis shows that the overall estimate identified a small-moderate RAE among European female sports, within subgroup revealed RAE magnitude was higher in pre-adolescent (≤ 11 years) and adolescent (12-14 years) age groups and at higher competition levels. The results show that RAEs in females’ sports are common across the European contexts. A major factor influencing RAE magnitude are developmental levels, competition levels, and sport context demands. To prevent RAE-related participation and attainment inequalities, it is recommended that sport policy, organizational structure, and athlete development system structures be changed as well as practitioner intervention.

Submitted by Nadir Basilio (nadirsb@uninove.br) on 2017-04-18T14:38:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Luiz Antonio de Oliveira Ramos Filho.pdf: 569702 bytes, checksum: 63c6814d4aae8118f420c70f566ad50c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-18T14:38:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luiz Antonio de Oliveira Ramos Filho.pdf: 569702 bytes, checksum: 63c6814d4aae8118f420c70f566ad50c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-22 / The relative age effect on sports has already been proven in several modalities and countries, in which athletes born in the initial months of each year have a competitive advantage in physical and psychological maturation compared to those born in the final months. This phenomenon occurs due to mistakes in the decision making of coaches and managers during the selection and promotion of the most talented athletes. However, there are indications that there may be a reverse effect of relative age, where the athletes born at the end of the year reach the adult category with higher technical quality, higher sports performance and higher market value than athletes born earlier in the year. This study analyzes the existence of the reverse relative age effect, based on market value and sports performance in a sample of Brazilian professional soccer athletes from the clubs of the Brazilian Championship 2015 – First Division. The data were collected in the database www.transfermarkt.pt and were analyzed by parametric linear regression and non-parametric chi-square test. The results indicate that the reverse relative age effect was demonstrated in relation to sports performance, but not in relation to market value. This study has the potential to contribute to the conceptual understanding of the phenomenon and to support better decisions in a management environment perspective of coaches and managers. Focusing on the Brazilian context, as an empirical context, contributes to the line of research on these phenomena in the field of sports management in the Brazilian academy and the training of new athletes. / O efeito da idade relativa nos esportes já foi comprovado em diversas modalidades e países, em que atletas nascidos nos meses iniciais de cada ano têm uma vantagem competitiva em maturação física e psicológica comparativamente aos nascidos nos meses finais. Este fenômeno ocorre devido aos erros na tomada de decisão de treinadores e dirigentes durante a seleção e promoção dos atletas mais talentosos. No entanto, há indícios que pode haver um efeito reverso da idade relativa, em que os atletas nascidos no final do ano chegam à categoria adulta com maior qualidade técnica, maior desempenho esportivo e maior valor de mercado que os atletas nascidos no início do ano. Este estudo analisa a existência do efeito reverso da idade relativa, com base no valor de mercado e no desempenho esportivo numa amostra de atletas brasileiros profissionais de futebol dos clubes do Campeonato Brasileiro 2015 – Série A. Os dados foram coletados na base de dados www.transfermarkt.pt e foram analisados pelo teste paramétrico de regressão linear e pelo teste não paramétrico qui-quadrado. Os resultados indicam que o efeito reverso da idade relativa foi comprovado em relação ao desempenho esportivo, mas não em relação ao valor de mercado. Este estudo tem potencial para contribuir na compreensão conceitual do fenômeno e de apoiar melhores decisões numa perspectiva de foro gerencial dos treinadores e gestores. Ao focar o contexto brasileiro, como contexto empírico, contribui-se para a linha de pesquisa sobre estes fenômenos no campo da gestão de esportes na academia brasileira e da formação de novos atletas.