In the spring of 2020, nearly every school aged student and K-12 teacher across the United States was forced to participate in remote educational activities online, prompting an unexpected departure from the status quo in public education. This was a result of government mandated social distancing practices, as a mitigation strategy for combating the global pandemic induced by the novel coronavirus. Most school districts were compelled to repurpose their daily practices by rapidly planning to ascertain resources for the implementation of an emergency remote education initiative. These unprecedented events presented many challenges for educators, especially given most had no formal training for conducting online instructional delivery utilizing various technologies. Special education teachers in particular confronted a unique set of challenges when considering how to support the complex needs of diverse learners. This included student support for engagement with access to technology, knowledge of various applied technological pedagogical skills, teacher preparation, technical training, ongoing professional support, interactions with stakeholders, and individual social emotional well-being. The purpose of this study was to determine how special education teachers perceived various aspects of their experiences, when teaching remotely during the COVID-19 pandemic. A survey was designed to measure these perceptions containing aligned items to the domains of the technological pedagogical and content knowledge (TPACK) framework. The COVID-19 Special Education Teacher Survey (C-SETS) was a 42 item questionnaire set on a 5-point Likert scale that contained an additional open-ended question. It was administered online and completed by 280 participants, across 46 states, primarily via a social media platform. While the results demonstrated that special education teachers overall were technically skilled, had increased communication with parents/caregivers, and gained skills for future practices, there was a significantly insufficient level of preparation, a deficit with various pedagogical skills using technology, less collaboration with IEP team members, inconsistent student engagement, varying access to technology, a lack of technical training, ongoing professional development and support, contributing to social emotional stress, anxiety and fatigue. Aspects of these findings were particularly evident in historically under resourced districts and those that did not participate in technology infrastructure initiatives, where an overwhelming majority of the statistically significant differences, with the exception of respondents' level of educational attainment, were attributed to school characteristics. Implications for future teacher preparation, technical training, ongoing professional development, and best practices are presented. Keywords: Special Education, COVID-19, Teacher Preparation, TPACK, Emergency Remote Education, Digital Divide, SEL, Educational Technology, Students with Disabilities, Technical Training, Professional Development, Social Media, Facebook, Pandemic, C-SETS / Special Education

The competency of relationship-building is an attribute that is vital in many professions that involve interpersonal relations. Nurses, doctors, social workers, and teachers are some of the professions where competency of relationship-building plays an important role. The latter of the professions that was exemplified is the teaching-profession, which also acts as the central study object of this survey. The group of teachers that this survey targets is the teachers of the Swedish residential college for adult education, a school system that in the Swedish language commonly is referred to as “Folkhögskola''. The Swedish residential college for adult education work in a similar way to how the highschool system in Sweden is structured, although it is possible to identify many differences between the schools. One of the central differences between the regular school system in Sweden and the folkhögskola is that a lot of the courses in the folkhögskola are offered remotely. The central purpose and goal of this study is to deduce the methods, traits, and experiences that these teachers possess and manage to use in their teaching linked to their relational competency. The reason for the study objects are teachers in the Folkhögskola, is due to the fact that these teachers exercise remote education to a greater extent than teachers in regular Swedish education. The teachers are challenged due to the fact that a big part of their contact with the students is by distance-connection, that could result in a shortfall of the possibilities to build and sustain optimal interpersonal relations. In conclusion, the purpose is to research the sorts of methods and work-experience based tools that the teachers use to prevent potentially negative consequences of the shortfall of interpersonal relations. The empirical data in the survey is collected with support of self administered questionnaires that are submitted to teachers in the Folkhögskola. To summarize the scope of this study, this essay intends to summarize and analyze the empirical data in context to relevant literature in the research fields of remote education and relational competency with the ambition to generate relevant results to the research field of pedagogy.

[pt] Esta dissertação apresenta reflexões sobre o Ensino Maker (EM) à luz de práticas de Design, como contribuição para lidar com as demandas e complexidades dos processos de ensino-aprendizagem na contemporaneidade. O surgimento de um cenário atípico de isolamento social em 2020, decorrente da pandemia da COVID-19, trouxe um novo contexto para as práticas pedagógicas maker e consequentemente para esta pesquisa, exigindo que essa metodologia ativa fosse analisada sob a perspectiva do ensino remoto. A pesquisa qualitativa envolveu revisão bibliográfica e documental e observação participante. Primeiramente, definições e premissas maker foram levantadas e fundamentadas a partir de autores especializados no tema, como Chris Anderson (2012), Dale Dougherty (2012) e Mark Hatch (2014). Dentre as premissas, o aprendizado prático por meio de projetos possibilitou o estabelecimento de conexões entre EM e Design, acenando com práticas pertinentes para o desenvolvimento de habilidades e competências para o século XXI. Três documentos que discutem os pilares e perspectivas para a educação contemporânea são analisados. A fim de conduzir uma reflexão sobre as repercussões do EM na prática, duas situações de ensino-aprendizagem foram observadas e relatadas: experiências de aulas maker remotas em uma escola particular e observação participante em um projeto de aprendizagem prática para escolas públicas, ambas voltadas para o ensino fundamental. A partir da articulação entre as ideias dos autores estudados e os dados coletados, registrados e interpretados, reflexões são elaboradas e uma proposta de redesign de experiência maker remota é apresentada como contribuição para uma aprendizagem criativa e participativa a distância. / [en] This master thesis presents reflections on Maker Education (EM) in the light of Design practices, as a contribution to deal with the demands and complexities of teaching-learning processes in contemporary times. The emergence of an atypical scenario of social isolation resulting from the pandemic COVID-19, brought a new context to the pedagogical practices of the maker and consequently to this research, requiring that this active methodology could also be analyzed from the perspective of remote education. The qualitative research involved bibliographic and documentary reviews, besides a participant observation. First, definitions and maker premises were raised and founded based on authors specialized in the theme, such as Chris Anderson (2012), Dale Dougherty (2012) and Mark Hatch (2014). Among the premises, practical learning through projects made it possible to establish connections between EM and Design, indicating relevant practices for the development of skills and competences for the 21st century. Three documents that discuss the pillars and perspectives for contemporary education are analyzed. In order to conduct a reflection on the repercussions of EM in practice, two teaching-learning situations were observed and reported: experiences of remote maker classes in a private school and a participant observation in a hands-on project for public schools, both aimed at elementary education. Based on the articulation between the ideas of the authors studied and the data collected, reported and interpreted, reflections are elaborated and a proposal to redesign the remote maker experience is presented as a contribution to creative and participative learning at distance.

In Sweden today there is an increase of newcomer pupils that need to be accommodated into the school system. This paper highlights remote education as a concept to support this process. Based on previous studies on videoconferencing and blended learning approaches as well as state of the art technology current remote education was explored. Conducted interviews and observations showed how technology is used in schools today through presentations, videos and tablet usage. They also explored the aspects of education that did not utilize technology e.g. whiteboards, physical material and the teachers’ use of the physical environment. A series of experiments were designed to transform specific aspects of the present teaching approaches into remote education. The study showed that the most important factor for remote education is to redesign todays face-to-face lessons based on the educational content. Physical practices will have to be transformed to fit the new format while already digital practices need fewer modifications. Remote education has the possibility to give pupils access to education otherwise unattainable. It could e.g. increase the number of mother tongue languages available to newcomer pupils and prevent pupils having to travel for their entitled education. / Sverige har just nu en ökning av nyanlända elever som måste integreras in i skolsystemet. Denna rapport lyfter fjärrundervisning som ett koncept för att stödja denna process. Aktuella metoder för fjärrundervisning har utforskats genom tidigare studier om videokonferenser och blandade lärmiljöer (eng. blended learning) samt relevanta teknologier. Intervjuer och observationer utfördes för att studera hur teknik används i skolan idag genom till exempel presentationer, videoklipp och surfplattor. Dessa visade också vilken del av undervisningen som inte utnyttjade teknik; så som whiteboards, fysiskt material och lärarnas användning av den fysiska miljön. En serie experiment utformades för att omvandla nuvarande undervisningsmetoder för fjärrundervisning. Studien visade att det viktigaste för fjärrundervisning är att omforma dagens klassiska undervisning baserat på det pedagogiska innehållet. Fysiska metoder måste omformas så att de passar det nya formatet medan redan digitala metoder behöver färre modifieringar. Fjärrundervisning har möjligheten att ge elever tillgång till undervisning som annars vore omöjlig att få tillgång till. Det skulle till exempel kunna öka antalet tillgängliga språk i modersmålsundervisning för nyanlända elever samt förhindra att elever behöver resa för att få sin berättigade utbildning.

La enseñanza remota de la interpretación es un campo de investigación interdisciplinario que se aborda desde enfoques teóricos y prácticos diversos en las últimas dos décadas. Los estudios exploran desde las experiencias de los docentes y estudiantes de interpretación que participan en comunidades de aprendizaje a distancia, hasta la evaluación de la efectividad de los entornos de aprendizaje virtual (VLE) diseñados para el desarrollo de las competencias del intérprete. Las investigaciones revelan que los modelos pedagógicos socioconstructivistas, como el aula centrada en el estudiante y el aprendizaje colaborativo, no caen en desuso en las aulas virtuales: e incluso pueden potenciarse con las nuevas tecnologías. Algunas regiones del mundo experimentaron este salto a la educación virtual por primera vez en 2020, con la pandemia por COVID-19 y la restricción prolongada de la educación en modalidad presencial. En el caso del programa de pregrado en Traducción e Interpretación Profesional (TIP) de la Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), el proceso de transición a la virtualidad en la línea de interpretación implicó la rápida adaptación de un VLE que permitiera a los estudiantes alcanzar los objetivos formativos de los cursos, a la par de replicar los modelos pedagógicos de la institución. Este estudio de corte cualitativo explora, por medio de entrevistas personales, las experiencias de siete docentes de interpretación, en torno al proceso de adaptación de un VLE que busca replicar, entre otros aspectos, el modelo de aprendizaje colaborativo en los cuatro talleres de interpretación del programa en TIP de la UPC durante 2020. El estudio también recoge, por medio de dos grupos focales, las percepciones de quince estudiantes de interpretación en relación con el VLE y el aprendizaje colaborativo durante los cuatro talleres dictados en modalidad completamente remota. / Due to its interdisciplinary nature, remote interpreting training has been studied from different theoretical and applied approaches in the past two decades. Research topics range from analyzing instructors’ and learners’ perspectives as members of a long-distance learning community to evaluating the effectiveness of tailored virtual learning environments (VLEs) in the development of interpreter’s skills. Findings reveal that socio-constructivist educational models such as student-centered environments and collaborative learning are not losing ground in virtual classes—in some cases they are even boosted by new technologies. Some regions in the world made the big technological leap into e-learning for the first time in 2020, amidst the COVID-19 pandemic and extended sanitary restrictions for on-site education. In this particular study’s case, the undergraduate program for Professional Translation and Interpreting (TIP) at Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), the transition to fully-remote interpreting training demanded a fast adaptation of the previously non-core VLE to one capable of enabling students to accomplish their courses’ learning objectives and teachers to replicate UPC teaching approaches. Through several personal interviews, this qualitative study looks into seven teachers’ experiences on the process of adapting one VLE to replicate, among other things, collaborative learning in each of the four interpreting courses in the TIP program during 2020. Through two separate focus groups, this paper also explores the perspective of fifteen students regarding the VLE and collaborative learning during the fully-remote education period. / Trabajo de investigación

Solicitud de embargo por publicación en revista indexada. / El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo investigar las atribuciones causales y creencias que asume un grupo de estudiantes de la carrera de Educación de una universidad privada de Lima acerca de su desempeño en la educación remota de emergencia. Este estudio se realizó desde un enfoque cualitativo con una aproximación fenomenológica, en conjunto con herramientas de la teoría fundamentada. Para obtener la información, se realizaron 4 entrevistas semiestructuradas, cuyas respuestas se analizaron mediante dos procesos de categorización: codificación abierta y codificación cerrada. Estos procesos permitieron identificar las creencias y atribuciones causales de los participantes acerca del aprendizaje logrado a través de la educación remota de emergencia. Luego del análisis, se identificaron 3 categorías: la formación docente, la socialización en la educación remota de emergencia y la autorregulación. Los resultados evidenciaron creencias relacionadas a la capacitación docente para enseñar de manera remota, creencias y atribuciones causales relacionadas con la interacción social durante la ERE, y, por último, atribuciones causales relacionadas con la motivación y la autorregulación en la ERE. / The purpose of this research paper was to investigate the causal attributions and beliefs held by a group of university students studying to become teachers in a private university located in Lima in regards to their academic performance during emergency remote teaching (ERT). A qualitative, phenomenological approach, in addition to a series of tools provided by the Grounded theory, were used to conduct the research. Four semi-structured interviews were held in order to obtain the data, which was analyzed through open and selective coding. This process allowed us to identify student beliefs and causal attributions regarding their academic performance. The three common themes were: teacher professional development, socialization during ERT, and self-regulation. The results evidenced beliefs related to teacher training and preparedness for teaching remotely, beliefs and causal attributions about social interaction in virtual settings, and finally, causal attributions regarding motivation and self-regulation. / Tess

[pt] O tema deste trabalho de conclusão de curso é o ensino de história por meios digitais, A partir da análise de materiais, notadamente as aulas de história online do curso Descomplica – fonte de estudo escolhida – e entrevistas com os professores de História, procurei investigar as práticas pedagógicas que tenham como objetivo o aprendizado do conhecimento histórico em meios digitais definidos como educacionais. Importante salientar que o ensino de história por meios digitais não se trata de ensino de história à distância, pois não existe necessariamente a pretensão de substituir a escolaridade tradicional. Não falarei sobre as modalidades de ensino à distância (EAD), apesar da substituição das aulas presenciais por EAD em diversas localidades do país pela modalidade tele presencial, ou à distância – notadamente em tempos de Covid-19. Um dos resultados foi perceber que as aulas de História transmitidas por meios digitais se enquadram na modalidade de ensino remoto, que se contrapõe ao ensino presencial de História, apesar de manter vários de seus elementos pedagógicos. Assim, a pesquisa, que se situa na interseção dos campos da Educação e da História, teve também como objetivo identificar e analisar as permanências e as mudanças no ensino de História, a partir de experiências pedagógicas do ensino presencial e do ensino remoto. O estudo foi desenvolvido por meio de uma metodologia de trabalho que consistiu na análise das aulas online, aplicação de instrumentos da História oral no tratamento das entrevistas com os professores de História do curso Descomplica e comparação com as diretrizes curriculares e com as exigências do Enem. / [en] The theme of this final course work is the teaching of history through digital means, especially in the largest online course in Brazil – Descomplica – which stands out in the preparation for competitions, mainly for Enem - Exame Nacional do Ensino Medio. From the analysis of materials, notably the online history classes of Descomplica course – chosen object of study – and interviews with the history teachers, I tried to investigate the pedagogical practices that have as objective the learning of historical knowledge in digital educational media. It is important to point out that the teaching of history through digital means is not about the teaching of history at distance, as there is not necessarily the intention to substitute traditional schooling. I will not focus on distance learning modalities, despite the growing governmental interest in replacing face-to-face classes in different parts of the country for telepresence, or distance learning – notably in times of Covid-19. One of the results was to realize that the history classes transmitted by Descomplica fit into the modality of remote teaching, which opposes to face-to-face history teaching, despite maintaining several of its pedagogical elements. Thus, the research, which is located at the intersection of the fields of Education and History, also aimed to identify and analyze the permanences and changes in the teaching of history, based on pedagogical experiences of classroom and remote teaching. The study was developed through a methodology that consisted of the analysis of online classes, application of instruments of oral history in the treatment of interviews with history teachers from the course Descomplica and comparison with the curricular guidelines and the requirements of Enem.

[pt] Este trabalho tem como objeto de estudo as mediações familiares da relação das crianças com as atividades remotas propostas pelas escolas, durante a pandemia da COVID-19. Objetivou-se, através de pesquisa exploratória, identificar as percepções das famílias pesquisadas a respeito dessas atividades, os principais desafios enfrentados, as estratégias de mediação adotadas e possíveis aprendizados vivenciados nesse processo. Foram obtidas 207 respostas a um questionário online e realizadas 41 entrevistas com responsáveis por crianças matriculadas do primeiro ao terceiro ano do Ensino Fundamental, residentes na Região Metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro. Como principais interlocuções teóricas foram utilizados o conceito de mediação, pela perspectiva vygotskiana, estudos sobre o acompanhamento dos deveres de casa pela família e pesquisas recentes sobre acesso a atividades educacionais remotas, oportunizado em grande parte pelas mídias. Foram também considerados dados de pesquisas sobre desigualdades educacionais associadas à oferta de ensino remoto durante a pandemia. Como principais resultados, foi visto que as mediadoras, em sua maioria mães, percebem como as maiores dificuldades assegurar a motivação das crianças para realizar as atividades, ter disponibilidade para acompanhá-las durante sua realização e as limitações pedagógicas enfrentadas na tarefa de explicar a elas os conteúdos curriculares. Enquanto uma forte potencialidade das atividades educacionais remotas, verificouse uma maior proximidade entre as famílias e as crianças, em especial nos assuntos relacionados à escola. As diferentes estratégias adotadas pelas mediadoras, a fim de possibilitar o melhor aproveitamento do ensino remoto pelas crianças, foram consideradas enquanto experiências oportunas para a ampliar a reflexão sobre o papel da escola. / [en] The object of study of this master dissertation were parental mediations of children s relationship with the school remote activities during the COVID-19 pandemic quarantine. Through exploratory research, the objective was to identify parents perceptions of such activities, their main challenges, the mediat ion strategies adopted and potential learning experiences. The data comprised 207 responses to a virtual questionnaire and 41 interviews with parents of children enrolled from 1st to 3rd grades of Elementary School, living in the metropolitan area of Rio de Janeiro. The main theoretical references included the concept of mediation in the Vygotskian perspective, studies on the monitoring of homework by the family, and recent research on access to remote educational activities allowed by current media. Research data were also considered on educational inequalities associated with the provision of remote education during the pandemic. As its main results, the mediators, mostly mothers, biggest difficulties were: to guarantee children s motivation to carry out the activities, to be available to help them, pointing out their pedagogical limitations to explain curricular contents. The potential of remote education was the greater proximity between family and child, especially in school matters. The different strategies adopted by mediators in children s remote education were considered favorable experiences to reflect on the role of school.

[pt] Esta tese tem como objetivo compreender a percepção de professoras da Educação Infantil sobre as experiências educativas vivenciadas ao longo dos anos 2020, 2021 e 2022, período marcado pelos efeitos da pandemia da Covid-19 em território brasileiro. O fechamento das escolas foi uma das medidas adotadas para conter a propagação do vírus, o que demandou a criação de novas estratégias educativas para garantir o direito à educação das crianças. Diante desse contexto desafiador, o papel do professor se tornou ainda mais complexo, especialmente no que diz respeito à educação de crianças pequenas em nossa cidade. Este estudo busca aprofundar a compreensão das ações educativas desenvolvidas durante a pandemia pelas professoras da Educação Infantil participantes da pesquisa, abrangendo tanto os momentos de ensino remoto quanto o retorno presencial às escolas. Para tanto, buscou-se subsídios na revisão de literatura sobre o tema Educação Infantil e pandemia, bem como em estudos que abordam o fazer docente e a infância. Os recursos metodológicos utilizados foram: (i) entrevistas semiestruturadas com 10 professoras de Educação Infantil que atuam na cidade do Rio de Janeiro em diferentes redes de ensino, com o intuito de compreender as percepções e significados atribuídos pelas participantes da pesquisa acerca da atuação docente e experiências educativas desenvolvidas durante a pandemia; (ii) análise dos dados coletados por meio do método de Análise Temática, em diálogo com a literatura produzida sobre o tema e conhecimentos do campo da Infância. Os resultados revelaram que as professoras reinventaram suas práticas educativas e buscaram estratégias para manter o vínculo com as crianças e suas famílias durante o ensino remoto. O apoio das equipes gestoras e de outros(as) professores(as) foi destacado como fundamental nesse processo. Apesar dos desafios impostos pela pandemia, as professoras consideram esse período como uma oportunidade de aproximação com os responsáveis, embora algumas famílias tenham enfrentado dificuldades para acessar propostas pedagógicas devido à falta de tempo e/ou recursos tecnológicos. O retorno presencial às escolas também foi apontado como desafiador, devido à implementação de protocolos sanitários difíceis de serem aplicados com a faixa etária da Educação Infantil. Assim, as narrativas das professoras contribuíram para uma compreensão mais ampla de diferentes aspectos do contexto pandêmico na Educação Infantil. / [en] This thesis aims to understand the perception of Early Childhood Education teachers regarding the educational experiences throughout the years 2020, 2021, and 2022, a period marked by the effects of the Covid-19 pandemic in Brazilian territory. The closure of schools was one of the measures adopted to contain the spread of the virus, necessitating the creation of new educational strategies to ensure children s right to education. In this challenging context, the role of the teacher became even more complex, especially concerning the education of young children in our city. This study seeks to deepen the understanding of the educational actions developed during the pandemic by the participating Early Childhood Education teachers, encompassing both remote teaching moments and the return to in-person schooling. To achieve this, we drew on literature review on the theme Early Childhood Education and pandemic, as well as studies addressing teaching practices and childhood. The methodological resources utilized were: (i) semi-structured interviews with 10 Early Childhood Education teachers working in the city of Rio de Janeiro across different educational networks, aiming to comprehend the perceptions and meanings attributed by the research participants to teaching practices and educational experiences during the pandemic; (ii) analysis of collected data through the Thematic Analysis method, in dialogue with the literature produced on the subject and knowledge from the field of Childhood. The findings revealed that teachers reinvented their educational practices and sought strategies to maintain the connection with children and their families during remote learning. The support of management teams and other teachers was highlighted as crucial in this process. Despite the challenges posed by the pandemic, teachers consider this period as an opportunity for closer engagement with parents, although some families faced difficulties in accessing pedagogical proposals due to time constraints and/or technological resources. The return to in-person schooling was also noted as challenging, given the implementation of sanitary protocols difficult to apply to Early Childhood Education age group. Thus, teachers narratives contributed to a broader understanding of various aspects of the pandemic context in Early Childhood Education.

La educación remota de emergencia se ha convertido en la principal estrategia educativa para que los alumnos de todo el mundo puedan garantizar su continuidad de los estudios de todos los niveles. Aquello conlleva a un uso de soluciones de enseñanzas totalmente remotas a la educación donde la tecnología cumple un rol protagónico; y por ende, los maestros se convierten en alfabetizadores digitales. El objetivo de este estudio es indagar acerca de las percepciones de los usos de las TIC por docentes de educación inicial en instituciones privadas de Lima dentro de la educación inicial durante la educación remota de emergencia con el fin de recolectar datos y experiencias de las docentes para así, conocer las percepciones; el uso que se les dio a las TIC; de la misma manera que los procesos y desafíos que atravesaron durante dicho contexto. Las entrevistas realizadas fueron analizadas mediante un análisis temático y los resultados de estas indicaron que a pesar de los desafíos y limitaciones presentadas por el contexto de la pandemia y por el propio centro educativo, las TIC tienen consecuencias positivas en los estudiantes y en los docentes de educación inicial. / Emergency remote education has become the main educational strategy for students around the world to guarantee their continuity of studies at all levels. This leads to the use of totally remote teaching solutions in education where technology plays a leading role; and therefore, teachers become digital literacy teachers. The objective of this study is to inquire about the perceptions of the uses of ICT by early education teachers in private institutions in Lima within early education during emergency remote education in order to collect data and experiences of teachers to thus, to know the perceptions; the use that was given to ICTs; in the same way as the processes and challenges they went through during that context. The interviews carried out were analyzed through a thematic analysis and the results of these indicated that despite the challenges and limitations presented by the context of the pandemic and by the educational center itself, ICTs have positive consequences for students and teachers. Initial education. / Tess