Narrativas clínicas são normalmente escritas em linguagem natural devido a seu poder descritivo e facilidade de comunicação entre os especialistas. Processar esses dados para fins de descoberta de conhecimento e coleta de estatísticas exige técnicas de extração de informações, com alguns resultados já apresentados na literatura para o domínio jornalístico, mas ainda raras no domínio médico. O presente trabalho visa desenvolver um classificador de laudos de anatomia patológica que seja capaz de inferir a topografia e a morfologia de um câncer na Classificação Internacional de Doenças para Oncologia (CID-O). Dados fornecidos pelo A.C. Camargo Cancer Center em São Paulo foram utilizados para treinamento e validação. Técnicas de processamento de linguagem natural (PLN) aliadas a classificadores bayesianos foram exploradas na busca de qualidade da recuperação da informação, avaliada por meio da medida-F2. Valores acima de 74% para o grupo topográfico e de 61% para o grupo morfológico são relatados, com pequena contribuição das técnicas de PLN e suavização. Os resultados corroboram trabalhos similares e demonstram a necessidade de retreinamento das ferramentas de PLN no domínio médico. / Clinical reports are usually written in natural language due to its descriptive power and ease of communication among specialists. Processing data for knowledge discovery and statistical analysis requires information retrieval techniques, already established for newswire texts, but still rare in the medical subdomain. The present work aims at developing an automated classifier of pathology reports, which should be able to infer the topography and the morphology classes of a cancer using codes of the International Classification of Diseases for Oncology (ICD-O). Data provided by the A.C. Camargo Cancer Center located in Sao Paulo was used for training and validation. Techniques of natural language processing (NLP) and Bayes classifiers were used in search for information retrieval quality, evaluated by F2-score. Measures upper than 74% in the topographic group and 61% in the morphologic group are reported, with small contribution from NLP or smoothing techniques. The results agree with similar studies and show that a retraining of NLP tools in the medical domain is necessary.

Företag deltar i en ständig process av legitimitet som tillåter dem att konkurrera inom sinmarknad. Legitimitet hjälper företag att bibehålla sin marknadsställning och baseras påföretags beteende. Uppsatsen syftar till att undersöka hur årsredovisningar används av företagför att behålla sin legitimitet genom företagsvärderingar. I sökandet inom ämnet hittades liteeller ingen tidigare forskning som undersöker hur svenska företag behåller legitimitet genomföretagsvärderingar i årsredovisningar. Intresset för ämnet kom från hur svenska företag kananvända årsredovisningar. Detta formade syftet för uppsatsen, dvs. för att få en bättre bildöver hur svenska företag kan använda årsredovisningar för att behålla sin legitimitet genomföretagsvärderingar. Uppsatsen har använt sig av nyinstitutionell teori för att analysera ochtolka den data som samlades in från aktiebolag. Uppsatsen kommer fram till att företag kananvända årsredovisningar som en form av strategi för att behålla sin legitimitet.Årsredovisningar användas för att visa de mål, värderingar, syften och utveckling som företaghar för att behålla legitimitet. Företag kan även visa upp de åtgärder de vidtar för att förbättrasin verksamhet och samhället i stort, något som kan ge företag trovärdighet om dessa åtgärderstämmer överens med de normer och värderingar samhället i stort har. Årsredovisningaranvänds på ett sätt som skapar tilltro till företaget. Om företag har hög legitimitet litarallmänheten mer på det som företaget visar och står för vilket skulle även kunna hjälpa attattrahera arbetskraft. / Businesses participate in an ongoing legitimization process that allows them to competewithin their markets. Legitimization helps companies maintain their business and marketposition and stems from corporate behaviour. This essay examines how annual reports areused by businesses to maintain their legitimacy through organization values. There is little orno research regarding how Swedish organizations maintain legitimization throughorganization values in annual reports. The interest for the subject comes from how Swedishcompanies use annual reports. This formed the purpose of the essay, to get a betterunderstanding over how companies can maintain legitimization. This essay uses neoinstitutional theory to analyse and interpret how companies utilize annual reports to maintainlegitimacy. The essay concludes the strategies that companies can use annual reports to showtheir companies’ goals, values, purpose, and developments that can maintain legitimacy.Companies can also show measures taken to improve themselves and society at large,something that could give companies trustworthiness if their actions are consistent with thenorms and values of society. Annual reports are used in a way that creates trust in thecompany. If the company have high legitimization then the public will trust them more andcould also help attract employees to the company.

Magister Artium - MA / Media representations, embedded in reported media events, play a pivotal role in the propagation of beliefs, ideologies and establishing the status quo. The media events are given coverage by news reports on newsworthy topics, and in this case, politics. In this mini-dissertation, two particular media events, namely the Travel Ban instituted by President Donald Trump, and making Jerusalem the official capital of Israel, were analysed based on the different viewpoints writers portrayed on the same media events. Being contemporary political events related to the current President of America, it was evident that a standard news structure was common and spatial positioning of texts was a noticeable key feature of news report. The use of pronouns as the subject in headlines, including nominalisations, clause embedding and speech acts, clarified implicit and underlying meanings of the text. The linguistic choices made by the writers had a direct link to the text, which propagated Trump’s social and political ideologies positively and negatively based on these choices. The textual construct of four online news reports from four American-based newspapers presented both positive and negative revelations about Trump’s political aims. The stance of writers pronounced subjective views in three of the four the news reports. The contentious issue of Jerusalem proved to be sensitive one, in that the religious sensibilities played a major role in the dispute of Palestinian lands. The linguistic choices most utilised were non-cohesive use of grammar rules as opposed to other texts; linguistic techniques, such as the discourse of exclusion; and the choice of wording, particularly understood within the Political Discourse Analysis (PDA) framework.

Currently, there is little research on other countries' defence policies in Swedish. This essay will hopefully provide you with an interest in examining other countries' defence policies. The focus will be on Finland, Sweden's neighbour. Considering that Finland and Sweden are both members of the Nordic Council and strive for prosperity in the Nordic region, we should know more about our neighbours. Finnish defence policy reports are published every four or five years. This essay contains two of those reports from 2001 and 2017. The purpose of this essay is to find similarities and differences between the reports, but also to relate the reports to the theories, realism and liberalism. The theoretical analysis examines four different subjects where realism and liberalism will be discussed: International cooperation, rearmament, disarmament, and threat.  This analysis showed that Finland shows a lot of differences between the two reports. There are differences between all the subjects that are observed and the way the reports are written differs as well. The theories also shift a lot between the reports and that is concluded in the essay's conclusion. Suggestions about future research are included in the essay's discussion.

This master’s thesis deals with system of evidence customer requests in service organization. The introduction describes services activities in domain are focused on payment terminals and contemporary situation in call center. The suitable selection implementation tools are done. The second part contains the design of system for requests evidence and design of imports for service information system. The evaluation of the master’s thesis and some future improvements are presented.

Since 2007, several studies have been conducted by international and national role players to establish whether the recent efforts to improve financial reporting have been successful. The respondents to the surveys used as part of these studies have indicated that more concise and less complex financial reports would be more understandable to users of financial reports. In view of the call for shorter and simpler financial reports, the fact that the understandability of financial reports appears to be a problem, as well as the fact that a limited amount of research on the understandability of interim financial reports has been done thus far, it was decided to investigate whether individual shareholders understand the context and content of interim financial reports which, per se, are supposed to be more concise and less complex financial reports presented by companies. The study entailed using a postal questionnaire in a survey of a sample of individual shareholders of three large South African listed retail companies to determine whether individual shareholders understand the context and content of interim financial reports, and whether they use these reports, among other sources, to make investment decisions. The study is based loosely on the high profile studies of Lee and Tweedie in respect of individual shareholders performed in the late 1970s. The primary research objective of the current study was to determine whether individual shareholders of South African listed retail companies understand the context and content of interim financial reports. It was found that understanding of these reports was generally limited. However, there is evidence that experience and training in the field of financial accounting improve shareholders’ understanding of the content of interim financial reports. Apart from questions on the demographics and investment objectives of individual shareholders, a number of other questions were also included in the questionnaire to address several secondary research objectives. The questions relating to the secondary research objectives were designed to gather information, inter alia, on how individual shareholders make investment decisions, sources of information used by individual shareholders when making investment decisions, additional information that should be included in interim financial reports, as well as the medium of communication through which individual shareholders would prefer to receive interim financial reports. The study has shown, amongst other things, that the majority of respondents to this study initiated their own investment decisions, that articles in the financial press are the most popular source of information when making investment decisions, and that individual shareholders still prefer to receive interim reports by post. / Thesis (DCom)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2014 / Accounting / Unrestricted

Magister Pharmaceuticae - MPharm / Medicines registration decision-making and regulatory best practice involve transparent and consistent rule making and processes with publicly available published assessment decisions and reports (Kaine, 2020). Publication of information relating to evaluation of medicines in the form of Public Assessment Reports (PARs) is one way of ensuring transparency in medicines registration decision making. It is however not clear whether National Medicines Regulatory Authorities (NMRAs) in the Southern African Development Community (SADC) region are in a position to generate or even publish such PARs / summary basis for registration of medicines. Objectives: The study investigated transparency in medicines registration decision-making processes for NMRAs within the SADC region. Specifically, the availability or non-availability of PARs / Summary basis for registration of medicinal products. To establish if all SADC NMRAs have legislative frameworks for regulating medicines and to investigate the sources of funding for SADC NMRAs. Methods: A cross-sectional exploratory descriptive study design with qualitative techniques by questionnaire as a data collection tool was used. Questionnaires were sent via email to senior members / key informants of 11 regulatory authorities belonging to SADC. Trend analysis was conducted based on the emerging themes from questionnaire response. Results The study revealed that currently five (5) NMRAs are operating as semi-autonomous agencies namely: BOMRA, MCAZ, PMRA, SAHPRA and TMDA .While NMRC, DNME of Angola, ACOREP of DRC and DNF of Mozambique are functioning within their respective Ministries of Health Departments. Furthermore, all NMRAs have a legislation framework governing the regulation of medicines in their respective jurisdictions. However, DNME of Angola’s legal framework is not yet officially formalised and as such, they follow a Presidential decree enacted in 2010. Four (4) of nine (9) NMRAs (44 %) reported to have more than 20 internal assessors / evaluators. This indicates a significant milestone for SADC NMRAs in terms of capacity building within the region. The study findings indicated that the SADC NMRAs are receiving funding from multiple sources ranging from a minimum of one to maximum of four funding sources. There were only two NMRAs, MCAZ and PMRA, that were not receiving funding from their governments. The study results further indicates that only TMDA is able to generate and publish PARs amongst SADC NMRAs. Conclusions: The findings in this study suggest that the majority of NMRAs within SADC are not yet matured as compared to countries in the developed world such as the US, Europe, Canada and Australia. It can also be concluded that for SADC NMRAs to be efficient and responsive, they will require massive financial resources. For example, the budget for a matured NMRA such as the US Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) for the 2019 financial year was estimated at US$ 5.7 billion. Literature further indicates that publication of the summary basis of approval or PARs is a norm for mature NMRAs and acts as a tool for regulatory authorities to build and establish confidence in their review processes and provides assurance regarding safety of medicines. The study results indicate that TMDA is publishing PARs or summary of grounds on which approvals are granted. This demonstrates a significant level of transparency in the TMDA medicines registration processes and therefore other SADC NMRAs can benchmark with TMDA to implement this key parameter.

This volume contains reports by six of the Leipzig students who took part in an excursion to southern Ghana in February-March 2002. In addition to reports based on stays in Abetifi, Amedzofe and Ho it includes an article on chiefs and development. / Dieser Band beinhaltet Berichte von sechs Leipziger Studenten, die an einer Exkursion nach Süd-Ghana (von Februar bis März 2002) teilgenommen haben. Zusätzlich zu den Berichten, die auf Aufenthalten in Abetifi, Amedzofe und Ho basieren, enthält der Band einen Artikel zu Chiefs und Entwicklung.

Analyses accompanying creation of law on the example of regulation of new phenomena, the so-called shared economy Abstrakt v anglickém jazyce This thesis deals with analyzes preceeding the parliamentary phase of the legislative process on the example of the modern phenomenon, the shared economy. In the case of regulation of a shared economy, the legislator faces a difficult task of regulating yet unregulated, and in such cases, there is a risk that in the event of an incorrect analysis, the regulation may be unfunctional and thus unnecessary. The author chose two analyzes for his thesis, namely analysis of regulatory impact assessment and related explanatory report. The topic becomes more important when we consider that today's era is called the age of legislation. In some ways, it also offers an alternative view of improving the quality of regulation (usually laws), because although the legislator is trying in every way to improve the quality of the Czech legal system, it focuses entirely on the legislative process in the chambers of the Parliament, or adopts new adjustments for the greater transparency of the legislative process. The thesis consists of an introduction, 6 chapters and a conclusion. The chapters are subdivided into subchapters. In the first and second chapter, the author defines the...

The primary objective of this dissertation is to determine the factors that have shaped the corporate financial reporting practices in Bahrain. Prior researchers have offered two explanations, environmental factors and cultural importation, for the emergence of financial reporting practices in developing countries. The environmental explanation suggests that a nation's financial reporting practices will be shaped by its socioeconomic structure. The cultural importation explanation states that the desire for international legitimacy creates incentives for developing nation to adopt Western financial reporting practices. Bahrain provided an excellent environment in which to examine the two explanations since its public and closed corporations have similar economic characteristics. Only public corporations are legally required to publish financial reports. I posited that public corporations would try to gain legitimacy for their published reports by adopting Western standards, while closed corporations would not have a similar incentive. I used an interpretive framework to analyze the Bahrain socioeconomic environment and to examine the general financial reporting practices of Bahraini corporations. I found that closed corporations provided data responsive to the Bahraini environment. Public corporations, however, adopted International Accounting Standards. My analysis supported prior researchers7 findings that colonialism, the need for international legitimacy, and international audit firms were important factors in gaining acceptance for Western accounting practices. The adoption of Western financial reporting practices may be dysfunctional to a developing nation like Bahrain if these practices do not provide relevant information about corporate performance. Therefore, Bahrain, as well as other developing countries, needs to proceed cautiously before adopting Western corporate reporting practices.