India's electricity system is faced with the challenges of meeting the growing demand for electricity, managing recurring shortages in supply and addressing concerns of global warming. India is adopting a two-pronged approach to address these challenges – (i) making huge investments in new technologies, and (ii) enacting new policies to promote low carbon initiatives. Together, they are believed to help in achieving energy security as well as mitigation of global warming. Such low carbon initiatives can alter the traditional electricity planning and provide with a wide set of supply options to achieve a transition in to a low carbon electricity planning (LCEP). At the outset, one has to explore the supply options for an optimal supply-demand matching of electricity. While finding out various alternatives to meet the demand on a continuous basis using existing supply, non-supply and future supply options, the technology challenges of low carbon options, renewable energy policies and emissions policies need to be studied in detail from the perspective of a developing country keeping India as a focus. The effectiveness of renewable energy and emissions policy interventions such as Renewable Purchase Obligation (RPO), Renewable Energy Certificate (REC), Renewable Energy Certificate Excess (RECX), Emission Tax and Emission Cap-and-Trade and emission policies need to be assessed. Based on the analysis of the literature review, it appears that there is no mathematical model for optimally matching the supply with electricity demand simultaneously considering all the complexities for LCEP discussed in this study. The overall objective of the research is to develop, validate and apply a set of mathematical models to address a complex research problem of "LCEP of existing supply, non-supply and future supply options in the presence of technology and policy interventions to achieve a least-cost, low carbon and sustainable electricity system". This complex research problem is decomposed into five independent LCEP problems based on real-life situations. For each of these five LCEP problems, a mathematical model is proposed. For generating the five proposed mathematical models for any given data, LINGO Set Codes have been developed. In order to validate the proposed mathematical models, data was collected from the Karnataka state electricity system. For the collected data, the proposed mathematical models are generated using the LINGO Set Codes and solved using LINGO. From the optimal solutions, insights are drawn on the impact and effectiveness of low carbon interventions on the present electricity system which is in a transition towards a low carbon electricity system. It is our belief that the proposed mathematical models can act as a basis for introducing any new low carbon interventions such as energy efficiency certificates, auction based tariff mechanisms for renewable energy pricing, and other new REC interventions in the future scope.

This dissertation seeks to contribute to the policy discussion on how to design efficient and sustainable energy policies. In three self-contained chapters, it applies microeconomic theory and empirical analysis to identify three market failures in European energy markets and to evaluate specific policy measures that strive to overcome these failures in order to increase market efficiency and to enhance environmental or societal sustainability. Chapter 1 and 2 study European electricity markets, which play an important role in the transition towards a carbon-neutral energy future. Overcoming barriers to efficient electricity markets is a crucial step to keep the costs of this transition as low as possible to society. Both chapters focus on obstacles to electricity market efficiency that have recently been highlighted by the European Commission. On the supply side, subsidies for renewable electricity may distort production incentives and competition in wholesale electricity markets. Chapter 1 applies a theoretical model to study the effect of different subsidies on producer strategies and competition in wholesale electricity markets. On the demand side, the European Commission seeks to overcome the reluctance of residential electricity consumers to switch electricity supplier in order to ensure effective competition in the retail electricity market. Chapter 2 empirically quantifies different reasons for switching inertia using a structural discrete choice model and performs counterfactual analysis to study the effect of different policy measures that seek to overcome switching inertia. Chapter 3 looks at the building sector, which accounts for 40% of final energy consumption in Europe and is a major emitter of carbon emissions. In the residential housing market information asymmetries hamper incentives to invest in energy efficiency improvements of rental property. This chapter empirically analyzes the effect of a European policy that mandates the use of energy performance certificates aiming at establishing an efficient market for energy efficient dwellings. / Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

The topic of my final thesis is through analysis of solar market segment and business processes of company ABC, which is operating in this market. On the basis of gained information I am proposing changes in processes by contract implementation in analyzed company. In conclusion the thesis is evaluating economical impact of proposed improvements.

In the absence of national leadership on climate policy, municipalities are adopting resolutions to reduce their carbon footprint and transition to clean energy. However, what leads to successful adoption of these resolutions and how to effectively implement climate goals at the community level needs further exploration. To investigate these questions, this thesis examines the resolutions adopted in Salt Lake City, Park City, and Moab, Utah to transition to 100% renewable electricity by 2032. Data was collected through documents, such as city reports and newspapers, and interviews with government officials, city staff, and community members involved with the resolution process. A time series analysis and thematic analysis were used to determine casual events and identify fundamental themes within the data. Each city’s plan for resolution execution was compared to the approaches and techniques outlined in the community-based social marketing framework and the theory of diffusion of innovations. These findings deliver a transferable five-step framework to assist other cities in adopting similar resolutions and strategies to engage community members with practices that will help cities achieve these ambitious resolutions.

The Next Generation funds have promoted energy transition projects and specially in Spain many green hydrogen projects are being presented throughout the territory. When developing renewable hydrogen-related projects multiple parameters and inputs must be considered since the characteristics of the sites' surroundings will have a great impact in the profitability of the project.  The main objective of this master thesis is to develop a methodology which helps with the process of selecting a suitable site to deploy a green hydrogen production facility. The study is limited to the green hydrogen production through electrolysis in the Valencian Community. It starts with georeferenced data gathering of the identified parameters that may have an impact in the viability of the project such the sun, wind and water resources avaliable as well as the transportation infrastructures and main hydrogen potential consumtions. Special attention is given to the water allocation since hydrogen could be exported and with it, the water resources from the Valencian Community. Afterwards this data is processed in a geographic information system software by performing a multi-criteria weighted overlay analysis. The weight of each criteria is given following the Analytic Hierarchy Process.  Once these steps have been completed, a suitability map of the Valencian Community is obtained in which one can see the most suitable locations to deploy green hydrogen production projects based on the selected criteria. In this thesis, the sites with the highest suitability score are selected in each of the three provinces of the Valencian Community and several parameters such as the green hydrogen production potential in tons/year or the levelized cost of hydrogen (LCOH) have been calculated.  The results showed many similarities among the three locations in terms of green hydrogen production and LCOH due to its relativley close geographical situation. However, interesting findings such as the crucial need of having nearby a source of avaliable water and the key role of desalination plants have been depicted. / Next Generation-fonderna har främjat energiomställningsprojekt och särskilt i Spanien presenteras många gröna vätgasprojekt över hela territoriet. Vid utveckling av förnybara vätgasrelaterade projekt måste flera parametrar och ingångar beaktas eftersom egenskaperna hos platsernas omgivning kommer att ha stor inverkan på projektets lönsamhet.  Huvudsyftet med denna masteruppsats är att utveckla en metod som hjälper till med processen att välja en lämplig plats för att driftsätta en produktionsanläggning för grön vätgas. Studien är begränsad till grön vätgasproduktion genom elektrolys i Valencia-regionen. Den börjar med georefererad datainsamling av de identifierade parametrarna som kan ha en inverkan på projektets genomförbarhet, såsom tillgängliga sol-, vind- och vattenresurser samt transportinfrastruktur och huvudsakliga potentiella vätgasförbrukningar. Särskilt uppmärksamhet ägnas åt vattentilldelningen eftersom vätgas kan exporteras och därmed vattenresurserna från Valencia-regionen. Därefter bearbetas dessa data i ett geografiskt informationssystem genom att utföra en viktad överlagringsanalys med flera kriterier. Vikten av varje kriterium ges enligt den analytiska hierarkiprocessen.  När dessa steg har slutförts erhålls en lämplighetskarta över regionen Valencia där man kan se de lämpligaste platserna för att genomföra projekt för produktion av grön vätgas baserat på de valda kriterierna. I denna avhandling väljs de platser med högst lämplighetspoäng i var och en av de tre provinserna i Valencia-regionen och flera parametrar som den gröna vätgasproduktionspotentialen i ton/år eller den nivellerade kostnaden för vätgas (LCOH) har beräknats.  Resultaten visade många likheter mellan de tre platserna när det gäller produktion av grön vätgas och LCOH på grund av deras relativt nära geografiska läge. Det har dock gjorts intressanta upptäckter, t.ex. det avgörande behovet av att ha en tillgänglig vattenkälla i närheten och avlastningsanläggningarnas nyckelroll.