Orientador: Márcio Garcia Ribeiro / Coorientador: José Paes de Almeida Nogueira Pinto / Banca: Antonio Carlos Paes / Banca: Hélio Langoni / Banca: Maria de Lourdes Ribeiro de Souza da Cunha / Banca: Nilson Roberti Benites / Resumo: O presente estudo avaliou a qualidade microbiológica, as características físicoquímicas e a presença de resíduos de antimicrobianos em leite de mulheres, vacas e cabras, bem como investigou a multirresistência bacteriana à antimicrobianos e a detecção de genes e produção de toxinas em linhagens de Staphylococcus spp. Foram colhidas 240 amostras de leite de mulheres encaminhadas ao Banco de Leite Humano (BLH) de Botucatu, SP, 200 amostras de leite de vacas com mastite e 200 de vacas sem mastite. Iguais quantidades de amostras de leite foram colhidas de cabras com e sem mastite. Dentre os tetos amostrados de vacas e cabras com mastite, 85,50% e 97,50% respectivamente acusaram mastite subclínica no CMT. A mastite clínica foi observada em 14,50% dos tetos de vacas e 2,50% dos tetos de cabras amostrados. A presença de micro-organismos em leite de vacas e cabras sem mastite foi verificada em cerca de 25,00% das amostras de leite testadas, alertando para a presença de animais portadores de patógenos no rebanho. A acidez dornic do leite de mulheres revelou que 95,42% encontraram-se dentro dos limites aceitáveis pela Rede Nacional de BLH. O aporte calórico do leite humano (LH) apresentou ampla variação nos teores de creme, gordura e valor energético. A acidez dornic do leite de vacas e cabras com e sem mastite apresentaram ampla variação indicando que outros fatores, além da contaminação microbiana do leite, podem interferir nos índices de acidez titulável. Staphylococcus spp. e Enterobacter spp. foram os isolados mais frequentes em amostras de LH. Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp. e Corynebacterium bovis foram os micro-organismos mais comumente... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The present study evaluated the microbiological quality, the characteristics physicist-chemistries and the presence of antimicrobials residues in milk of women, cows and goats, as well as investigated the bacterial multidrug resistance and the detection of genes and/or toxin production in Staphylococcus spp. strains. Was collected 240 milk samples from women referred to the Human Milk Bank (HMB) in Botucatu, 200 milk samples from cows with mastitis and 200 cows without mastitis. Equal amounts of milk samples were collected from goats with and without mastitis. Among the sampled cows and goats teats with mastitis, 85.50% and 97.50% respectively accused subclinical mastitis on CMT. Clinical mastitis was observed in 14.50% of cows teats and 2.50% of the sampled goats teats. The presence of microorganisms in milk from cows and goats without mastitis was found in about 25.00% of the milk samples tested, warning of the presence of pathogens from animals in the herd. Dornic acidity of woman's milk revealed that 95.42% were within acceptable limits by the National Network of HMB. Calorie intake of human milk (HM) showed wide variation in the amounts of cream, fat and energy value. Dornic acidity of cows and goats milk with and without mastitis showed wide variation indicating that other factors in addition to microbial contamination of milk can interfere with acidity indices. Staphylococcus spp. and Enterobacter spp. were the most frequently isolated in samples of human milk. Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp. and Corynebacterium bovis were the microorganisms most commonly isolated in milk cows with and without mastitis. In milk samples from goats with and without... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Antibiotics are nedůležitějším means that the company has in the fight against bacterial infections. The discovery of penicillin by Sir A.Flemingem in 1928 , its isolation Chaine and Floreym in 1940 and subsequent clinical use have meant that until serious or fatal bacterial infectious diseases are today curable . In the following years there have been many more antibiotics or chemotherapeutics , which expands treatment options microbial infections . The high popularity of antibiotics in clinical practice over the course of a few decades taken their toll. Substantial consumption of antimicrobial agents and their misuse has led to the emergence of bacterial resistance with which the discovery of antibiotics planned. Adverse the result is a reduced capacity in the selection of antibiotic therapy in the causal infection. This poses a huge risk to the current population , but especially for the next generation . It may even occur to the fact that the antibiotics used today lost due to bacterial resistance efficiency, and we will not be able to fight against bacteria . One of the branches of medicine where there permanently increased consumption of antibiotics , pediatrics . Children have limited immune mechanisms , and therefore constitute a population that is more susceptible to infections. Most often ,...

O fluoreto (F) é amplamente empregado na Odontologia para o controle da cárie dentária. Entretanto apesar de suas propriedades terapêuticas, também pode oferecer riscos ao organismo se aplicado ou consumido de maneira indiscriminada ou inadequada. São encontrados estudos em humanos associando o consumo excessivo de F com intolerância à glicose. Estudos com animais submetidos a doses agudas ou crônicas altas de F revelam alterações na cascata de sinalização insulínica. Entretanto, seu efeito quando administrado em doses crônicas associadas àquelas equivalentes em humanos que recebam níveis ótimos de F através da água artificialmente fluoretada ou níveis aumentados através da água naturalmente fluoretada, ou ainda quando administrado a animais com diabetes já instalada, nunca foi testado. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar, em ratos normais ou com diabetes já instalada, expostos cronicamente a doses de F na água de beber que simulam a ingestão de F pela água natural e artificialmente fluoretada, parâmetros relacionados à interferência do F na resistência à insulina. Para tanto, foram utilizados inicialmente 214 ratos Wistar, com 60 dias de idade. Dentre estes, foi induzido diabetes em 133 animais por injeção intraperitoneal de estreptozotocina (50 mg/Kg peso corporal), sendo que 111 animais tiveram diabetes confirmado e foram aleatoriamente alocados a 3 grupos, diferindo em relação à concentração de F na água de beber (0, 10 ou 50 ppm), com a qual foram tratados por 22 dias. Oitenta e um animais não diabéticos foram também aleatoriamente alocados a estes 3 grupos. Decorrido o período experimental, os animais foram eutanasiados e foram avaliados: fluoremia, glicemia, insulinemia, concentração de F no fígado, a velocidade de desaparecimento da glicose sanguínea após estímulo insulínico (KITT), a resistência à insulina (HOMA2-IR), sensibilidade à insulina (%S) e função das células β pancreáticas (%B) e grau de fosforilação em tirosina do substrato do receptor de insulina pp185 (IRS-1/IRS-2) após estímulo insulínico, em tecidos muscular e hepático (Western blotting). As análises laboratoriais revelaram que: 1) houve dose-resposta para as concentrações de F no plasma e no fígado, sendo as concentrações maiores nos animais diabéticos comparados aos não diabéticos; 2) a glicemia não foi alterada mediante exposição ao F, tanto para animais não diabéticos quanto para animais diabéticos, embora estes tenham apresentado glicemias significativamente mais altas que aqueles; 3) os animais diabéticos apresentaram uma insulinemia significativamente menor quando comparados aos não diabéticos e o tratamento com F não afetou a insulinemia nos animais não diabéticos, mas a reduziu nos diabéticos, sem efeito dose-resposta; 4) a KITT foi significativamente menor nos animais diabéticos comparados aos não diabéticos (controle e tratados com 10 ppm F); 5) independentemente do tratamento com F, a %B nos animais diabéticos foi significativamente menor que aquela observada para os não diabéticos; 6) o índice HOMA2-IR e a %S não apresentaram diferenças significativas nem para os tratamentos com F nem para os animais diabéticos e não diabéticos, sendo que para aqueles foi observada uma tendência de aumento nos grupos tratados com F, especialmente para o grupo de 10 ppm F; 7) não houve alteração significativa no grau de fosforilação em tirosina da pp185 em função do tratamento com F. / Fluoride (F) is broadly used in Dentistry for caries control. However, despite its therapeutic properties, when used in excess, toxic signs and symptoms may occur. Studies conducted with humans have reported association between excessive F intake and glucose intolerance. Studies conducted with animals submitted to acute or high chronic doses of F have revealed alterations in the insulin signaling pathway. However, its effect when administered in chronic doses that simulate those present in the artificially or naturally fluoridated water ingested by humans, or when ingested by diabtetic animals, was not evaluated before. The present study aimed to evaluate in normoglycemic or diabetic rats chronically exposed to water containing F levels that simulate those present in the artificially or naturally fluoridated water, parameters related to the interference of F in the insulin resistance. For this purpose, 214 60-dayold Wistar rats were initially employed. Among these, diabetes was induced in 133 animals through intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (50 mg/Kg body weight).From these, 111 diabetic animals were randomly allocated to 3 groups that differed according to the F concentration on the water (0, 10 or 50 ppm) that was drank for 22 days. Eight-one non-diabetc animals were allocated to the same groups. After the experimental period, animals were euthanized and the following parameters were evaluated: fluoremia, glucemia, insulinemia, F concentration in the liver, velocity of disappearance of blood glucose (KITT), insulin resistance (HOMA2-IR), insulin sensitivity (%S), function of β pancreatic cells (%B), degree of insulin receptor substrate tyrosine phosphorylation state (pp 185, IRS-1/IRS-2) - after insulin stimulus in liver and muscle (Western blotting). Laboratory analyses revealed: 1) doseresponse for plasma and liver F concentrations that were higher in the diabetic animals compared to those non-diabetic; 2) glucemia was not altered upon exposure to F, both for non-diabetic and diabetic animals, despite the latter presented higher values compared to the first; 3) diabetic animals had significantly lower insulinemia when compared to non-diabetic animals; treatment with F did not affect insulinemia in non-diabetic animals, mas reduced this parameter in diabetic animals, without dose-response; 4) KITT was significantly lower in diabetic animals compared to non-diabetic animals (control and treated with water containing 10 ppm F); 5) Regardless treatment with F, %B in diabetic animals was significantly lower than the same parameter in non-diabetic animals; 6) HOMA2-IR and %S did not present significant differences in function of treatment with F or condition (diabetes or not); for the diabetic animals these parameters were slightly increased in the groups treated with F (specially 10 ppm F); 7) the status of phosphorylation of pp185 did not change upon treatment with F.

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2016-10-20T12:53:52Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) ANÁLISE FENOTÍPICA E GENÉTICA DE FATORES VIRULÊNCIA DE ISOLADOS CLÍNICOS DE Pseudomonas aeruginosa MULTIDROGA-SENSÍVEL E MULTIDROGA-RESISTENTE.pdf: 1188065 bytes, checksum: 3d201d9ccfc4ba0e5a0ef45cce7f7056 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-20T12:53:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) ANÁLISE FENOTÍPICA E GENÉTICA DE FATORES VIRULÊNCIA DE ISOLADOS CLÍNICOS DE Pseudomonas aeruginosa MULTIDROGA-SENSÍVEL E MULTIDROGA-RESISTENTE.pdf: 1188065 bytes, checksum: 3d201d9ccfc4ba0e5a0ef45cce7f7056 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-29 / CNPq / Pseudomonas aeruginosa é um patógeno humano oportunista responsável por causar uma enorme variedade de infecções agudas e crônicas com níveis significativos de morbidade e mortalidade. A sua plasticidade genética e metabólica possibilitou o desenvolvimento de isolados multidroga-resistentes (MDR) e a capacidade de expressar de inúmeros fatores de virulência. Este trabalho teve como objetivo correlacionar o padrão de susceptibilidade antimicrobiana, a produção de fatores de virulência através de técnicas fenotípicas (protease alcalina, hemolisina, fosfolipase C, lipase e pigmentos) e genéticas (genes aprA, lasA, lasB, plcH e toxA) e a variabilidade genética de 30 isolados clínicos de P. aeruginosa isoladas de diferentes sítios de infecção, sendo 15 isolados multidroga-sensível (MDS) e 15 MDR. Nossos resultados revelaram que 50% dos isolados foram resistentes a ceftazidima, sendo as cefalosporinas a classe antimicrobiana com mais isolados resistentes, principalmente entre isolados MDR onde todos foram resistentes. Entre os isolados MDS, todos foram sensíveis a carbapenêmicos e quinolonas. A grande diversidade apresentada no perfil de susceptibilidade às classes de antimicrobianos sugere a existência de associação de diversos mecanismos de resistência. Entre os isolados 53% foram amostras de secreção traqueal, entre estes todos os isolados sensíveis a todos os antimicrobianos testados. Em relação aos fatores de virulência os isolados MDR apresentaram menor produção de piocianina e lipase, e menor detecção dos genes toxA e lasA, enquanto os MDS, apresentaram menor produção de hemolisina e fosfolipase C. Não houve diferença entre os grupos para produção de protease alcalina e o gene aprA. Todos isolados apresentaram produção de piocianina e os genes lasB e plcH. Em relação ao perfil genético, foi encontrada uma grande diversidade, em um total de 30 isolados foi possível observar 28 perfis genéticos. A presença dos clones ocorreu entre os isolados MDR. Embora alguns estudos relatem que o acréscimo de mecanismos de resistência leva a diminuição dos fatores de virulência, sugerindo assim que, as cepas de P. aeruginosa MDR têm a virulência diminuída quando comparada com cepas MDS, neste trabalho dos resultados obtidos não constatamos esta tendência para produção de protease alcalina, hemolisina, fosfolipase C e para a detecção do gene aprA, sugerindo que esta correlação seja multifatorial. Contudo, a ocorrência destes fatores de virulência em quase todos os isolados estudados sugere um elevado nível de patogenicidade dos mesmos. Concluímos portanto, que P. aeruginosa é um patógeno capaz de acumular inúmeros fatores de virulência e frequentemente associado à multirresistência, o que dificulta o tratamento de infecções causadas por esta bactéria. / Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic human pathogen responsible for causing a wide variety of acute and chronic infections with significant levels of morbidity and mortality. Its genetic and metabolic plasticity enabled the development of multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains and the ability to express countless virulence factors. This paper aimed to correlate the pattern of antimicrobial susceptibility, the production of virulence factors through phenotyping techniques (alkaline protease, hemolysin, phospholipase C, lipase and pigments) and genetic (gene aprA, lasB, lasB, plcH e toxA) and the genetic variability of 30 clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa isolated from different sites of infection, 15 isolates multidrug-sensitive (MDS) and 15 MDR. Our results showed reveal that 50% of the isolates were resistant to ceftazidime, cephalosporin was the antimicrobial class with more resistant isolates, especially isolates MDR that were totally resistant to them. Among the isolated MDS, all were sensitive to carbapenems and quinolones. The large diversity presented in the susceptibility profile to antimicrobial classes suggests the existence of an association of several resistance mechanisms. Among the isolated 53% came from tracheal secretions, among them all isolates susceptible to all antimicrobials tested. Regarding virulence factors MDR isolates presented lower production pyocyanin and lipase, and lower detection toxA e lasA genes, since the MDS, showed lower production of hemolysin and phospholipase C. There was no difference between groups for the production of alkaline protease and aprA gene. All isolates presented pyocyanin production and lasB and plcH genes. In relation to genetic profile, it was verified a large diversity, in a totality of 30 isolates was observed 28 genetic profiles. The presence of clones occurred among the MDR isolates. Even though some studies to report that the increase of resistance mechanisms leads to the reduction of virulence factors, suggesting that the strains of P. aeruginosa MDR have decreased virulence strains compared with MDS, this work the results obtained we have not found this tendency to alkaline protease production, hemolysin, phospholipase C and for detecting aprA gene, suggesting that this correlation is multifactorial. However, the occurrence of these virulence factor in almost all isolates studied suggests a high level of pathogenicity the same. Therefore, it can be concluded that, P. aeruginosa is a pathogen with ability to accumulate several virulence factors and often associated to multiresistant complicating the treatment of infections caused by this bacterium.

A resistência à insulina é um problema cada vez mais presente na rotina clínica dos veterinários que trabalham com equídeos. A hiperinsulinemia resultante da resistência à insulina está associada a diversas alterações fisiológicas e podem levar a enfermidades graves como a Síndrome Metabólica Equina ou a Laminite que podem culminar na invalidez ou até morte do animal. O diagnóstico da resistência à insulina em equinos é baseado em modelos dos mesmos testes realizados em humanos. Até a presente data não há testes práticos, acessíveis e com sensibilidade e especificidade suficientemente capazes de diagnosticar a resistência à insulina em equinos. Em humanos e outros modelos animais a frutosamina é um biomarcados utilizado no diagnostico da resistência a insulina. A dosagem de frutosamina sérica é simples e barata, porém, seu uso no diagnostico da resistência à insulina em equinos ainda não foi testado. O presente estudo tem como objetivo avaliar a frutosamina em cavalos estabulados e sedentários diagnosticados com resistência à insulina por três diferentes métodos descritos em literatura sendo estes: Teste Combinado de Glicose e Insulina, Reciproco da Raiz Quadrada da Insulina (RRQI) e Relação Glicose-Insulina Modificada (RGIM). Além disso avaliamos a incidência de resistência à insulina em cavalos estabulados e sedentários. Todos os testes foram capazes de identificar grupos resistentes e não resistentes a insulina, porém com baixo concordância entre si. Apesar disso a dosagem de frutosamina sérica não diferiu entre os grupos formados a partir de qualquer um dos métodos diagnósticos de resistência à insulina. / Insulin resistance is an increasing problem in the clinical routine of equine veterinarians. The hyperinsulinemia resulting from insulin resistance is associated with several physiologic alterations and can lead to serious diseases like equine metabolic syndrome or laminitis which can to early retirement or animal death. Equine insulin resistance diagnosis is based in human tests. Until now, there is no practical, accessible, sensible and specificity test capable of diagnosing equine insulin resistance. In human and other animals model, frutosamine is simple and cheap biomarker use in this diagnosis, however its use for equine insulin resistence diagnosis never had been tested. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the fructosamine in stable and sedentary horses diagnosed with or without insulin resistance by three different methods described in the literature (Combined Glucose and Insulin Test - TCGI, Reciprocal of the Square Root of Insulin (RISQI) and Modified Insulin-to-Glucose Ratio (MIRG). For this, 17 adult male horses were evaluated. All tests were able to identify resistant and not resistant to insulin animals, but with low concordance between them. Regardless of the test used, the serum fructosamine dosage did not differ between the resistant and non-insulin resistant groups and could not be used as an early marker for insulin resistance in horses.

5 Abstract Resilience, stressing out the positive aspects of personality and ways of finding sources of support for the development of the internal forces of an individual despite challenging life circumstances has been receiving more and more attention recently from both professionals and the public. Results of the resilience research are affecting theoretical concepts, however, also the areas of intervention, psychotherapy, counseling and prevention programs as well. The subject of theoretical part of the thesis was the introduction to theoretical concepts of resilience and topics related to it. A special attention has been paid to the resilience to the trauma, as well as the results of research concerning resilience sources, risk and protective factors. The specifics of resilience relating to a given age group were discussed in the theoretical part. The subject of the empirical part was to develop a Czech version of the Resilience to Trauma Scale - Research Edition (RTS-RE) and its explorative analysis in order to create a pilot version, which could become a basis for subsequent wider use in research on resilience. For these purposes two other methods were used in addition to the Czech translation of RTS-RE, namely: Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) and the Personal Views Survey (PVS). The results of...

The research investigated consumers' decision-making process during pre-adoption and consumption stages of consumer-based technologies via the context of mobile apps. In an attempt to integrate consumer resistance in predicting the end-decisions to adopt/not adopt or continue/discontinue the use of a technology, the study presented some interesting findings. Employing the theoretical framework of cognitive appraisal theory, the study integrated the TAM, paradoxes of technology, and coping strategies to propose and empirically validate a process-based model of decision-making.Data were collected via a self-administered web-based survey. Two versions of the questionnaire were used to elicit consumers' responses from adopters and non-adopters of mobile apps. A total of 646 smartphone owners responded to the survey, of which, 375 respondents had downloaded apps in the past and 271 respondents had not downloaded any apps. The proposed hypotheses were tested using structural equation modeling.Results demonstrated that most part of the TAM3 framework is replicable in a consumer-based setting. Additional findings provided evidence for the strong role of goal relevance in the TAM framework. The study also supported the effect of perceived usefulness and perceived ease-of-use on different technology paradoxes. The factor structure of the technology paradoxes suggested three distinct dimensions. Consumers' evaluation of control, freedom, newness, assimilation, and fulfillment of need as derived from the use of mobile apps was captured by Perceived Benefits. The construct, Perceived Apprehension, comprised of consumers' assessment of the chaos, enslavement, obsolesce, isolation, and creation of needs as a result of using mobile apps. Finally, the factor, Perceived Obscurity, investigated the confusion and/or ambiguity within individuals by measuring their perceived inefficiency and incompetence in using mobile apps.Most importantly, separate investigations of the pre-adoption and consumption stages highlighted consumers' use of varying degrees of resistance as influenced by their appraisal of the technology. The non-adopters resisted the use of mobile apps by either being indifferent towards it or postponing the decision to adopt. The adopters of mobile apps were also found to reject its use by distancing, abandoning, or neglecting the apps. The role of positive coping investigated the positive behavioral tendencies employed by consumers to overcome the challenges of using mobile apps. Managerial implications are discussed.

Schnarchgeräusche treten als Symptom bei schlafbezogenen Atemstörungen auf. Hierbei wird vermutet, dass bei unterschiedlichen Atemstörungen verschiedenartige Schnarchgeräusche entstehen. Ein Zusammenhang zwischen Schnarchgeräuschen und klinischen, HNO-ärztlichen Untersuchungsbefunden wird ebenso diskutiert. Ziel der Arbeit war es, klinische und polysomnographische Befunde mit den analysierten Schnarchgeräuschen zu korrelieren, um Aussagen über die Schwere einer schlafbezo-genen Atemstörung und über die pathologischen Befunde des oberen Respirations-traktes auf Grund einer Frequenzanalyse der Schnarchgeräusche machen zu können. An der Studie nahmen 58 Patienten mit Verdacht auf schlafbezogene Atemstörung teil (8 weibliche und 50 männliche Patienten). Diese Patienten wurden im Rahmen einer HNO-ärztlichen Untersuchung auf anatomische und pathologische Verhältnisse der oberen Luft- und Speisewege untersucht. Hierbei wurden im speziellen die Tonsillen, die Uvula, das Velum, die Nasenmuscheln und die Pharynxlängsfalten auf Hyperplasien untersucht. Zudem wurde das Septum und die Zunge zur mandibulären Okklusions-ebene, klassifiziert durch den Malampatti-Index, auf Fehlstellungen in Augenschein genommen. Die Inspektion der oberen Luft- und Speisewege am wachen Patienten ist als eine statische Untersuchung zu werten. Die Patienten wurden im Schlaflabor polysomnographisch untersucht und die Schnarch-geräusche simultan aufgezeichnet. Durch die Fast-Fourier Analyse wurden die Frequenz-intensitätsmaxima der Schnarchgeräusche ermittelt. Die Ergebnisse der klinischen Untersuchung wurden mit den Intensitätsmaxima der einzelnen Schnarchgeräuschen der jeweiligen Patienten korreliert. Zudem wurden die polysomnographischen Untersuchungsergebnisse mit den Frequenzen der beiden Intensitätsmaxima in einer statistischen Auswertung miteinander verglichen. In der vorliegenden Studie zeigt sich, dass keine Korrelation zwischen den einzelnen klinischen Untersuchungsergebnissen und der Schnarchfrequenz der einzelnen Patienten besteht. Mit Hilfe der Frequenzanalyse in Zusammenhang mit der polysomnographischen Untersuchung konnten Rückschlüsse auf die Schwere der schlafbezogenen Atemstörungen gezogen werden. Es zeigte sich, dass ein Zusammenhang zwischen den Intensitätsmaxima der Frequenzanalyse und dem AHI der Patienten besteht. Je höher die Frequenz der Intensitätsmaxima war, desto höher war der Anstieg des AHI. Von diesem Ergebnis ausgehend wird gezeigt, dass bei Patienten mit OSAS bei einem AHI>15 die Schnarchfrequenz zwischen 2000 und 5000 Hz liegt. Je größer die schlafbezogene Atemstörung ist, desto hochfrequenter sind die Schnarchgeräusche. Zudem konnten auch schlafbezogene Atemstörungen bei Patienten, bei denen der AHI<15 und die Schnarchfrequenz größer als 1000 Hz war, mit Hilfe der Frequenz-analyse einem potentiellen UARS zugeschrieben werden. Patienten mit tieffrequenten Schnarchgeräuschen und einem niedrigen AHI werden in die Kategorie primäres Schnarchen eingeordnet. Das Ausmaß einer schlafbezogenen Atemstörung kann mit Hilfe der Frequenzanalyse der Schnarchgeräusche bestimmt werden. Die Frequenzanalyse von Schnarchgeräuschen stellt eine leicht durchzuführende, nicht-invasive Methode zur Topodiagnostik von Schnarchen dar und könnte im diagnostischen Procedere bei schlafbezogenen Atmenstörungen möglicherweise in Zukunft einen festen Platz einnehmen.

Introdução. A introdução dos antimicrobianos na prática clínica no século XX foi um grande avanço para a medicina. Entretanto, seu uso indiscriminado, tanto na medicina (humana e animal) quanto na agricultura e pecuária, possibilitou a seleção e disseminação de microrganismos resistentes. A transferência genética horizontal é um dos principais mecanismos responsáveis pela disseminação de genes que codificam resistência aos antimicrobianos, pois possibilita a transmissão da resistência de uma célula bacteriana (comensal ou patogênica) para outra. Genes codificadores de resistência a antimicrobianos de importância clínica são encontrados em microrganismos de origem ambiental, clínica e alimentar. Objetivo. O objetivo do presente estudo foi detectar genes que codificam resistência aos antibióticos -lactâmicos, Tetraciclinas e Quinolonas, em amostras de carne de frango, visando estudar a ocorrência da resistência antimicrobiana nesse produto considerado um alimento comum na dieta do homem. Materiais e Métodos. Foram utilizadas 30 amostras de carne de frango. Após a inoculação da carne de frango em caldo Luria 0,5 por cento , o DNA total das bactérias cultivadas nesse meio foi extraído por choque térmico e utilizado na pesquisa de genes de resistência pela técnica de PCR seguida de eletroforese em gel de agarose. Foi também realizada a pesquisa de Coliformes Termotolerantes por meio da técnica dos tubos múltiplos para estimar a qualidade higiênico sanitária das amostras. Resultados: Oito (26,7 por cento ) amostras apresentaram um ou mais genes codificadores de resistência à antimicrobianos -Lactâmicos, 28 (93,3 por cento ) amostras apresentaram um ou mais genes codificadores de resistência às Tetraciclinas e 28 (93,3 por cento ) amostras apresentaram um ou mais genes codificadores de resistência às Quinolonas. Conclusões: A realização deste estudo contribuiu com informações a respeito da circulação de genes de resistência na carne de frango e alerta as autoridades de Saúde Pública do Brasil quanto à disseminação da resistência bacteriana e a necessidade de mais estudos a respeito desse problema, já que esses são raros ou inexistentes no País. / Introduction. The introduction of antibiotics in clinical practice in the twentieth century was a breakthrough for medicine. However, their indiscriminate use in both medicine (human and animal) as in agriculture and livestock, enabled the selection and spread of resistant microorganisms. Horizontal gene transfer is a major mechanism responsible for the spread of genes encoding antimicrobial resistance, since it allows the transmission of resistance from one bacteria to another. Genes encoding resistance to antimicrobials of clinical importance are found in microorganisms present in food, environment and clinical sources. Objective. The aim of this study was to detect genes encoding resistance to -lactam antibiotics, tetracyclines and quinolones in meat samples from chicken samples, to study the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance in this product considered a common food in human diet. Materials and Methods. Thirty samples of chicken were used. After inoculation of chicken meat in Luria broth 0.5 per cent , the total DNA of the bacteria cultured was extracted by heat shock and used to search resistance genes by PCR followed by agarose gel electrophoresis. The search for thermotolerant coliforms was also conducted using the technique of multiple tubes in order to estimate the sanitary quality of the samples. Results: Eight (26,7 per cent ) of the samples had one or more genes encoding for resistance to -lactam antimicrobials, 28 (93,3 per cent ) had one or more genes encoding resistance to tetracyclines and 27 (93,3 per cent ) samples had one or more genes encoding resistance to quinolones. Conclusions: This study contributes to the scientific community and sanitary agencies, bringing information regarding the occurrence and distribution of resistance genes in chicken, alerting the Public Health authorities in Brazil about the spread of bacterial resistance and the need for more studies in this field, as these are rare or nonexistent in the country.

Alessandro Baricco, escritor italiano contemporâneo, acredita na força da narrativa como forma de resistência aos apelos de uma sociedade que já não consegue trocar experiências, nem ver o essencial, já que vítima de uma espécie de embotamento da palavra e dos sentidos, o que, no limite, está intimamente relacionado ao atual crescente processo de desumanização. Neste estudo procuraremos verificar com que procedimentos o autor investe na reinvenção do narrador, em particular nas obras Novecento e Castelli di rabbia, a fim de revitalizar a arte de narrar. / Alessandro Baricco, a contemporary italian writer, believes in the narratives strenght as a resistences form against the claims of a society which is not able to change experiences neither see the essential, because became victim of a words and sensess lacking. This kind of situation could be deeply related with this growing inhuman process. In this research we are going to analyze the Bariccos procedures, mainly in Novecento and in Castelli di rabbia, with his purpose to rescue the narrative of the art.