The design of a residential building to maximize comfort and energy savings is nowadays anchored in technical guidelines, although it is clear that individual preferences and subjective experiences play an undeniable role. Starting from this conflict, this study investigates the potential of new data sources (Internet of Things) and smart home technology as tools to better investigate and understand the real needs and preferences of individual inhabitants and, at the same time, to help the building adapt and respond to its occupants. In many countries, environmental energy monitoring systems for residential buildings remain unregulated and are not mandatory, a situation attributed to the high costs, perceived invasiveness, limited flexibility, and ambiguous benefits to the end-users; consequently, even in optimal scenarios, their application is confined primarily to building managers rather than the actual occupants. With smart homes, the ability to collect data and information has exploded, as the number of low-cost sensors now available on the market. This has also led to widespread automation, with the ability not only to monitor but also to "control" the built environment. Alongside these advancements, however, lies the risk of accumulating vast amounts of data that are unmanageable and useless, lacking tangible significance. Concerns over privacy and loss of control over one's private living space are raising, coupled with skepticism regarding the true efficacy of these systems. To truly optimize building performance, particularly within the residential sector, it is imperative to first gain an in-depth understanding of the intricate interplay between the built environment and its occupants, select the right aspect to optimize, and then provide the necessary information for optimization to stakeholders. Therefore, some questions arise: Is it possible, in the right situations, to use this less invasive and less expensive technology in place of more structured monitoring systems, the same ones also used in academic research? Is it a reliable technology? Can a monitoring system bring real benefits to the inhabitant and the building in terms of energy savings and quality of life improvement? Can it be adapted to the specific preferences and needs of both the building manager and the occupant? The present study begins by examining the concepts of indoor comfort and energy use in residential settings from a new perspective, incorporating a systematic literature review that delves into socio-cultural aspects. Adopting an interdisciplinary “learning by doing” approach, it deepens the topics of user-centered monitoring, the human-building interactions, and the wide-ranging resources and potential challenges that come with domestic environments. To concretely answer the theoretical and technical questions raised, the study paired its theoretical analysis with the design and prototyping from scratch of a plug-and-play, low-cost, and non-invasive monitoring and automation system called MOQA, which leverages smart home technologies. This process facilitated a comprehensive understanding of the data lifecycle  from its production and collection to its management, presentation to key stakeholders, and final evaluation by the end-users  essentially assessing its utility. The deployment of MOQA across different case studies, alongside its evaluation against more conventional monitoring systems, enabled an examination of the system’s acceptance, functionality, user interaction, stability, and overall performance. These experiences, despite some limitations, highlighted the user's pivotal role in effectively utilizing and truly benefiting from these systems. Support from individuals with in-depth knowledge of the system and its benefits is crucial, leading to satisfaction even among people who were initially skeptical. Over time, the system proved to be stable, accurate, accepted and, eventually, integrated into daily routines. Prioritizing hands-on solutions over theoretical debates about comfort and energy norms, the smart home system is perceived, in a personal parallel with the theory of salutogenesis in architecture, as a tool capable of connecting the inhabitant with the resources available in the building. Advancement in the spontaneous and beneficial exchange between humans and the environments they live in, spanning built and natural, leads to an uplift in the quality of life. Overall, the doctoral study contributed to exploring the potential of smart homes by merging the perspectives of research and users and broadening the strictly economic and business vision currently associated with the topic. Scientific, industrial, social, and environmental implications were addressed, suggesting future lines of research.

Atualmente a paisagem de São Paulo, e também de outras cidades, é marcada por uma produção repetitiva e sem criatividade, mal representada por edifícios habitacionais parecidos e pouco relacionados ao contexto urbano no qual estão inseridos, concebidos por investidores imobiliários que atribuem pouca relevância ao valor autoral do arquiteto como forma de contribuição a seus empreendimentos. Com base neste cenário, a pesquisa partiu de uma pergunta ampla e direta: Onde estão os bons projetos em meio a tanta mesmice? Habitar Coletivo: obras diferenciadas contemporâneas em São Paulo apresenta um estudo das atuais obras de habitação coletiva localizadas na região metropolitana de São Paulo, do início do século XXI, pois, ao que parece, foi um período em que se construiu muito, porém, não necessariamente se construiu bem. Denominar esses estudos de casos como diferenciados, revela-se positivo pelo fato das obras contribuírem com novas possibilidades de agentes, de ocupação de lote urbano, novas técnicas construtivas, novas maneiras de agenciamento do programa, entre outras possibilidades reveladas, muitas vezes rebaixadas na produção comercial usual. Os projetos selecionados foram organizados em três grupos principais: Conjuntos horizontais, Edifícios pouco verticalizados com unidades habitacionais sobrepostas e Edifícios verticalizados com unidades habitacionais sobrepostas. Na segunda parte da pesquisa, Leitura dos projetos selecionados, foram realizadas as análises específicas a partir de dados obtidos primordialmente nos importantes canais de divulgação da produção arquitetônica, como as revistas ProjetoDesign e Arquitetura e Urbanismo; visitas realizadas às obras; conversa e coleta de dados com os escritórios de arquitetura; e redesenho dos projetos. Os textos de cada obra foram organizados a partir de assuntos que se repetem nos diferentes projetos: trajetória do arquiteto; agentes; partido de implantação; espaços exteriores; sistema estrutural e técnica construtiva; envoltória e unidade habitacional. Por fim, após cada leitura são expostas as fichas gráficas correspondentes, também organizadas por temas e escalas principais. A sistematização geral em grupos não engessa comparações apenas entre obras de uma mesma categoria, afinal, são vinculadas a múltiplos sistemas de valoração e possuem cada uma separadamente um conjunto de características muito particulares que, em determinados momentos, são comparáveis ou não a outros projetos, tratando-se, portanto, de uma produção heterogênea e singular. Desse modo, na terceira parte, Análise comparativa e considerações finais por temas presentes nos projetos selecionados, é realizado o cruzamento dos diversos assuntos presentes nos projetos, sendo possível perceber que as obras não representam tipos bem definidos, e sim, possuem ideias que ora pertence a um grupo temático e ora pertence a outro. Também foram identificadas situações de projetos onde os agentes empreendedores principais são os próprios arquitetos, ou situações com empreendedores que valorizam a arquitetura autoral de qualidade, entre outros agentes relevantes a pesquisa. O redesenho dos projetos foi de suma importância para algumas conclusões. Também é importante mencionar que não se trata de imaginar que as iniciativas destacadas devam ser entendidas como modelos de \"boa arquitetura\" a serem seguidos exclusivamente, ao mesmo tempo, os projetos selecionados conseguem expor alternativas superiores em qualidade ao que parece ser a regra do mercado imobiliário que rege decadentemente as cidades. / Nowadays, the view in São Paulo and also in other cities is known by a tiring and without creativity production, badly represented for the same habitable buildings which have no connection to the urban context where they belong to, conceived by housing investors who really do not care to the architect\'s authorship value as a contribution to their project. Basing on this picture the research initiates from one question: Where are the good and innovative projects among the usual and traditional proposals? Collective Housing: A Contemporary and Differential Proposal in São Paulo presents a current study of collective habitation essays in São Paulo metropolitan region since the beginning of XXI century that was apparently a period of intense construction, although not necessarily a good quality of construction. Calling this paper a differential proposal is positive for the fact that the buildings here proposed contribute to new agents possibilities, urban lots occupation, new building techniques, other options of heading the program, among many possibilities revealed that often are lowered in a usual commercial production. The selected projects were divides in three principal groups: horizontal residential buildings, medium upright buildings with superposed housing units and upright buildings with superposed housing units. In the second part of the paper, reading of the selected projects, particular analysis were made using information retrieved from respectable media channels of architectural production as ProjetoDesign and Arquitetura e Urbanismo magazines\' articles, while visiting the projects location, interviewing architecture offices\' staff and redrawing the projects. Each proposal text was organized according to the most frequent topics that appear in the different projects: architect\'s career, agents, implantation party, outdoors areas, structural systems and building techniques, envelopment and housing units. At last, after each reading the corresponding graphic card is exposed and also organized by subjects and main scales. The general group systematization doesn\'t obligate one to compare projects among the same category, once they are connected to multiple valorization systems and own individually a group of peculiar characteristics that in certain moments are comparable or not to other projects, being a mixed and singular production at the same time. In this way, the third part, Comparative analysis and final considerations about selected projects\' themes is found a crossing of many projects\' subjects where it\'s possible to notice that the proposals don\'t represent a well-defined type, otherwise they own ideas that in a moment belong to a thematic group and in another doesn\'t. It was observed as well situations where the principal entrepreneur agents were architects or situations where the architect\'s authorship is appreciated by the entrepreneur. The projects\' redrawing were essential to some conclusions. Finally it\'s good to mention that the chosen proposals are not necessarily considered \"good architecture\" to be exclusively followed, at the same time, the chosen proposals can expose superior alternatives regarding to quality which seems to be the housing market rule that guides the cities in a decadent way.

Atualmente a paisagem de São Paulo, e também de outras cidades, é marcada por uma produção repetitiva e sem criatividade, mal representada por edifícios habitacionais parecidos e pouco relacionados ao contexto urbano no qual estão inseridos, concebidos por investidores imobiliários que atribuem pouca relevância ao valor autoral do arquiteto como forma de contribuição a seus empreendimentos. Com base neste cenário, a pesquisa partiu de uma pergunta ampla e direta: Onde estão os bons projetos em meio a tanta mesmice? Habitar Coletivo: obras diferenciadas contemporâneas em São Paulo apresenta um estudo das atuais obras de habitação coletiva localizadas na região metropolitana de São Paulo, do início do século XXI, pois, ao que parece, foi um período em que se construiu muito, porém, não necessariamente se construiu bem. Denominar esses estudos de casos como diferenciados, revela-se positivo pelo fato das obras contribuírem com novas possibilidades de agentes, de ocupação de lote urbano, novas técnicas construtivas, novas maneiras de agenciamento do programa, entre outras possibilidades reveladas, muitas vezes rebaixadas na produção comercial usual. Os projetos selecionados foram organizados em três grupos principais: Conjuntos horizontais, Edifícios pouco verticalizados com unidades habitacionais sobrepostas e Edifícios verticalizados com unidades habitacionais sobrepostas. Na segunda parte da pesquisa, Leitura dos projetos selecionados, foram realizadas as análises específicas a partir de dados obtidos primordialmente nos importantes canais de divulgação da produção arquitetônica, como as revistas ProjetoDesign e Arquitetura e Urbanismo; visitas realizadas às obras; conversa e coleta de dados com os escritórios de arquitetura; e redesenho dos projetos. Os textos de cada obra foram organizados a partir de assuntos que se repetem nos diferentes projetos: trajetória do arquiteto; agentes; partido de implantação; espaços exteriores; sistema estrutural e técnica construtiva; envoltória e unidade habitacional. Por fim, após cada leitura são expostas as fichas gráficas correspondentes, também organizadas por temas e escalas principais. A sistematização geral em grupos não engessa comparações apenas entre obras de uma mesma categoria, afinal, são vinculadas a múltiplos sistemas de valoração e possuem cada uma separadamente um conjunto de características muito particulares que, em determinados momentos, são comparáveis ou não a outros projetos, tratando-se, portanto, de uma produção heterogênea e singular. Desse modo, na terceira parte, Análise comparativa e considerações finais por temas presentes nos projetos selecionados, é realizado o cruzamento dos diversos assuntos presentes nos projetos, sendo possível perceber que as obras não representam tipos bem definidos, e sim, possuem ideias que ora pertence a um grupo temático e ora pertence a outro. Também foram identificadas situações de projetos onde os agentes empreendedores principais são os próprios arquitetos, ou situações com empreendedores que valorizam a arquitetura autoral de qualidade, entre outros agentes relevantes a pesquisa. O redesenho dos projetos foi de suma importância para algumas conclusões. Também é importante mencionar que não se trata de imaginar que as iniciativas destacadas devam ser entendidas como modelos de \"boa arquitetura\" a serem seguidos exclusivamente, ao mesmo tempo, os projetos selecionados conseguem expor alternativas superiores em qualidade ao que parece ser a regra do mercado imobiliário que rege decadentemente as cidades. / Nowadays, the view in São Paulo and also in other cities is known by a tiring and without creativity production, badly represented for the same habitable buildings which have no connection to the urban context where they belong to, conceived by housing investors who really do not care to the architect\'s authorship value as a contribution to their project. Basing on this picture the research initiates from one question: Where are the good and innovative projects among the usual and traditional proposals? Collective Housing: A Contemporary and Differential Proposal in São Paulo presents a current study of collective habitation essays in São Paulo metropolitan region since the beginning of XXI century that was apparently a period of intense construction, although not necessarily a good quality of construction. Calling this paper a differential proposal is positive for the fact that the buildings here proposed contribute to new agents possibilities, urban lots occupation, new building techniques, other options of heading the program, among many possibilities revealed that often are lowered in a usual commercial production. The selected projects were divides in three principal groups: horizontal residential buildings, medium upright buildings with superposed housing units and upright buildings with superposed housing units. In the second part of the paper, reading of the selected projects, particular analysis were made using information retrieved from respectable media channels of architectural production as ProjetoDesign and Arquitetura e Urbanismo magazines\' articles, while visiting the projects location, interviewing architecture offices\' staff and redrawing the projects. Each proposal text was organized according to the most frequent topics that appear in the different projects: architect\'s career, agents, implantation party, outdoors areas, structural systems and building techniques, envelopment and housing units. At last, after each reading the corresponding graphic card is exposed and also organized by subjects and main scales. The general group systematization doesn\'t obligate one to compare projects among the same category, once they are connected to multiple valorization systems and own individually a group of peculiar characteristics that in certain moments are comparable or not to other projects, being a mixed and singular production at the same time. In this way, the third part, Comparative analysis and final considerations about selected projects\' themes is found a crossing of many projects\' subjects where it\'s possible to notice that the proposals don\'t represent a well-defined type, otherwise they own ideas that in a moment belong to a thematic group and in another doesn\'t. It was observed as well situations where the principal entrepreneur agents were architects or situations where the architect\'s authorship is appreciated by the entrepreneur. The projects\' redrawing were essential to some conclusions. Finally it\'s good to mention that the chosen proposals are not necessarily considered \"good architecture\" to be exclusively followed, at the same time, the chosen proposals can expose superior alternatives regarding to quality which seems to be the housing market rule that guides the cities in a decadent way.

Buildings can play an essential role in the transition to a sustainable society. Different strategies, including improved energy efficiency in buildings, substitution of carbon intensive materials and fuels, efficient energy supply among others can be employed for this purpose. In this thesis, the implications of different insulation materials, modelling and design strategies on primary energy use of residential buildings are studied using life cycle and system perspective. Specifically, the effects of different insulation materials on production primary energy and CO2 emission of buildings with different energy performance are analysed. The results show that application of extra insulation materials to building envelope components reduces the operating primary energy use but more primary energy is required for the insulation material production. This also slightly increases the CO2 emissions from material production. The increases in primary energy use and CO2 emissions are mainly due to the variations in the quantities, types and manufacturing processes of the insulation materials. Thus, choice of renewable based materials with energy efficient manufacturing is important to reduce primary energy use and GHG emissions for building material production. Uncertainties related to building modelling input parameters and assumptions and how they influence energy balance calculations of residential buildings are explored. The implications on energy savings of different energy efficiency measures are also studied. The results show that input data and assumptions used for energy balance simulations of buildings vary widely in the Swedish context giving significant differences in calculated energy demand for buildings. Among the considered parameters, indoor air temperature, internal heat gains and efficiency of ventilation heat recovery (VHR) have significant impacts on the simulated building energy performance as well as on the energy efficiency measures. The impact of parameter interactions on calculated space heating of buildings is rather small but increases with more parameter combinations and more energy efficient buildings. Detailed energy characterisation of household equipment and technical installations used in a building is essential to accurately calculate the energy demand, particularly for a low energy building. The design and construction of new buildings present many possibilities to minimise both heating and cooling demands over the lifecycle of buildings, and also in the context of climate change. Various design strategies and measures are analysed for buildings with different energy performance under different climate scenarios. These include household equipment and technical installations based on best available technology, bypassing the VHR unit, solar shading of windows, combinations of window u- and g-values, different proportions of glazed window areas and façade orientations and mechanical cooling. The results show that space heating and cooling demands vary significantly with the energy performance of buildings as well as climate scenarios. Space heating demand decreases while space cooling demand and the risk of overheating increase considerably with warmer climate. The space cooling demand and overheating risk are more significant for buildings with higher energy performance. Significant reductions are achieved in the operation final energy demands and overheating is avoided or greatly reduced when different design strategies and measures are implemented cumulatively under different climate change scenarios. The primary energy efficiency of heat supply systems depends on the heat production technology and type of fuel use. Analysis of the interaction between different design strategies and heat supply options shows that the combination of design strategies giving the lowest primary energy use for space heating and cooling varies between heat supply from district heating with combined heat and power (CHP) and heat only boilers (HOB). The primary energy use for space heating is significantly lower when the heat supply is from CHP rather than HOB. Operation primary energy use is significantly reduced with slight increase in production primary energy when the design strategies are implemented. The results suggest that significant primary energy reductions are achievable under climate change, if new buildings are designed with appropriate strategies.

Den nuvarande EU-strategin för hållbar utveckling har som övergripande syfte att fastställa och utveckla åtgärder så att livskvaliteten ständigt kan förbättras, både för nuvarande och kommande generationer. En del i strategin är klimatmål som i första skedet sträcker sig till år 2020, dess medlemsstater ska då bland annat ha reducerat både sin energianvändning och sina utsläpp av växthusgaser med 20 %. I Sverige står bostad- och servicesektorn för 40 % av landets energianvändning, de har själva satt målet till 25 % besparing. Nya strategier och höjd energieffektivitet ska leda till att målet nås. Ett viktigt utvecklingsområde är uppvärmning av byggnader som står för 60 % av sektorns energianvändning. En stor del av bostadsbeståndet anses ha en energisparpotential på 20-50 %. Vid sidan av förbättringsåtgärder på bostäders klimatskal är val av värmesystem av stor vikt. Bland flerbostadshus står fjärrvärme för över 90 % av levererad värmeenergi. Genom att komplettera fjärrvärme med frånluftsvärmepump kan byggnadens energieffektivitet höjas och fastighetsägare kan göra en ekonomisk vinst i minskad mängd köpt energi. Fjärrvärmeleverantörer har svarat mot denna utveckling genom att förändra sina abonnemang så att värmesystemet blir överdimensionerat en stor del av året, därigenom blir värmepumpen överflödig. I denna fallstudie undersöks ett flerbostadshus i orten Grums, där frånluftsvärmepump redan installerats innan fjärrvärmeabonnemanget förändrades. Det nya abonnemanget innebär att fastighetsägare måste välja vilken maximal baseffekt de kan få levererad under året. En utredning är nödvändig för att säkerställa vilket val som ger en stabil och låg kostnad vid olika temperaturvariationer. Ur fastighetsägares perspektiv är problemet av ekonomisk karaktär, men denna studie undersöker även kombinationen fjärrvärme med värmepump med hänsyn till energianvändning och hållbarhetsmässig aspekt. Drivs värmesystemet på bästa sätt idag eller går det att hitta alternativa driftsätt som fungerar bättre? Målsättningen är primärt att reducera bränsleanvändning med 25 %, sekundärt minska koldioxidalstring och samtidigt sänka livscykelkostnaden för värmepumpen samt att i tredje hand reducera mängd köpt energi. Målen ska nås vid årsmedeltemperatur 5-7 ºC. För närvarande används frånluftsvärmepump som basvärme till radiatorkrets och varmvatten medan fjärrvärme täcker underskott av husets värmebehov. Nuvarande driftsätt jämförs med två alternativ. Alternativ 1 innebär byte till värmepump med mer effekt samt att fjärrvärme värmer tappvarmvatten, i övrigt körs värmesystem på samma sätt som förut. I Alternativ 2 ändras driftsätt så att fjärrvärmes baseffekt utnyttjas maximalt och värmepump körs då vald baseffekt inte täcker värmebehov. Frånsett att värmepump byts i ena fallet är inga ominstallationer nödvändiga. I studien används Microsoft Excel och varaktighetsdiagram för att utföra beräkningar. Resultaten visar att ingen av alternativen når fullständig måluppfyllelse, dock når alternativ 1 högre måluppfyllelse i och med att det primära målet (resursbesparing) i vart fall nås delvis. Studien visar att flerbostadshus, liknande referensobjektet, kan anpassa både drift av befintligt värmesystem och val av baseffekt (fjärrvärme) för att nå ekonomisk vinst. Ökad användning av fjärrvärme minskar indirekt koldioxidalstring men ökar resursanvändning. Byte av frånluftsvärmepump reducerar köpt energi vilket leder till minskad resursanvändning och bättre ekonomi, dock ökar elanvändning vilket ger marginellt tillskott av koldioxidalstring. / The overall aim of the current EU strategy Sustainable Development is to identify and develop measures to ensure that quality of life can be constantly improved, both for present and future generations. A part of the strategy is the climate targets which in the first phase extend to 2020. Its Member States shall then have reduced both their energy use and greenhouse gas emissions by 20 %. In Sweden the residential and service sector stands for 40 % of the country's energy use, they have themselves set the target to 25 % savings. New policies and improved energy efficiency will lead to completion. An important area of development is the heating of buildings, which accounts for 60 % of the sector's energy use. A large part of the housing stock is considered to have an energy savings potential of 20-50 %. Next to the improvement of the building envelope, the selection of heating system is of great importance. More than 90 % of delivered heat energy to the apartment blocks in Sweden comes from district heating. By supplementing district heating with exhaust air heat pumps, the building's energy efficiency can be increased and building owners can make a financial gain in the reduced amount of purchased energy. District heating distributers have responded to this development by changing their subscriptions, making the heating system oversized much of the year, thereby the heat pump becomes more or less redundant. In this case study, the heating system of an apartment building in the town of Grums (Sweden) is of interest. The exhaust air heat pump was already installed before the district heating subscription was changed. The new district heating subscription implicates that property owners have to choose which maximum base effect they can get delivered all year round. An investigation is necessary to ensure that the selected option provides a stable and low cost at different temperature. From the property owner's perspective, the problem is of economic nature. This study however, concentrates on the combination of district heating with heat pumps seen from the energy use and sustainability aspect. Is the heating system working in the best way today, or it is possible to find alternative modes that work better? The target with this study is to find an operational mode that primarily will reduce fuel use by 25%, secondary will lower carbon dioxide generation and cut life-cycle cost of the heat pump and thirdly will reduce the amount of purchased energy. These targets must be achieved within the annual outside temperature of 5-7 ºC. Currently the exhaust air heat pump is used as basic heat, warming up radiators and domestic hot water while district heating covers the deficit of the house's heating demand. Current operating mode is compared with two alternatives. Option 1 involves a change of the heat pump, to one with more power, district heating will heat the domestic hot water and will continuously work as a backup for the heat pump. In Option 2, the operation mode is altered to optimize use of the district heating base effect, the heat pump runs only when the selected base effect does not cover the heating demand. Apart from that the heat pump is replaced in the first case, no reinstallation is required for these options. Study calculations are made by using Microsoft Excel and duration diagrams. The results shows that none of the options reach the targets completely, however, Option 1 is closer considering that the primary goal (saving resources) is reached in part. The study shows that heating systems in apartment buildings, similar to the reference object, can be adjusted as well as the choice of base effect (district heating) in order to successfully reduce environmental effects and/or achieve financial gain. Increased use of district heating indirectly reduces carbon dioxide generation but increases resource use. Replacement of exhaust air heat pump reduces purchased energy which leads to reduced use of resources and better economy, however, will increase electricity consumption, which gives a marginal addition contribution of carbon dioxide generation.

Construction of low-energy residential buildings (i.e. houses with low energy demand) in the Czech Republic is not as common as in other countries in the region. This thesis examines the reasons for such development and whether or which obstacles potential buyers face. The analysis of the economic choice between "regular" house and a low-energy building will be primarily based on comparison of basic parameters of both types of constructions. Data for this research will be taken from commercial developers. Quality analysis in the form of detailed interviews with developers, architects and potential buyers will follow. The last section of this thesis will deal with the approach of Czech media towards low-energy development. Presentation of this issue to the public will be examined by the frequency and content of reports.

O objetivo desta dissertação é propor diretrizes de projeto para integração do sistema de aquecimento solar (SAS) em edificações residenciais com base na abordagem do desempenho. O trabalho restringe-se ao sistema de água para abastecimento doméstico, composto por coletores planos fechados sem concentração. A investigação teórica é fundamentada na bibliografia sobre o SAS no contexto brasileiro e internacional, sendo descritas as características gerais do sistema e seus componentes. Entrevistas realizadas com profissionais atuantes na área e participações em treinamentos técnicos permitiram a coleta de dados sobre projeto, dimensionamento e instalação, além da identificação das causas do baixo rendimento e das falhas recorrentes durante o uso, operação e manutenção do SAS. São apresentados os requisitos e critérios de desempenho para o projeto do SAS com base na articulação dos conteúdos de documentos técnicos, normas, recomendações de fabricantes, profissionais projetistas e centros de pesquisa sobre o tema. Esses dados foram organizados tendo como referência de escopo da norma NBR 15.575/10, destacando os requisitos relacionados: (a) à segurança estrutural, (b) à segurança contra incêndio, (c) à segurança no uso e operação, (d) à estanqueidade, (e) ao desempenho acústico, (f) à saúde, higiene e qualidade da água, (g) à funcionalidade e acessibilidade, (h) ao conforto tátil e antropodinâmico, (i) à durabilidade e (j) à manutenibilidade. A interpretação dos requisitos e critérios de desempenho, segundo a lógica do programa de necessidades, permitiu a hierarquização das necessidades dos usuários, priorizando os atributos de projeto que contribuem para o maior rendimento do sistema e para a segurança no uso, operação e manutenção do SAS. As principais diretrizes de projeto consideram os requisitos de desempenho relacionados (a) às condicionantes locais quanto à orientação solar, latitude e sombreamento (b) ao posicionamento dos elementos e componentes construtivos; (c) ao dimensionamento e arranjos espaciais da edificação. Esta pesquisa buscou fornecer elementos técnicos para o planejamento do SAS desde as fases iniciais do projeto de modo contribuir para o melhor desempenho geral do sistema. / The objective is to propose design guidelines for integrating solar heating system (SHS) in residential buildings based on the performance approach. The work is restricted to the water system for domestic supply, composed of flat plate collectors closed without concentration. The research is based on the theoretical literature on the SHS in the Brazilian and international contexts, and describes the general characteristics of the system and presents an overview of incentive programs and quality control of SHS in Brazil. Interviews with professionals of the area and participation in technical training allowed the collection of data on design, sizing and installation, in addition to identifying the causes of low performance and recurring failures during use, operation and maintenance of SHS. The requirements and performance criteria for the design of SHS are presented, based on the articulation of the contents of technical documents, standards, recommendations of manufacturers, professional designers and research on the subject. These data were organized with reference to the scope of the NBR 15.575/10, highlighting the related requirements: (a) the structural safety, (b) fire safety, (c) the safe use and operation, (d) tightness, (e) the acoustic performance, (f) health, hygiene and water quality, (g) functionality and accessibility, (h) comfort and tactile anthropometric, (i) durability and (j) maintainability. The interpretation of the requirements and performance criteria, according to the logic of the program, allowed the hierarchy of users\' needs, prioritizing the design attributes that contribute to greater system performance and safety in the usage, operation and maintenance of SAS. The main design guidelines consider the performance requirements relating to (a) the constraints on the local solar radiation, temperature and shading, (b) the positioning of elements and building components, (c) the design and spatial arrangement of the building. This study aimed to provide technical information for planning the SHS from the early stages of the project in order to contribute to better overall system performance.

A presente dissertação apresenta como objeto de estudo os projetos de reforma para apartamentos situados em edifícios projetados e construídos nas décadas de 1940 e 1950 no bairro de Higienópolis, em São Paulo. Para possibilitar o registro e a caracterização da transformação desses apartamentos, foram elaborados meios de leitura aplicados em cinco estudos de caso. Os meios de leitura recorrem ao redesenho das plantas e foram baseados em um referencial teórico que trata de análises de projetos utilizando recursos gráficos. O objetivo desta dissertação é a compreensão das transformações dos espaços internos dos apartamentos que foram projetados com preceitos modernistas. Para além de tal questão, a pesquisa tem como objetivos específicos identificar características do projeto de requalificação do espaço, aferindo em que medida o projeto original ofereceu flexibilidade suficiente para que o habitat pudesse absorver a dinâmica do modo de vida. A verificação de uma lacuna teórica acerca de projetos de requalificações residenciais, evidenciou a relevância do tema, sugerindo a necessidade do desenvolvimento de uma metodologia de pesquisa. Ainda, esse estudo indicou que os recursos gráficos se apresentaram fundamentais para a leitura do espaço interno dos apartamentos. / The present dissertation presents as an object of study the renovation projects for apartments located in buildings built in the 1940s and 1950s in the district of Higienópolis, in São Paulo. In order to make possible the registration and the characterization of the transformation of these apartments, means of reading were developed in five case studies. The means of reading refers to the redesign of the plants and were based on a theoretical reference that deals with projetct analyzes using graphic resources. The purpose of this dissertation is to understand the transformations of the internal spaces of the apartments that were designed with modernist precepts. In addition to such an issue, the research has the specific objectives of identifying characteristics of the space requalification project, assessing to what extent the original project offered enough flexibility so that the habitat could absorb the dynamics of the way of life. The verification of a theoretical gap regarding residential requalification projects, evidenced the relevance of the theme, suggesting the need to develop a research methodology. Still, this study indicated that the graphic resources were fundamental for reading the internal space of the apartments.

A arquitetura residencial coletiva, representada pelos edifícios multifamiliares voltados para as massas que habitam as áreas urbanas, é o maior protagonista da arquitetura cotidiana, desde o início do século XX, período que desenvolveu, propagou e consolidou o repertório formal, normativo e estético dessa célebre tipologia. As motivações que impulsionaram o desenvolvimento dessa nova forma de moradia coincidiram com uma enorme carência social e com a emergência por alojamentos, fato que assolou grande parte da população migrante que chegava às cidades, somadas às consequências das Grandes Guerras na Europa. A esses indivíduos, desorientados, restaram absorver as imposições da habitação coletiva - rígida, padronizada e uniforme - oferecida, muitas vezes, sob a égide do estado socialista, preocupado prioritariamente com aspectos quantitativos, dimensionais e higiênicos. Essa conjuntura moderna é escrutinada ao início do trabalho, bem como o papel da escola Vkutemas e do taylorismo como agentes de transformação da arte, da cultura e da sociedade do século XX. Apesar das incontestáveis contribuições à racionalização e à ciência da edificação, após um século, acredita-se que as mesmas regras, essencialmente modernas e universalizantes, ainda dominem a produção imobiliária atual: repetição idêntica de apartamentos tipo, preceitos funcionalistas, exigências mínimas relativas à habitabilidade, normas dimensionais padronizadas. Esses critérios, álibis perfeitos para uma arquitetura direcionada a usuários desconhecidos, disseminam, ainda hoje, modelos de caráter universal, reforçados por estratégias mercadológicas que homogeneízam o comportamento e pouco favorecem o uso diversificado do espaço da habitação, condição indispensável ao sujeito contemporâneo, ao estilo de vida plural das novas estruturas familiares, às rápidas transformações sociais, tecnológicas e culturais do mundo contemporâneo. Com o propósito de devolver ao morador tipificado um espaço doméstico de manifestação espontânea, imprevisível e natural, adequado às novas formas de vida, o trabalho investiga, ao longo do século XX, mecanismos de flexibilidade arquitetônica capazes de promover a adaptabilidade, a transformação e a particularização do espaço residencial, preceitos indispensáveis à satisfação do usuário e às diferentes necessidades ao longo do seu ciclo familiar. A sistematização de um amplo instrumental de flexibilidade é o produto primordial deste trabalho, capaz de nortear a concepção de novo projetos e a adequação de estruturas preexistentes, no intuito de promover, a partir da modificação de usos e da redefinição programática, novas respostas para o bem-estar físico e emocional dos usuários. / The collective residential architecture, represented by the multifamily buildings directed to people who live in the urban areas, has been the greatest protagonist of the everyday architecture since the beginning of the 20th century, period when has developed, expanded and consolidated the formal, normative and esthetic collection of this famous typology. The motivations that propelled the development of this new way of dwelling house coincided with an enormous social lacking and with the need for accommodations, fact that devastated a large part of the migrant population that reached the cities, in addition to the consequences of the Great Wars in Europe. To these disorientated individuals was left over to absorb the collective dwelling impositions - stiffness, standardized, uniform - offered sometimes as assistance from a socialist state, worried mainly with quantitative, hygienic and dimensional aspects. This modern conjuncture is scrutinized at the beginning of the work, as well the role of the \"Vkutemas\" school and of the taylorism as transformation agents of art, culture and of the 20th century society. In spite of the incontestable contributions to the rationalization and to the science of building, after a century, one believes that the same rules, essentially modern and universal, still dominate the current property production: identical repetition of type flats, functional concepts, minimal requirements for inhabitable conditions, standardized size norms. These criteria, perfect alibi for an architecture directed to unknown users, spread even today models of universal mark, reinforced by marketing strategies that homogenize the behavior and much little favour the diversified use of the housing space, which is an essential condition for the contemporary individual, for the plural life style of the new family structures, for the fast social, technological and cultural transformations of the contemporary world. With the objective to give the typified resident back a domestic space of spontaneous manifestation, unforeseeable and natural, adequated to the new ways of life, the work investigates, over the 20th century, mechanisms of architectural flexibility able to promote the adaptability, the transformation and the particularity of the residential space, precepts indispensable to the user satisfaction and to the different necessities along his family cycle. The systematization of a broad instrument of flexibility is the main product of this work, capable of leading the conception of new projects and the adaptation of pre-existing structures, in order to promote, from the modification of uses and from the programmatic redefinition, new answers for the physical and emotional well-being of the users.

Submitted by JOSIANE SANTOS DE OLIVEIRA (josianeso) on 2017-09-29T14:31:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Cláudia Kraemer Legonde_.pdf: 14867391 bytes, checksum: 2dac8f426150ee70eb84fddb15ea32e8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-29T14:31:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cláudia Kraemer Legonde_.pdf: 14867391 bytes, checksum: 2dac8f426150ee70eb84fddb15ea32e8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-07-26 / Nenhuma / A imprevisibilidade que surge ao passar do tempo, as mudanças no modo de viver das pessoas, a globalização e o desenvolvimento da tecnologia têm exigido habitações residenciais que sejam capazes de adaptar-se a tais transformações. A flexibilidade na arquitetura consiste na capacidade que um projeto ou edificação tem de se adequar às necessidades ou exigências dos usuários de um modo racional. O cenário atual composto de lançamentos imobiliários de arranjo espacial limitado, convencional e repetitivo, força os usuários a modificarem suas habitações por meio de demolições, reformas, e consequentes perdas ambientais. Diante disso, cabe ao projetista utilizar a flexibilidade como estratégia para garantir uma qualidade maior ao projeto de arquitetura, propondo a aplicação de novos materiais e soluções construtivas. O principal objetivo deste trabalho é identificar diretrizes de projeto que promovam a flexibilidade em edificações residenciais, bem como analisar a sua aplicação no mercado imobiliário. O método de pesquisa utilizado teve como referência uma revisão bibliográfica para um melhor entendimento do assunto. As diretrizes propostas foram detalhadas e exemplificadas, divididas nos seguintes itens: estrutura independente, modulação estrutural, planta livre, divisórias internas leves, divisórias móveis, fachada livre, núcleos de serviços, shafts de instalações, forro rebaixado e piso elevado. Com o intuito de expor a aplicação prática da flexibilidade, foram selecionadas cinco edificações residenciais multifamiliares flexíveis oferecidas no mercado imobiliário brasileiro. Estas edificações foram analisadas quanto às estratégias de flexibilidade utilizadas e quanto aos tipos de flexibilidade existentes apresentados por autores pesquisados. Como resultados das análises, observa-se que praticamente todas as diretrizes de projeto propostas foram utilizadas de alguma forma nas edificações analisadas, promovendo diversos tipos de flexibilidade. Para que a flexibilidade seja alcançada, estas diretrizes devem estar combinadas formando um sistema flexível, e precisam ser inseridas logo na fase de projeto da edificação, que possui os menores custos e as maiores possibilidades de intervenção. A utilização da flexibilidade na arquitetura traz satisfação aos usuários e o aumento no desempenho e na vida útil das edificações, colaborando, desse modo, com a sustentabilidade na construção civil. / The rinsing of unpredictability over time, changes in people's way of life, globalization and the development of technology have required residential housing capable of adapting to such transformations. Flexibility in architecture is about the ability to adapt to the needs or requirements of users in a rational way. The current scenario of limited, conventional, and repetitive space arrangement, offered by real estate market, forces users to modify their homes through demolitions, renovations, and consequent environmental losses. In view of this, it is up to the designer to use flexibility as a strategy to ensure a higher quality architecture project, proposing the application of new materials and constructive solutions. The main objective of this work is to identify design guidelines that promote flexibility in residential buildings, as well as to analyze their application in the real estate market. The research method used had as reference a bibliographic review for a better understanding of the subject. The proposed guidelines were detailed and exemplified, divided into the following items: independent structure, structural modulation, free plan, light internal partitions, movable partitions, free facade, service cores, installation shafts, recessed ceiling and raised floor. With the purpose of exposing the practical application of flexibility, we selected five flexible residential multifamily buildings currently offered in the Brazilian real estate market. These buildings were analyzed for the flexibility strategies used and the existing types of flexibility presented by researched authors. As a result , it is observed that practically all proposed project guidelines were used in some way in the analyzed buildings, promoting several types of flexibility. In order for flexibility to be achieved, these guidelines must be combined to form a flexible system, and must be inserted in the design phase of the building, which has the lowest costs and the greatest possibilities for intervention. The use of flexibility in the architecture brings satisfaction to the users and the increase in the performance and the useful life of the buildings, thus collaborating with the sustainability in the civil construction.