Orientador: Sylvain Souchaud / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T05:52:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Xavier_IaraRolnik_M.pdf: 6019340 bytes, checksum: 810bc19551fec150fdf310cab1d0c1fd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: O objetivo desta dissertação é conhecer a lógica da inserção socioterritorial dos migrantes bolivianos residentes na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo (RMSP). Por meio de uma abordagem que busca ir além das determinantes estrututrais de organização e formação do território metropolitano, o trabalho procura apontar os sentidos contidos nas trajetórias urbanas inscritas nos projetos migratórios dos próprios bolivianos. O trabalho utiliza, entre outras fontes, dados quantitativos (Censo 2000, registro de bolivianos no Sistema Único de Saúde) e qualitativos (entrevistas semidigiridas e observação de campo), sendo estruturado em três dimensões de análise. A primera é uma breve descrição do contexto das migrações na Bolívia, para situar as origens dos movimentos migratórios para o Brasil, desde os anos 1950. Focamos El Alto (departamento de La Paz), com base na hipótese de que o maior contingente populacional da migração boliviana à RMSP, a partir dos anos 1980, é oriundo desta cidade. A segunda dimensão consiste em apresentar a localização dos bolivianos na escala metropolitana, privilegiando alguns pontos de sua agregação. A terceira, enfim, contempla a escala microssocial, analisando as trajetórias urbanas dos bolivianos neste espaço e, entendendo o mesmo como recurso, busca acompanhar seu uso por estes migrantes / Abstract: This research aims to understand the socioterritorial insertion of Bolivian migrants in São Paulo Metropolitan Region (RMSP). Through an analysis that goes beyond the structural determinants of organization and formation of São Paulo's metropolitan territory, the dissertation focus the urban trajectories inserted in the migratory projects of the migrants themselves. Among others sources, the work uses quantitative data (2000 Census, data from the register of Bolivians in the Unified National Health System) and qualitative (semistructured interviews and field work), to present three dimensions of analysis. The first is a brief description of the migratory context in Bolivia, to point out the origins of the migratory movements to Brazil, since 1950's. We focus on the city of El Alto (La Paz's department), based on the the hypothesis of that the most part of of the Bolivian migration to the RMSP, since the 1980's, is derived from this city. The second dimension presents the Bolivians location at the Metropolitan scale, focusing some of its aggregation points. The third, contemplates the microssocial scale, analyzing the urban trajectories of the Bolivians in this territory and, taking it as a resource, aims to understand its appropriation by the migrants / Mestrado / Mestre em Demografia

As manifestações da arquitetura neocolonial em várias cidades do interior paulista, no período de 1920 a 1950, é o tema central desta tese. Realiza pesquisas e reflexões acerca da ascendência do movimento neocolonial, tomando Ricardo Severo como intelectual que recebeu grande influência do ambiente cultural português. Explora a ocorrência dessa arquitetura na esfera institucional e particular, em obras oficiais, institucionais, religiosas, assistenciais, educativas, recreativas, residenciais e comerciais. Verifica que a difusão se deu, em grande medida, pela atuação de profissionais que estavam em contato com os debates que se desenrolavam na capital paulista e pela implantação de obras emblemáticas em cidades do interior do estado. Verifica também que parte significativa da produção de baixo padrão - ou simplificada - da arquitetura que pretendia expressar a tendência neocolonial foi de responsabilidade de profissionais diplomados. Utiliza o método de levantamento de processos de aprovação de obras, arquivados em prefeituras municipais, levantamento de dados em museus e outras instituições e levantamentos fotográficos para registrar e analisar a produção de interesse. Representa uma contribuição para o conhecimento da arquitetura neocolonial fora da capital paulista. / This thesis investigates expressions of the neo-colonial architecture, in several cities within the State of São Paulo during the period of 1920 to 1950. The research takes into account the intellectual influence of Ricardo Severo in the rise of neo-colonial movement, nevertheless inspired by the portuguese cultural atmosphere. The diffusion of this architectural style is explored through private exemplars, such as homes, offices and shops along with institutional materializations; public and religious buildings, schools, social welfare bureaus and recreational facilities. The research reveals a link between the hinterland spread of this architecture, empowered by a symbolic drive, and the effort of professionals that were in contact with the intellectual debates taking place at the State capital. By analysing the construction licenses approved by Municipal Halls, we have verified that a significant part of the simplified and low standard production was made under certified professionals\' responsibility. In addition, we have expanded the investigation by data collected in museums and other institutions plus photographic surveys to record and analyse this architectonic production. This thesis represents a contribution to the comprehension of the neocolonial architecture outside the city of São Paulo.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T18:33:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Camili Dal Pai.pdf: 8598550 bytes, checksum: 725fa5b608b3b639544d0219f2347aff (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-15 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The migratory process is a social construction and represents a phenomenon that can be understood as the cause and effect of the transformations experienced by societies. Such transformations consist in the mechanisms which dive the social evolutionary process and they result from changes in the economic and social structures and the individual choices taken by each economic agent socially organized. Therefore, when considering that the populations move motivated by or in response to a given stimulus, it is admitted that their displacement promotes not only social changes, but they produce economic and environmental implications in a certain place with important reflexes on the regional development. In this perspective, the main objective of this study was to analyze the relationship between demographic dynamics and the economic transformations of the northern mesoregion of Mato Grosso State, considering its historical and institutional relationship with agricultural border occupation movements. Specifically, it was sought to identify the direction and volume of migratory flows which contributed to the demographic and economic formation of the mesoregion analyzed under the interstate, intrastate and intraregional spheres; to analyze the contribution of migratory movements on the spatial organization of population densities that form the north of the state, evaluating their effects on the mesoregion's attractiveness and identifying the main explanatory factors of spatial mobility and its relation with the productive transformations of the mesoregion. Using a descriptive methodological framework, based on demographic indicators and regional analysis, it was possible to identify the main elements that characterized the migratory dynamics of Mato Grosso state s northern mesoregion. The results showed a very heterogeneous scenario, with features of each Demographic Census analyzed, according to the level of aggregation adopted. At the interstate level, it was possible to evidence the relevance of the northern mesoregion in the state demographic context, marked by the alteration of the main destination areas, which were no longer represented by the extractive regions, giving place to the predominantly agricultural and agroindustrial areas, reflecting the changes in the state economic conjuncture. As for intrastate migration, it was shown that over the periods, the main migratory flow came from the mid-south mesoregion of the state, followed by the southwest, southeast and northeast regions of the state and indicated an alteration occurred since the 2000 Census when the north of Mato Grosso state, and in particular the micro region of Alto Teles Pires, presented the highest concentration of intrasessional flows, to the detriment of the central-south mesoregion, which until then comprised the most important region in terms of intra-state migration.Regarding the intraregional migration, the micro regions which concentrated the greater migratory flows were Colider, Sinop, and Alta Floresta, however, the 2000 Census demonstrated that Alto Teles Pires micro region emerged in the migratory scenario and, from that period on, it has become the intraregional immigrants main destination. / O processo migratório é uma construção social e representa um fenômeno que pode ser entendido como causa e efeito das transformações vivenciadas pelas sociedades. Essas transformações consistem nos mecanismos que orientam o processo evolutivo social e são resultantes de mudanças nas estruturas econômicas, sociais e nas escolhas individuais de cada agente econômico socialmente organizado. Sendo assim, ao considerar que as populações deslocam-se motivadas ou em resposta a determinado estímulo, admite-se que seu deslocamento promove alterações não apenas de ordem social, mas produzem implicações de ordem econômica e ambiental em determinado local com importantes reflexos sobre o desenvolvimento regional. Nessa perspectiva, este estudo teve por objetivo principal analisar a relação entre a dinâmica migratória e as transformações econômicas da mesorregião norte de Mato Grosso, considerando a sua relação histórica e institucional com movimentos de ocupação da fronteira agrícola. Especificamente, buscou-se identificar a direção e o volume dos fluxos migratórios que contribuíram com a formação demográfica e econômica da mesorregião analisados sob o âmbito interestadual, intraestadual e intrarregional; analisar a contribuição dos movimentos migratórios sobre a organização espacial dos adensamentos populacionais que formam o norte do estado, avaliando seus efeitos sobre a capacidade de atração da mesorregião; e identificar os principais fatores explicativos da mobilidade espacial e sua relação com as transformações produtivas da mesorregião. Utilizando-se de um referencial metodológico descritivo, amparado em indicadores demográficos e de análise regional, identificaram-se os principais elementos que caracterizaram a dinâmica migratória da mesorregião norte de Mato Grosso. Os resultados demonstraram um cenário bastante heterogêneo, dotado de especificidades a cada Censo Demográfico analisado, conforme o nível de agregação adotado. No plano interestadual, evidenciou-se a relevância da mesorregião norte no contexto demográfico estadual, marcada pela alteração das principais áreas de destino, que deixaram de ser representadas pelas regiões extrativistas, dando lugar às áreas predominantemente agrícolas e agroindustriais, refletindo as mudanças na conjuntura econômica estadual. Quanto à migração intraestadual, demonstrou-se que ao longo dos períodos, a principal corrente migratória foi proveniente da mesorregião centro-sul do estado, seguida pelas regiões sudoeste, sudeste e nordeste, e indicaram uma alteração ocorrida a partir do Censo 2000 quando o norte mato-grossense, e em particular a microrregião do Alto Teles Pires, apresentou a maior concentração de fluxos intraestaduais em detrimento da mesorregião centro-sul, que até então compreendia a região mais importante em termos de migração intraestadual. Em relação à migração intrarregional, as microrregiões que concentraram os maiores fluxos migratórios foram Colíder, Sinop e Alta Floresta, contudo, o Censo 2000 demonstrou que a microrregião de Alto Teles Pires emergiu no cenário migratório e, a partir desse período, tornou-se o principal destino para os imigrantes intrarregionais.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This Master s dissertation presents the development of a methodology to evaluate and estimate the behavior of the residential consumer facing the application of the white hourly tariff. In the context of the Smart Grids, this rate is applied aiming to encourage the consumers to shift their consumption to times of lower loading of system, looking for a better utilization of the infrastructure of the electric system. Considering this, the proposed methodology considers the analysis about the habits of use of electric shower, which is the household equipment that presents the greatest contribution on the final consumption and on the peak of the load curve of residential consumers. In this way the analysis considers data from the Brazilian Center of Information in Energy Efficiency - PROCEL INFO, which includes information about habits of use of household. This database, combined with the application of the Monte Carlo method, provide an overview of the possible effects of the application of the hourly rate to the consumers and to the electrical system, as well as, a guideline of actions that can be taken for a better adaptation of the consumers, considering this new trend. / Esta dissertação apresenta o desenvolvimento de uma metodologia para avaliar e estimar o comportamento do consumidor residencial frente a aplicação da tarifa horária branca. No contexto das Redes Elétricas Inteligentes, esta tarifa visa incentivar os consumidores a deslocarem o seu consumo para horários de menor carregamento do sistema e, consequentemente, buscar um melhor aproveitamento da infraestrutura do sistema elétrico. Neste sentido, a metodologia proposta considera a análise sobre os hábitos de utilização do chuveiro elétrico, carga com maior representatividade no consumo final e na ponta da curva de carga dos consumidores residenciais. Desta forma, são utilizados dados do Centro Brasileiro de Informação de Eficiência Energética PROCEL INFO, que reúne uma base de informações sobre os hábitos de utilização de equipamentos oriunda de pesquisas realizadas no mercado residencial brasileiro no ano de 2005. Esta base de dados, aliada a aplicação do Método de Monte Carlo, fornece uma visão dos possíveis efeitos da aplicação da tarifa horária para o consumidor e para o sistema elétrico, assim como, nortear ações que possam ser tomadas em função de uma melhor adaptação do consumidor frente a esta nova tendência.

In the international context, this research analyzes the state of the art of scientific discussion, the action exerted by national and local governments through regulations, and the opinion of professionals in the field of construction of buildings in relation to the implementation of energy efficiency measures in buildings. In general, the interest in the different areas has been driven primarily by: 1) the worldwide increased energy consumption in buildings, emphasizes by an increasingly urbanized world and the resource scarcity for power generation, primarily fossil fuels; 2) the increase in greenhouse gas emissions related to the buildings' construction and operation; and 3) the thermal behaviour of the building's envelope, which determines the energy demand for thermal conditioning; mainly for heating in winter and cooling in summer. The foregoing has resulted in the implementation of different types of energy efficiency measures in the building sector around the world. On the one hand, through mandatory measures, driven by national and local governments through building codes; mandatory measures require that when building a new building or refurbishing an existing one, the architects, private developers, or builders must comply with building standards that govern the thermal performance of the different elements of the buildings' thermal envelope. On the other hand, by implementing voluntary measures, such as international certification systems, established by non-governmental institutions, aimed at legitimizing the efforts of building owners, design teams, and builders to design, build, and operate buildings in an environmentally friendly way. The latter has triggered an international trend and an increasing demand for certification of the so-called "green buildings". Such independent certification systems seek to reduce the environmental impact of activities in the construction sector. In the Chilean context, this research analyzes the relationship between two main pillars of the Chilean economy, the energy sector and the private housing sector. Particularly, this research focuses on the implementation of energy efficiency measures in the private housing market in Santiago, the Chilean capital. From the energy perspective, the high vulnerability for power generation by the dependence on the provision of gas from neighbouring countries and periods of drought affecting hydroelectric power generation, has led to the Chilean government intervention. Government intervention is centred on two main lines of action: 1) the diversification of the country's energy matrix, through the implementation of alternative systems for power generation based on non-conventional renewable energy sources; and 2) the implementation of energy efficiency measures. In the construction sector, the latter is expressed by the entry into force of the New Thermal Regulations for new residential buildings in three stages in the building code since 2000. With the implementation of new regulations in the construction sector in the Chilean context and the growing demand for green building in the international context, private real estate companies and construction companies, which are the backbone of the construction sector in Chile, have reacted by offering energy efficient real estate products in Santiago de Chile. Based on the foregoing, arises the main question leading this doctoral thesis: How do real estate developers apply energy efficiency in their housing offer in Santiago de Chile? The main research question is further refined by three sub questions: 1) who are the real estate developers that are adopting energy efficiency and why? This is a compound question, first it seeks to identify real estate companies adopting energy efficiency measures in Santiago de Chile’s private housing market; then it looks into the motivations for doing so; 2) what types of energy efficiency measures are real estate companies adopting? This sub-research question seeks to identify the adopted residential energy efficiency strategies; and 3) which barriers to further implementation of energy efficiency exist? It seeks to identify the setbacks found by energy efficiency adopters in the implementation process, in order to understand local issues in the adoption process. The Case Study and Selection of Sub-Cases for the Analysis The research focuses on the voluntary implementation of residential energy efficiency measures in the private housing market; moreover, it analyzes the case of Santiago de Chile. Therefore, the focus is set on real estate companies that offer energy efficient housing in their offer for real estate products in the metropolitan region. The selection of embedded sub-cases for the analysis, or sub-cases, was made by applying a criterion sampling strategy known as purposive sampling. For this, a thorough review of 568 private real estate companies' websites, offering different real estate products in the Metropolitan Region of Santiago de Chile between June and July 2011, was performed. Out of this group, a set of 45 companies that offering energy efficient homes mentioned were selected. Later on, personal interviews mainly with general managers of real estate development companies and other actors considered key informants because of their knowledge in the field, such as scholars, representatives from public institutions, other public and private research centres, and practitioners, were conducted between April and May 2012. Main Methods and Data Analysis Research is conducted under a qualitative approach, as it focuses primarily on the opinion of real estate companies’ CEOs and other key informants considered information rich when helping answering the research questions. The main tool for data analysis was the thematic content analysis. Main Findings The main results of this research are structured on the basis of the answering the secondary research questions or sub-questions. Who are the real estate developers that are adopting energy efficiency and why? As it was mentioned above, the first part of this compound sub-question seeks to identify the real estate companies that are implementing residential energy efficiency measures in their offer in the housing market in Santiago de Chile. A set of 45 real estate companies were identified because they mentioned to be applying some sort of energy efficiency measures. This was a rather small group since, at that time, 568 real estate companies were offering housing products. Based on the empirical findings, a categorization of real estate companies following the Roger’s model was conducted. Thus, real estate companies were categorized depending on when they began adopting residential energy efficiency measures in their housing offer. The three stages of the New Thermal Regulation issued for the housing sector in Chile were selected as time-milestones for defining the adopter categories. Accordingly, three main categories emerged following Roger’s model. 1) Innovators, includes real estate companies who adopted energy efficiency measures for the first time before the entry into force of the first stage of the NRT in 2000; 2) Early Adopters, groups real estate companies who adopted residential energy efficiency measures for the first time between the first and second stage of the New Thermal Regulation, that is to say between 2001 and 2007; and 3) Early Majority, includes real estate companies who began to apply residential energy efficiency measures starting in 2008, meaning after the second stage of New Thermal Regulation came into force. The empirical evidence suggests that the adoption process of energy efficiency measures has started following the normal development described by Rogers' innovation curve. Therefore, it is expected that the rest of the real estate developers operating in the private housing market in Santiago de Chile will eventually follow the Innovators, Early Adopters, and Early Majority categories. This is mainly due to the recent introduction of thermal regulation by the government and because the housing market is a highly competitive market, in which none of the players can risk to be left behind. The second part of the sub-research question, and probably the most important one, seeks to understand the motivations for real estate companies to offer and implement energy-efficient real estate products in Santiago de Chile’s private housing market. This research identifies the motivations of real estate development companies in the opinion of their managers collected in personal semi-structured interviews conducted during fieldwork. Based on the thematic analysis of the abovementioned interviews, four categories of motivations for offering and applying energy efficiency were identified based on the company managers’ opinion. These categories, in order of preference are: 1) Market Differentiation Strategies (Competitiveness and Trending); 2) Company Policies (Client-Oriented Policies, Innovation Policies, and Environmentally-friendly Policies); 3) Resource efficiency (Reduction of Household\'s Expenses and Concerns for Energy Scarcity); and 4) Government Incentive Schemes (Subsidies to the Use of Renewable Energy). Briefly, the main motivations for adopting energy efficiency measures in the private housing offer are related to marketing strategies. In general, real estate companies operating in Santiago de Chile are looking to distinguish themselves from their competitors by offering energy-efficient housing products. This is mainly because real estate companies are following a trend that is driven by several factors such as: local energy shortage periods, the international influence of green buildings in the real estate market, and the growing demand for international certifications in the Chilean context. What types of energy efficiency measures are real estate companies adopting? As mentioned earlier, this research identifies real estate companies offering energy-efficient housing in the private real estate market of Santiago de Chile who implemented a diversity of energy efficiency strategies in their housing supply, as the empirical evidence shows. Although the motivations for implementing energy efficiency measures are diverse (as described previously), energy efficiency measures are mainly implemented in order to reach a comfort temperature inside the dwelling, making all possible efforts to ensure that energy is used efficiently. In the case of the residential buildings, this means looking for the optimal use of energy for space heating or cooling, lighting, hot sanitary water, and ventilation. In general, depending on whether there is the need to make an additional energy effort in order to achieve optimum indoor comfort conditions, the energy efficiency measures implemented in the private housing sector in Santiago de Chile can be grouped into two main categories of energy efficiency strategies: passive design strategies and active design strategies. On the one hand, passive design strategies refer to what real estate developers are doing to reduce the energy consumption of their housing buildings. Such strategies include: 1) improving the overall thermal performance of the building envelope; 2) the use of renewable energy, mainly solar thermal and photovoltaic technology, for hot sanitary water and energy conversion respectively; and 3) bioclimatic design and construction principles. As it was mentioned in Section 6.1, a basic characteristic of passive design strategies, distinguishing them from active design strategies, is that in order to operate they rely on the building site and the inherited thermal properties of the building materials used in the different housing building typologies. On the other hand, active design strategies refer to the technological innovations implemented in order to maintain an optimal indoor thermal conditioning and to reduce the energy used in the different buildings’ systems; namely, 1) illumination systems; 2) heating systems; 3) centralized control systems; and 4) air conditioning systems. In general, real estate developers adopted active design strategies as a complement to the use of passive design strategies. Not surprisingly, real estate developers have mentioned the improvement of the thermal envelope as the most commonly used residential energy efficiency strategy. This results from the fact that internationally and in Chile, regulations in the housing sector were implemented in order to improve the thermal behaviour of dwellings, and therefore, their energy efficiency. Finally, a third type of energy efficiency strategy adopted by real estate developers in Santiago de Chile is the result of a public-private partnership between the Chilean Government and the Chilectra, the local electricity utility. The initiative is called “Chilectra – Full Electric Buildings” and it offers an optional electrical energy tariff for residential consumers. This strategy is further explained in Section 6.3. Which barriers to further implementation of energy efficiency exist? Based on the opinion of the various key stakeholder involved in this research, this research shows that most barriers to energy efficiency in the private housing sector in Santiago de Chile interact and strengthen each other. The classification of barriers to further implementation of energy efficiency is not straightforward. Nonetheless, in the opinion of real estate companies’ managers, the barriers to adopting energy efficiency measures in the private housing market in Santiago de Chile revolve around the specific characteristics of the local social system. These barriers are: 1) market barriers; 2) organizational barriers; 3) institutional barriers; and 4) behavioural barriers. In relation to the categorization of energy efficiency adopters identified in the first sub-question, the empirical evidence seems to indicate that, not all the barriers play the same role for all adopter categories. In general, market barriers are most relevant to the innovators group. Although most of the real estate developers mentioned that even today the local market and the local construction industry are not ready to provide adequate support (both in the availability of products and services) for further development of the market for energy efficient construction, the deficiency was greater 20 years ago, when the innovators first started to implement residential energy efficiency measures in the private housing sector. Moreover, the other barriers encountered (namely organizational and institutional barriers) are transversal to the adopter categories. This seems to drawn from the organizational and institutional characteristics of the context in which private real estate companies operate. The context remains constant over time and their internal relationships are also maintained, homogeneously affecting all adopter categories. Finally, barriers related to end users and/or clients’ behaviour are mainly listed by early majority adopters, which comprises developers who implement residential energy efficiency measures recently (after 2000). Apparently, this results mainly from the fact that end user are lacking information about the benefits (general and local) to be gained from implementing residential energy efficiency measures.:Acknowledgements ... p.5 Abstract ... p.7 Contents ... p.13 List of Figures... p.17 List of Tables ... p.19 List of Abbreviations ... p.21 1 Introduction ... p.27 1.1 Problem Statement ... p.27 1.2 Rationale and Aims of the Research ... p.31 1.3 Thesis Structure ... p.34 2 The Construction Sector at the Heart of the Chile\'s Energy Challenges ... p.37 2.1 The Chilean Construction Sector ... p.37 2.1.1 Background and Regulatory Framework ... p.38 2.1.2 Local Supply for Construction Services ... p.41 2.1.3 Demand for Construction Services ... p.47 2.2 The Private Housing Market in Santiago de Chile ... p.50 2.2.1 Characterisation of the Housing Demand ... p.51 2.2.2 Local Land Market and Housing Market Dynamics ... p.60 2.2.3 The Role of the State ... p.61 2.3 Chile’s Energy Challenge ... p.64 2.4 Raising Questions ... p.69 3 Research Design and Methods ... p.73 3.1 Research Design ... p.73 3.2 Sampling and Sub-cases Selection ... p.76 3.3 Primary Data Collection ... p.81 3.4 Data Analysis ... p.88 3.4.1 Transcription ... p.88 3.4.2 Interview Analysis ... p.90 3.4.3 Document Analysis ... p.93 3.5 Identification of Key Stakeholders and Interview Partners ... p.96 4 Energy Efficiency Standards for Residential Buildings ... p.99 4.1 Defining Energy Efficiency – The Wider Context ... p.100 4.2 Government-initiated Instruments – Building Codes and Energy Standards ... p.103 4.2.1 Regulatory Instruments ... p.104 4.2.2 Types of Regulations ... p.109 4.2.3 Thermal Zoning ... p.113 4.2.4 Information Instruments ... p.115 4.2.5 Economic Incentive Schemes ... p.121 4.2.6 Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) Systems ... p.123 4.2.7 Renewable Energy ... p.125 4.3 Voluntary Instruments – Beyond the Building Codes ... p.128 4.3.1 The Shift Towards Green Buildings ... p.128 4.3.2 Green Building Certification Systems ... p.131 4.4 Regulatory Instruments in the Chilean Context ... p.148 4.4.1 Energy Efficiency in the National Energy Policy Making ... p.148 4.4.2 The Institutional Framework ... p.151 4.4.3 Energy Efficiency Standards in the Chilean Housing Sector ... p.155 4.5 Voluntary Instruments in Santiago de Chile ... p.161 4.5.1 Existing Certification Schemes ... p.161 4.5.2 Public-private Partnership ... p.164 4.6 Why Would Real Estate Companies Act Green? ... p.166 5 The Adoption of Energy Efficiency in the Private Housing Market in Santiago de Chile ... p.171 5.1 Energy Efficiency Adopters in the Private Housing Market ... p.172 5.1.1 Innovators ... p.174 5.1.2 Early Adopters ... p.175 5.2 Motivations for Applying Residential Energy Efficiency Measures ... p.179 5.2.1 Market Differentiation Strategies ... p.180 5.2.2 Company Policies ... p.182 5.2.3 Resource Efficiency ... p.186 5.2.4 Government Incentive Schemes ... p.191 6 Existing Residential Energy Efficiency Strategies ... p.195 6.1 Passive Design Strategies ... p.196 6.2 Active Design Strategies ... p.208 6.3 Public-Private Partnership ... p.212 7 Barriers to Implementing Residential Energy Efficiency Strategies ... p.217 7.1 Market Barriers ... p.218 7.2 Organizational Barriers ... p.226 7.3 Institutional Barriers ... p.229 7.4 Behavioural Barriers ... p.231 7.5 Central Challenges for the Adoption of Energy Efficiency ... p.235 8 Discussion of the Results and Implications ... p.239 8.1 Summary of Findings ... p.239 8.2 Discussion and Implications ... p.245 8.3 Recommendations ... p.250 8.4 Further Research ... p.257 References ... p.261 Annex ... p.279

Debido a los cambios demográficos producto de factores como la industrialización, la reducción de la tasa de mortalidad en los distintos grupos de edades, la disminución de la tasa de fecundidad, los avances tecnológicos en el campo de la medicina, y, en consecuencia, la mejora de la calidad de vida, han propiciado que la esperanza de vida se prolongue y que se produzcan alteraciones en la estructura de la población. Ello se ha visto reflejado en el incremento de un grupo etario, el adulto mayor. A partir de los 60 años, el cuerpo comienza a presentar dificultades motrices, propias de a gerontología, para realizar las actividades cotidianas. Estas limitaciones generalmente se revelan en un menor grado de complicación, las cuales se van agravando progresivamente. Teniendo en cuenta que es una etapa en la vida de la cual no podremos evitarla, el proyecto repara la posibilidad de generar un diseño arquitectónico que reúna las condiciones para que el usuario tenga las herramientas que fomenten y ayude a brindar un envejecimiento sano, activo y, sobre todo, dentro de un entorno propicio y favorable para su desenvolvimiento cotidiano libre de barreras físicas y psicológicas. / In the last decade, the demographic changes have appeared as a product of industrialization, reduction of mortality rate in several generations, decrease in the fertility rate, technological advance in medicine field, thus an improvement in life quality. The mentions before have led to a longer life expectance and in consequence have generated variation in the population structure. These have been reflected in the raising of a specific age group, the senior citizen. From the early sixties the body starts to appear motor difficulties related to gerontology, and struggles to carry on with their daily activities. These limitations are show at the beginning in a lower grade of complications and become progressively worse. Since the old age is a stage in the life that can’t be avoid, the project aims to the chance to develop an architectonic design which include the properly requirements for every user and necessary background that promote and help bringing an active and healthy lifestyle, and above all, nurture a positive environment that produce an improvement of their day after day, freely from difficulties physical and mental. / Tesis

[pt] O propósito geral da pesquisa é gerar conhecimento sobre como e por que alcançar um produto de classe mundial na indústria de transformação brasileira, locus do design industrial, com foco conclusivo na indústria do móvel residencial de madeira maciça. Isto é importante pelo fato da indústria de transformação ser o setor de maior capacidade indutora da economia, sendo este seu valor estratégico, e por trazer a ideia de resgate da indústria diante do processo de desindustrialização. A pré-condição para esta proposta é que a indústria seja competitiva a nível internacional e para tal iremos precisar de produtos de classe mundial. A pesquisa é um estudo de caso envolvendo quatro indústrias do móvel residencial de madeira maciça para validar a hipótese de que a conjunção simultânea do design como ferramenta estratégica para os negócios, produção enxuta e incorporação de tecnologia digital no ecossistema da indústria cria as condições favoráveis para o alcance de um produto de classe mundial. A escolha dos casos foi feita de modo a propiciar replicações da teoria prevista. Utilizamos sete categorias de fontes de dados e adotamos a estratégia de seguir nossa proposição teórica que forneceu subsídios ao plano de coleta de dados. Como técnica analítica demos forte ênfase à sobreposição entre coleta e análise, através de percepções registradas ao lado dos dados em matrizes de exposição. Estas também trazem as consistências com a literatura revisada e as evidências entre os casos, de onde extraímos os padrões cruzados que resultaram em um conjunto de balizadores de referência para o alcance de um produto de classe mundial. A conclusão traz os casos selecionados mostrando resultados similares e proporcionando assim consistência com nossas proposições teóricas. Como toda pesquisa, esta também apresenta limitações a serem exploradas: promover generalização analítica com outras tipologias de indústrias de transformação, com outras categorias de indústrias pois as quatro selecionadas são indústrias familiares, e que os balizadores de referência não se esgotam nos encontrados, com novos podendo ser mapeados. / [en] The overall purpose of this research is to generate knowledge on how and why to achieve a world-class product in the Brazilian manufacturing industry, locus of industrial design, with conclusive focus on the solid wood residential furniture industry. This is important because the manufacturing industry is the sector with the greatest inductive capacity of the economy, this being its strategic value, and for bringing the idea of industry rescue in the face of deindustrialization process. The precondition for this proposal is that the industry is internationally competitive and for that we will need world-class products. The research is a case study involving four industries of solid wood residential furniture to validate the hypothesis that the simultaneous conjunction of design as a strategic tools for business, lean manufacturing and incorporation of digital technology into the industry ecosystem creates favourable conditions to reach a world class product. The choice of cases was made in order to provide for replications of the predicted theory. We used seven categories of data sources and adopted the strategy of following our theoretical proposition that provided subsides to the data collection plan. As an analytical technique we strong emphasis on the overlap between collection and analysis through perceptions recorded alongside the data on display matrix. This also brings the consistencies with the revised literature and the evidence between the cases from where we extracted the cross-patterns that resulted in a list of reference beacons for reaching a world-class product. The conclusion brings the selected cases showing similar results and thus providing consistency with our theoretical propositions. Like all research this one also presents limitations to be explored: to promote analytical generalization with other typologies of manufacturing industries, with other categories of industries since the four selected ones are familiar industries and that the reference beacons are not exhausted in the found ones, with new ones being mapped.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-04T18:31:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jose Roberto Paim Neto.pdf: 12512704 bytes, checksum: 6bcf82095a1d2623487ef1d1c987b7f0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-03 / The Brazilian electric sector has already presented signs of exhaustion that culminated in power rationing. It is estimated that the Brazilian population shows an increase by 2050 about 50%, so the generation and distribution of more energy becomes a concern. There is a great evolution on the process of evaluating equipment and buildings for their energy efficiency, however it is known that human behavior and consumer habits have huge influence on the energy efficiency of a building. Energy efficiency provided by the deployment of smart grids, suggests an intelligent and efficient city, which depend more and more on human behavior to improve the rational use of electricity. This paper presents a proposal for classification of individual energy efficiency, based on the Brazilian Labeling Program, the research of equipment possession and usage habits in the residential class, held by Eletrobras, and the application of fuzzy logic. / O setor el?trico brasileiro j? apresentou sinais de esgotamento que culminaram em racionamento de energia. Estima-se que popula??o brasileira apresente um crescimento at? 2050 de cerca de 50%, dessa forma a gera??o e a distribui??o de mais energia el?trica torna-se uma preocupa??o. Verifica-se um grande avan?o na avalia??o de equipamentos e constru??es quanto ? sua efici?ncia energ?tica, entretanto sabe-se que o comportamento humano e os h?bitos de consumo t?m grande influ?ncia no resultado final da efici?ncia energ?tica de uma edifica??o. A efici?ncia energ?tica proporcionada pela implanta??o das redes inteligentes, sugere uma cidade inteligente e eficiente, a qual depender? cada vez mais do comportamento do ser humano para melhorar o uso racional da energia el?trica. Este trabalho apresenta uma proposta de classifica??o da efici?ncia energ?tica individual, tendo como base o Programa Brasileiro de etiquetagem, a pesquisa de posse de equipamentos e h?bitos de uso na classe residencial, realizada pela Eletrobras, e a aplica??o da l?gica nebulosa.

Submitted by Carmen Torres (carmensct@globo.com) on 2018-02-05T16:59:06Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_SmartcomArquiteturaInteligente.pdf: 6115605 bytes, checksum: e7635deb3e7a4d4e713eb377b019ecb4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Edisangela Bastos (edisangela@ufpa.br) on 2018-02-16T12:43:40Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_SmartcomArquiteturaInteligente.pdf: 6115605 bytes, checksum: e7635deb3e7a4d4e713eb377b019ecb4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-16T12:43:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_SmartcomArquiteturaInteligente.pdf: 6115605 bytes, checksum: e7635deb3e7a4d4e713eb377b019ecb4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-25 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Com os avanços na tecnologia da informação para diversas áreas, como saúe bem-estar, as soluções baseadas em Smart Home que usam as tecnologidaes Internet of Things (IoT) vem ganhando maior repercussão, inclusive como alternativas de economia de energia com base em Sistemas de Gerenciamento de Energia Domiciliar (SGED). Esta tese define uma arquitetura inovadora, denominada de SmartCoM, que é implementada para monitorar e gerenciar habitações residenciais usando tecnologias IoT. Tal estratégia envolve a definição dos parâmetros que podem efetivar a interoperabilidade entre medição, gerenciamento e as camadas de comunicação de dados, que são os recursos necessários para que os dispositivos de hardware possam realizar o monitoramento e medição pretendidos. Além disso, uma interface é definida por uma camada de middleware para integrar o gerenciamento de instalações externas e a visualização de dados por meio de um serviço em nuvem. A arquitetura SmartCoM é definida de maneira fim-a-fim, em detalhes do ponto de vista do consumidor e as estratégias de otimização s.o empregadas tanto para o cliente final quanto para a concessionária de energia. A fim de avaliar a arquitetura proposta, foi elaborado um estudo de caso, a partir do qual, observa-se a viabilidade do desenvolvimento de soluções para Smart Home de acordo com os requisitos descritos na SmartCoM. / With advances in information technology for a variety of areas, such as health and wellness, Smart Home based solutions using Internet of Things (IoT) technologies are gaining in popularity, including energy-saving alternatives based on Home Energy Management Systems (HEMS). This thesis defines an innovative architecture, called SmartCoM, which is implemented to monitor and manage residences using IoT technologies. Such a strategy involves defining the parameters that can affect the interoperability between measurement, management and the layers of data communication, which are the resources necessary for the hardware devices to perform the intended monitoring and measurement. In addition, an interface is defined by a middleware layer to integrate the management of external installations and the visualization of data through cloud services. The SmartCoM architecture is defined end-to-end in detail from the consumer's point of view and optimization strategies are employed for both the end customer and the utility. In order to evaluate the proposed architecture, a case study was elaborated, from which the viability of developing solutions for Smart Home according to the requirements described in SmartCoM is observed.

Os guias alimentares orientam o público quanto às práticas alimentares saudáveis. As indústrias de alimentos têm desenvolvido produtos com redução de gorduras (PRG) para atender a demanda que encontra dificuldade em seguir as orientações propostas. Este trabalho objetivou caracterizar o padrão alimentar dos domicílios consumidores de PRG. A população foi composta por 2337 domicílios que participaram da POF/FIPE/USP 1998-1999, que estudou uma amostra probabilística da área metropolitana de São Paulo. Foram considerados domicílios consumidores de PRG aqueles que apresentaram consumo de produtos desnatado, semi-desnatado e light com redução de gordura (n=445 19,1%). Foi investigado o perfil demográfico, socioeconômico e de escolaridade. O consumo alimentar domiciliar foi obtido pela média per capita/dia da unidade domiciliar, ajustada para gênero e idade, para 14 grupos de alimentos. A Análise de Componentes Principais foi utilizada para a obtenção do padrão alimentar, a Regressão Logística Múltipla e a Análise Discriminante foram utilizadas para identificar as diferenças entre os grupos. Os domicílios consumidores de PRG apresentaram escolaridade, renda familiar, idade dos integrantes da família, disponibilidade de frutas, hortaliças, produtos industrializados, lipídios de adição e açúcares superiores aos não consumidores. O padrão alimentar dos domicílios consumidores de PRG se caracterizou como \"tradicional\" e entre os não consumidores se caracterizou como \"misto\". Os resultados sugerem que os domicílios consumidores de PRG não apresentam estrutura de alimentar homogênea e o padrão alimentar adotado pode não atender as recomendações nutricionais. / The Food Guides orientate the public to healthy practices concerning food. The food industry has developed low-fat products to attend the demand from those who have difficulties to follow the proposed instructions. This work focused on describing the food standard at low-fat consumers\' domiciles. The .population was composed by 2,337 domiciles, which participated in a research - realized by POF/FIPE/USP in 1998-1999 - about a probabilistic sample from a metropolitan area in São Paulo. We considered low-fat consumers\' domiciles; those who presented skim, semi-skim and Light products consumption (#445 19.1 %). Herein, the demographical, socioecohomical and scholarity level profiles, were also investigated. The housing food consumption was obtained by the per capita/day average at the unity of domicile, tailored to gender and age, for 14 aliments groups. The Principal Components Analyze was used to obtain the food standard as the Multiple Logistical Regression and Discriminat Analyse were used to identify the differences among the groups. The housing low-fat consumers presented scholarity level, the revenue, age of the family members, availability of fruit and greens, industrial products, addition of lipids and sugars higher than those who were not consumers. The food standard at the low-fat consumers was characterized as \"traditional\" and among those who were nor consumers it was characterized as \"mix\". The results suggest that the low-fat consumers have not presented a homogeneous food structure and the food standard adopted by then may not consider nutritional recommendations.