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This study is an indepth exploration of the experience of the children of Asian international students in Halmstad University, Sweden. The study has a qualitative research design and it provides insights to the perceptions and experiences of the kids through semi structured interviews. The results highlight positive aspects of relocation as well as areas where additional support is needed for a better integrationa and adaptation. The findings are informatives to parents, university and to policy makers.The study concludes that there must be clearly better understandingabout the reality of kids and more effective practices are to be developed to ensure better adaptation of the kids.

Shared autonomous vehicles present a significant opportunity to change the way that urban mobility is viewed by society. By providing a shared mobility platform at a cost lower than has previously been obtainable there are significant possibilites to enable a new era of mobility for consumers. This opportunity, however, comes with significant risks in the form of emissions and increased road usage. Understanding how the risks and benefits of shared autonomous vehicles can be balanced is crucial to be able to adequately prepare for their introduction. One of the primary ways to understand the interplay between the risks and benefits of autonomous vehicles is through the use of computer simulations. However, typically simulations must be defined for a specific area and provide results that are not applicable to a wide range of areas and situations. This work presents the development of a framework that can be used to simulate SAV behaviour at any given region of interest. This framework automates the process of generating a directed non-planar graph using data gathered from the OpenStreetMap project. It further provides tools to generate activity based trips that are statistically similar in time and density to provided data that reflects the trips in the simulation area. In the absence of this data, this work has identified the 2009 National Household Travel Survey as an acceptable surrogate for data specific to a region. The framework then provides methods by which the trip origins and destinations are mapped into the directed non-planar graph representation of the area of interest. This mapping is performed using real-world data including business locations and census data. Finally the framework is capable of simulating the activity of SAV in response to the defined trips given a variety of starting conditions and relocation strategies. In addition to the simulation framework this work presents a novel relocation strategy for unoccupied SAV based on the potential field methods that have been used in robotic navigation. This method provides a continously differentiable function that describes the unmet demand in the service area for a network of shared autonomous vehicles. The tunable parameters of the method are explored by using a design of experiments, and optimal values reflecting different scenarios are identified.The method is also evaluated in the context of both and over- and under-supply of vehicles for the given demand. As a result this method has been shown to provide substantial reductions in the wait time for a vehicle to service a trip with a minimal increase in the total distance that is traveled by all vehicles in the network.

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Marknaden som handelsplats lever kvar i Sverige än idag.Flera marknaderharstorpopularitetochharblivitenmötesplatsförmångamänniskor.IenavSverigesstörstastäderfinnsensådanmarknad.Marknadsplatsenharunderlängretiddragitsmednedläggningshoteftersomfastighetsägarenochstadenharandraplanerförområdet.Reaktionernamoteneventuellnedläggningharvaritstoraochidennauppsatshardetundersöktsettannatalternativ,nämligenommarknadenkanomlokaliseras.Frågornasomharställtsär”Vilkaaspekterkanbidratillenlyckadomlokalisering?”och”Hurskullehyresgästenochbrukarnapåverkas?”.Medbrukarnaavsesdesomnyttjarlokalen,detvillsägamarknadensbesökareochsäljare.Förattkommaframtillettresultatharkortareintervjuerhållitsmed62avmarknadensbrukare.Längreintervjuerhargenomförtsmedmarknadensägare,fastighetsägarenochrepresentantfrånstaden.Litteraturochvetenskapligaartiklarhareftersöktsiväletableradedatabaserutifrånnyckelordiuppsatsensproblemformulering.Teoriernasomuppsatsensslutsatsergrundatspåhandlarommänniskorsbehov,förändringarsinnebörd,riskermedomlokaliseringsamtrelevantlagrum.Slutsatsenärattbrukarnakommerattföljamedtillennylokalochderaspåverkankommerattvaraminimalomenmötesplatskanuppstå.Mångaavbrukarnaborinärområdetochennylokalsmestoptimalaplaceringärisammaområde.Detärviktigtattlokalenärlättillgängligoavsettfärdsättochattlokalhyranärrelativtlåg.Braparkeringsmöjligheterär,enligtsäljarna,viktigt.Nyckelntillmarknadensframgångärettstortochvarieratutbud,ochdetärenförutsättningförframtidensmarknad.Förändringenenomlokaliseringinnebär,ärmildareänommarknadentvingaslägganer.Förattförändringenskakunnagenomföraspåbästasättbörmarknadensägareliksomflerabrukareändrainställningocharbetaaktivtförförändring.Enförändringkanledatillenännubättremarknadsplats,ommänniskorvågarsemöjligheterna. / ThisessayexaminesifamarketplaceinoneofSweden'slargestcitiescanberelocated.Themarketplacehashadanongoingriskofshutdownbecausethecityandthepropertyownerhaveotherplansforthearea.Reactionsagainstthepossibleclosurehavebeenmassiveandthereforeitisimportanttostudyifrelocationispossible.Thisstudy’smainquestionsare"Whataspectscancontributetoasuccessfulrelocation?"and"Howwouldtenantsandcustomersbeaffected?".Interviewswereheldwithvendors,visitors,themarket'sowner,propertyownerandarepresentativeofthecity.Theconclusionoftheessaywasbasedontheoriesabouthumanneeds,changeimpact,therisksofrelocationandrelevantprovision.Userswillcomplywithanewpremisesandtheirimpactoftherelocationwillbeminimalifthemeetingplacecanoccurinanewpremises.Aspectsthatareimportanttothenewpremisesare:thesameneighbourhood,goodparking,easilyaccessibleregardlessofmodeoftransport,lowrentandalargeandvariedselectionofproducts.Thechangefromrelocationiseasierforusersthanifthemarketisforcedout.Forbeingimplementedinagoodwaythemarketownerandmanyusershavetochangetheirattitudesandstartworkingforagoodoutcome.Changecanleadtoanevenbettermarketplaceifpeoplearewillingtoseethroughproblemsandseepossibilitiesinstead.

The long-neck Kayans have long been subjected to scrutiny by both Thai and foreign writers. This study traces the historical existence of the Kayans in Burma and their status as refugees within Thailand. Since the arrival of the first group of Kayans in late 1984, this tribe have been of interest to the provincial government of Mae Hong Son, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, NGOs and tourism developers. All of these groups, in one way or another, claim to be protecting the interest of the Kayans. This thesis investigates the validity of claims that Kayan interests are being protected. It further questions the government’s move to centralise the Kayans into one settlement at Huay Pu Kaeng. I argue that the Kayan race is the most marginal beneficiary of the Kayan ethnic tourism and illustrate how their vulnerability has been exploited both by government agencies and tourism developers.

Cytiva is a pharmaceutical company in Umeå that manufactures and administer hardware for medical instruments. A recurring problem for Cytiva is a lack of storage space, which is why they currently rent an external warehouse. The lack of space often results in the need to change storage places for items in order to create more storage space. Currently, these changes are made without really knowing the overall effect they have on the system. Moving items around in a warehouse is a common problem type for optimization. There are several proven analysis and optimization methods to combat this problem and many of these solution methods optimize warehouses with one point for input and output (I/O). There are significantly fewer methods that optimize warehouses built using a supermarket structure, i.e. with several I/O. Since Cytiva has a supermarket structure the purpose of this work is thus to create a model to apply optimization methods, where the model evaluates and optimizes the relocation of items within a warehouse built in a supermarket structure. With inspiration from the Assignment Problem and the Knapsack Problem, a mathematical model is formulated for the analysis and optimization of Cytiva’s inventory. The model relocates items between different supermarkets instead of between specific storage locations. Because of the size of the problem, a greedy algorithm is used to solve the optimization. Results are generated and then used to provide suggestions for the optimal stocking of items and to analyze three specific scenarios. The model provides a picture of how the flow will be affected by the three specific scenarios and makes corresponding recommendations thereafter. Concerning Cytiva’sinventory currently, it is concluded that there are indications that Cytiva’s flow can be improved by reviewing inventory. However, further research and development are needed to provide a reliable relocation proposal / Cytiva är ett läkemedelsföretag i Umeå som tillverkar och administrerar hårdvaran till medicinska instrument. Ett återkommande problem för Cytiva är platsbristen i fabriken, vilket också är anledningen till att man idag hyr ett externt lager. Platsbristen resulterar ofta i att man måste byta lagerplatser på artiklar för att hushålla med den lageryta man har. Idag görs dessa byten utan att man egentligen vet den verkliga effekten av dem. Att flytta runt artiklar i ett lager är en vanlig typ av optimeringsproblem. Det finns åtskilliga beprövade analys- och optimeringsmetoder. Många av dessa lösningsmetoder optimerar lager med en punkt för in- och utflöde (I/O). Det är betydligt färre som optimerar lager uppbyggt utefter en supermarket-struktur, det vill säga med flera I/O. Cytiva har en supermarket-struktur och syftet i detta arbete blev således att skapa och applicera en optimerings modell. Denna modell utvärderar och optimerar flytt av artiklar inom ett lager uppbyggt efter ett supermarket. Med inspiration från Tilldelningsproblemet och Kappsäcksproblemet formuleras en matematisk modell för analys och optimering av Cytivas lagerläggning. Modellen flyttar artiklar mellan olika supermarkets i stället för mellan specifika lagerplatser. På grund av problemets storlek används en girig algoritm för att lösa optimeringen. Resultat genererades och användes för att ge förslag till en optimal lagerläggning av artiklar, samt analysera tre givna scenarion. Modellen ger en bild av hur flödet kommer att påverkas av de tre givna scenarion och rekommendationer därefter. Vad gäller Cytivas lagerläggning idag, dras slutsatsen att det finns indikationer på att Cytivas flöde kan förbättras genom att se överlagerläggningen. För att ge ett pålitligt omflyttningsförslag behövs fortsatt forskning och vidareutveckling.

published_or_final_version / Housing Management / Master / Master of Housing Management

Les systèmes adaptatifs basés sur les architectures FPGA (Field-Programmable Gate Arrays) peuvent bénéficier grandement de la grande flexibilité offerte par la reconfiguration partielle dynamique (DPR). Grâce au DPR, les tâches matérielles composant un système adaptatif peuvent être allouées et re-allouées à la demande ou en fonction de l'environnement dynamique. Les flots de conceptions disponibles et les outils commerciaux ont évolué pour répondre aux exigences des architectures reconfigurables qui sont toutefois limitées dans leurs fonctionnalités. Ces outils ne permettent pas un placement et une relocation efficaces de tâches matérielles de tailles variables. L'objectif principal de ces travaux de thèse consiste à proposer des nouvelles méthodologies et de nouvelles approches pour faciliter au concepteur la phase de conception d'un système adaptatif reconfigurable opérationnelle, valide, optimisé et adapté aux changements dynamiques de l'environnement. La première contribution de cette thèse porte sur la problématique de la relocation des tâches matérielles de tailles différentes. Une méthodologie de conception est proposée pour répondre à un problème majeur des mécanismes de relogement : le stockage d'une unique bitstream de configuration pour réduire les besoins de la mémoire et pour accroître la réutilisable des modules matériels générés. Une technique de partitionnement de la région reconfigurable est appliquée dans la méthodologie de relogement proposée pour augmenter l'efficacité d'utilisation des ressources matérielles dans le cas des tâches reconfigurables de tailles variables. Cette méthodologie prend en compte aussi la communication entre différentes régions reconfigurables et la région statique. Pour valider la méthode, plusieurs études de cas sont implémentées. Cette validation montre une utilisation efficace des ressources matérielles ainsi une réduction importante du temps de reconfiguration. La deuxième partie de cette thèse présente et détaille une formulation mathématique afin d'automatiser le floorplanning des zones reconfigurables dans les FPGAs. Les algorithmes de recherche présentés dans cette thèse sont basés sur la technique d'optimisation PLMNE (programmation linéaire mixte en nombres entiers). Ces algorithmes permettent de définir automatiquement l'emplacement, la taille et la forme de la zone reconfigurable dynamique. Nous nous intéressons principalement dans cette recherche à la satisfaction des contraintes de placement des zones reconfigurables et celles liées à la relocation. De plus, nous considérons l’optimisation des ressources matérielles dans le FPGA en tenant compte des tâches de tailles variables. Finalement, une évaluation de l'approche proposée est présentée / Adaptive systems based on Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA) architectures can benefit greatly from the high degree of flexibility offered by dynamic partial reconfiguration (DPR). Thanks to DPR, hardware tasks composing an adaptive system can be allocated and relocated on demand or depending on the dynamically changing environment. Existing design flows and commercial tools have evolved to meet the requirements of reconfigurables architectures, but that are limited in functionality. These tools do not allow an efficient placement and relocation of variable-sized hardware tasks. The main objective of this thesis is to propose a new methodology and a new approaches to facilitate to the designers the design phase of an adaptive and reconfigurable system and to make it operational, valid, optimized and adapted to dynamic changes in the environment. The first contribution of this thesis deals with the issues of relocation of variable-sized hardware tasks. A design methodology is proposed to address a major problem of relocation mechanisms: storing a single configuration bitstream to reduce memory requirements and increasing the reusability of generating hardware modules. A reconfigurable region partitioning technique is applied in this proposed relocation methodology to increase the efficiency of use of hardware resources in the case of reconfigurable tasks of variable sizes. This methodology also takes into account communication between different reconfigurable regions and the static region. To validate the design method, several cases studies are implemented. This validation shows an efficient use of hardware resources and a significant reduction in reconfiguration time. The second part of this thesis presents and details a mathematical formulations in order to automate the floorplanning of the reconfigurable regions in the FPGAs. The algorithms presented in this thesis are based on the optimization technique MILP (mixed integer linear programming). These algorithms allow to define automatically the location, the size and the shape of the dynamic reconfigurable region. We are mainly interested in this research to satisfy the constraints of placement of the reconfigurable zones and those related to the relocation. In addition, we consider the optimization of the hardware resources in the FPGA taking into account the tasks of variable sizes. Finally, an evaluation of the proposed approach is presented

by Lai Yuen Mei. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1998. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves [175-179]). / Abstract also in Chinese. / Chapter Chapter One: --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1. --- Primary Concern of the study and Research Problems / Chapter 1.2. --- Data and Methodology / Chapter 1.3. --- Organization of chapters / Chapter Chapter Two: --- Literature Review on Industrialization and Global Commodity Chain Perspective --- p.7 / Chapter 2.1 --- Existing theoretical perspectives on industrializations and their limitations / Chapter 2.1.1. --- Free Market Explanation / Chapter 2.1.2. --- World-system economy perspective / Chapter 2.1.3. --- Statist perspective / Chapter 2.1.4. --- Historical institutional perspective / Chapter 2.2. --- The Global Commodity Chain Perspective / Chapter 2.2.1. --- Global Commodity Chain perspective / Chapter 2.2.2. --- Studies about the buyer-driven GCCs / Chapter 2.2.3. --- Strengths and limitations of the GCCs / Chapter 2.3. --- Bringing back organization to our analysis / Chapter Chapter Three: --- The historical development of Hong Kong's garment industry after the post-war period --- p.32 / Chapter 3.1. --- The industrial take-off after the post-war era / Chapter 3.2. --- Dominance of local capital and small establishments / Chapter 3.3. --- The Continuation of low-wage manufacturing in the eighties / Chapter 3.4. --- Concluding Remarks / Chapter Chapter Four: --- Product Strategy and Mode of Insertion of local manufacturers in the buyer-driven commodity chain --- p.39 / Chapter 4.1. --- General Profile of the thirteen garment factories / Chapter 4.2. --- Product Strategy of local manufacturers in doing OEM and OBM / Chapter 4.2.1. --- Shift the product line from low-end to medium or high-end / Chapter 4.2.2. --- Specialization on specific markets target / Chapter 4.2.3. --- Diversification of product lines with different price ranges / Chapter 4.3. --- Experiences of doing OBM / Chapter 4.4. --- How foreign buyers are attracted to the domestic node / Chapter 4.4.1. --- Make a perfect match in the market / Chapter 4.4.2. --- How to maintain relationship with buyers / Chapter 4.5. --- Concluding Remarks / Chapter Chapter Five: --- Interfirm Linkages in the Buyer-Driven Commodity Chain --- p.65 / Chapter 5.1. --- Local trading network as the mediator in the GCCs / Chapter 5.1.1. --- Coordinating function in order match and production stage / Chapter 5.1.2. --- Financial function of the trading houses to the factories / Chapter 5.1.3. --- Managing conflicts and contingencies between two parties / Chapter 5.2 --- Build up direct linkage with the buyers in the GCCs / Chapter 5.3. --- "Emergence of “close´ح and ""loose"" ties between local manufacturers and overseas buyers in the GCCs" / Chapter 5.3.1. --- Close-tie pattern / Chapter 5.3.2. --- Loose-tie pattern / Chapter 5.4. --- Discussion and implications on the buyer-driven governance structure / Chapter 5.5. --- Concluding Remarks / Chapter Chapter Six: --- Relocation Strategy of local manufacturers in different ties with buyers --- p.95 / Chapter 6.1. --- Relocation decisions in different pattern of ties / Chapter 6.1.1. --- Close-tie pattern with relocation / Chapter 6.1.2. --- Loose-tie pattern with relocation / Chapter 6.2. --- Intra-organizational comparison on relocation - triggering of relocation / Chapter 6.2.1. --- Pioneers in relocation - search for organizational growth / Chapter 6.2.2. --- "Late-comers in relocation - emergence of ""mimetic isomorphism""" / Chapter 6.3. --- Factories without relocation / Chapter 6.3.1. --- Support of subcontracting network in South China / Chapter 6.3.2. --- Buyers' participation in the South China's subcontracting network / Chapter 6.3.3. --- The experience of a second-tier producer in the GCCs / Chapter 6.4. --- Concluding Remarks / Chapter Chapter Seven: --- Social Outcomes after relocation in the commodity chain --- p.139 / Chapter 7.1. --- Three types of outcomes emerge within organizations - expansion or contraction? / Chapter 7.1.1. --- Relocation with horizontal expansion / Chapter 7.1.2. --- Relocation with vertical expansion / Chapter 7.1.3. --- Relocation but failed / Chapter 7.2. --- Implications on product upgrading after relocation / Chapter 7.3. --- Changes in organization of production in the Buyer-driven GCCs after restructuring process / Chapter 7.4. --- Concluding Remarks / Chapter Chapter Eight: --- Conclusion --- p.164 / Chapter 8.1. --- Rethinking the thesis of buyer-driven role in the commodity chain / Chapter 8.2. --- Forces that shape the restructuring strategy of domestic garment manufacturers / Chapter 8.3. --- Towards an organizational level analysis of industrial restructuring in Hong Kong / Chapter 8.4. --- Limitations of the study in this thesis / Chapter 8.5. --- Proposed direction for future research / Appendix / Chapter 1. --- Bibliography / Chapter 2. --- The semi-structured questions for the interview / Chapter 3. --- The title of the contact persons among the thirteen garment firms