Department of Public Law and Jurisprudence / At independence in 1964, the United National Independence Party (UNIP)-led government in Zambia was, among other things, confronted with the challenge of transforming an inherited dual, undemocratic, racist and exploitative system of local government. Local government was a creature of national legislation, and thus did not have direct constitutional authority. Between 1964 and 1995, the government adopted several reforms aimed at democratising and improving the efficiency, effectiveness and responsiveness of the system of local government. However, local government remained a creature of national legislation. In 1996, local government was for the first time recognised in the Constitution as a tier of government. Article 109 of the 1996 Constitution of Zambia required the establishment of a system of local government whose details were to be prescribed by an Act of Parliament. The provision further provided that such a system shall be based on democratically-elected councils. Thus, the 1996 Constitution transformed local government from being a mere creature of central government into a tier of government. While the institutional integrity of local government in Zambia was enhanced, service delivery by local authorities remained poor.

Nas últimas décadas, os fatores que influenciam o consumo responsável têm sido estudado na área de marketing, visando minimizar o desperdício e os impactos ambientais. Estes estudos demonstram que o consumo responsável pode ser promovido através de influências dos valores e do contexto, sendo os valores pessoais são amplamente aceitos como determinantes no comportamento de consumo. Contudo, o impacto dos valores no comportamento pode ser afetado por fatores que reforçam ou enfraquecem a relação valores-comportamento. O modelo de Motivação Baseada na Identidade prevê que a identidade pode alterar a influência dos valores no comportamento. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar as relações entre valores pessoais, identidade evocada e comportamento. Partindo de uma abordagem experimental, o presente trabalho explora a influência da identidade na relação valores-comportamento, usando como contexto o consumo responsável. Os resultados mostram que quando uma identidade pessoal é ativada, os valores transcendentes (vs. não-transcendentes) resultam em um maior consumo responsável. No entanto, quando a identidade social é ativada os valores transcendentes e não-transcendentes levam a níveis semelhantes de consumo responsável. Estes resultados estendem pesquisas anteriores, utilizando a motivação baseada na identidade como condição limite para a relação valores-comportamento. Nesse sentido, foi evidenciado que dependendo da identidade evocada as pessoas podem se engajar no consumo responsável mesmo em uma direção oposta do que seria previsto pelos seus valores. Como exemplo, os consumidores com valores não-transcendentes (geralmente não ligados ao meio ambiente) apresentam consumo responsável na identidade social. Como conseqüência teórica, uma nova abordagem de pesquisa em valores é proposta, a cadeia valores-identidade-comportamento. / In recent decades, the factors that influence the responsible consumption have been studied in marketing in order to minimize waste and environmental impacts. Studies show that responsible consumption can be promoted through values and context. In addition, personal values are widely accepted as determinants in consumer behavior. However, the impact of values on behavior can be affected by strengthen or weaken factors for the values-behavior relationship. The Identity Based- Motivation provides that the identities can result evoked different levels of tendency to action. This research aims to propose and test a model relating personal values, evoked identity and behavior. From an experimental approach, this research explores the influence of identity evoked in relation values-behavior, using as context the responsible consumption. The results show that when a personal identity is primed, transcendent (vs. non-transcendent) values result in more green consumption. However, when primed with a social identity, transcendent and non-transcendent values lead to similar green consumption levels. These findings extend past research by showing identity-based motivation as a boundary condition for the value-behavior relationship. In particular, we show that people can engage in an opposite direction from what would be predicted by their values, in function of the elicited identity. As a theoretical consequence, a new research approach is suggested in values theory, the values -identity-behavior chain. From this new approach, we obtained evidence that interaction between values and identity can make non-transcendent values lead to responsible consumption.

abstract: Three dilemmas plague governance of scientific research and technological innovation: the dilemma of orientation, the dilemma of legitimacy, and the dilemma of control. The dilemma of orientation risks innovation heedless of long-term implications. The dilemma of legitimacy grapples with delegation of authority in democracies, often at the expense of broader public interest. The dilemma of control poses that the undesirable implications of new technologies are hard to grasp, yet once grasped, all too difficult to remedy. That humanity has innovated itself into the sustainability crisis is a prime manifestation of these dilemmas. Responsible innovation (RI), with foci on anticipation, inclusion, reflection, coordination, and adaptation, aims to mitigate dilemmas of orientation, legitimacy, and control. The aspiration of RI is to bend the processes of technology development toward more just, sustainable, and societally desirable outcomes. Despite the potential for fruitful interaction across RI’s constitutive domains—sustainability science and social studies of science and technology—most sustainability scientists under-theorize the sociopolitical dimensions of technological systems and most science and technology scholars hesitate to take a normative, solutions-oriented stance. Efforts to advance RI, although notable, entail one-off projects that do not lend themselves to comparative analysis for learning. In this dissertation, I offer an intervention research framework to aid systematic study of intentional programs of change to advance responsible innovation. Two empirical studies demonstrate the framework in application. An evaluation of Science Outside the Lab presents a program to help early-career scientists and engineers understand the complexities of science policy. An evaluation of a Community Engagement Workshop presents a program to help engineers better look beyond technology, listen to and learn from people, and empower communities. Each program is efficacious in helping scientists and engineers more thoughtfully engage with mediators of science and technology governance dilemmas: Science Outside the Lab in revealing the dilemmas of orientation and legitimacy; Community Engagement Workshop in offering reflexive and inclusive approaches to control. As part of a larger intervention research portfolio, these and other projects hold promise for aiding governance of science and technology through responsible innovation. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Sustainability 2016

abstract: For the last 10 years, the American Southwest has been experiencing the most persistent drought conditions on record. Based on future climactic predictions, there is a dire need to reduce water usage within Phoenix. An environmentally responsible behavior such as low water use landscaping (xeriscaping), has been shown to reduce household water consumption by 40%-70%. While much is known regarding the relationship between socio-demographics and xeriscaping choices, the influence of other variables remains to be explored. Using data from the 2017 Phoenix Area Social Survey, this study investigates the influence of two additional variables - ecological worldview and place identity on xeriscaping choice. Data was analyzed using two models - Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) and Linear Probability Model (LPM). Ecological worldview and place identity, along with income, ethnicity, and gender, were all found to be positively related to xeriscape preference. Additionally, when compared to the LPM, the traditional OLS was found to still be the most robust and appropriate model when measuring landscape preference. Finally, results suggested that programs to foster identity with the local desert mountain parks may help to increase xeriscaping in the Valley and thus lower residential water use. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Community Resources and Development 2018

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-05-18Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:07:09Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 lages_sls_me_jabo.pdf: 1020291 bytes, checksum: 6d5302e47c3470389d0765423667f9f1 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A intensa convivência entre o ser humano e os animais de estimação não tem sido acompanhada pela adoção de posturas de posse responsável. Dentre os animais de estimação, cães e gatos são geralmente os de eleição, estando presentes em grande contingente dos lares. Ações educativas que alertem e conscientizem sobre zoonoses e sobre a responsabilidade de possuir animais são fundamentais na mitigação dos problemas de saúde pública; porém, antes da realização de qualquer programa, é imprescindível o conhecimento da realidade local. O presente estudo foi idealizado com o propósito de avaliar a população de cães e gatos, e o nível de conhecimento e comportamento sobre a raiva e posse responsável de animais de estimação, em bairros de níveis socioeconômicos contrastantes da cidade de Jaboticabal, Estado de São Paulo. De setembro a novembro de 2007 foram entrevistados 185 moradores dos bairros Jardim Patriarca, Jardim Paulista e Jardim Santa Rosa, e 197 moradores do bairro Nova Jaboticabal, totalizando 382 entrevistas. Para análise dos dados foram empregados o teste Qui-quadrado e a Análise de Correspondência Múltipla. Apesar do contraste socioeconômico, o nível de conhecimento dos entrevistados sobre posse responsável e raiva animal foi semelhante em todos os bairros estudados; entretanto, o melhor poder aquisitivo favoreceu maiores gastos com serviços veterinários, como atendimento médico e vacinações, e maior número de animais por residência. As informações obtidas respaldam a necessidade de realizar trabalhos educativos constantes sobre posse responsável e prevenção de agravos em toda a cidade, além do estabelecimento de um canal de comunicação entre veterinários e o governo municipal. / The intense interactions between people and pets have not been accompanied by responsible ownership practices over the years. Dogs and cats are the pets of choice, and they are found in great amount of homes. It is crucial to put into practice educative actions on zoonoses and on responsibility of owning animals to mitigate public health-related problems. However, before their effectuation, it is necessary to assess the local reality. The present study aimed to assess owned-dogs and cats populations and to evaluate the level of knowledge of responsible pet ownership and rabies among residents of socially and economically contradictory neighborhoods of the city of Jaboticabal, State of São Paulo. From September to November, 2007, 185 residents of Jardim Patriarca, Jardim Paulista and Jardim Santa Rosa neighborhoods and 197 residents of Nova Jaboticabal were interviewed, giving a total of 382 interviews. Chi-square test and Multiple Correspondence Analysis were used for data analysis. Despite socioeconomic contradiction, the level of knowledge was similar. However, better levels of income favored greater expenses with veterinary care services, including vaccinations, and a greater amount of pets per household. Results recommend the need for constant educational actions on responsible pet ownership and injury prevention for all social classes of Jaboticabal, besides the establishment of a communication channel between private veterinarians and local government.

Thesis (MTech (Design))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2008 / This thesis argues that the story of hemp is one of mistaken identity and focuses on the potential of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) in a social and economic context. It also asserts how hemp with the application of appropriate technologies can be developed nationally 'new' material, with reference to examples from abroad. The current proliferation of raw material shortages means that designers have a social responsibility to seek new ways to source and process materials for a sustainable future. Designers are the "future creators" and should prescribe materials that are not only healthy in the cycle of production, but also ensure an afterlife (recycling). The methodology employed is a combination of qualitative (such as interviews) and quantitative methods (such as statistical analysis). Life Cycle Analysis is used to study the ecological impact of substituting hemp for current materials and processes. The study interrogates the historic significance of hemp in various societies across the world with particular focus on Europe, Japan, the United States of America, Ireland and Australia. Such information is analysed within the realities of the South African context. A vast amount of information on hemp has been published but practical information is hard to obtain in South Africa necessitating a search for definite answers abroad, mainly in Europe where there is a strong development in this field. After researching the production of the hemp raw materials and the manufacture of viable hemp products abroad, lessons could be assessed for application to the local market. The findings endorse the view that hemp is a sustainable zero-waste material; the whole plant can be used when harvested, which makes it an ideal material on which to base an eco-design system. Hemp can be processed by utilizing either high technology equipment or by the use of locally available equipment and manual labour. It can be converted into a multi-diverse range of viable products such as paper, thatching, building material and ceiling panels. The main reason for the isolation of hemp in South Africa is the mistaken assumption that it is a drug and outlawed by our legislation. Since hemp (Cannabis sativa L) is perceived as a vilified cousin of marihuana it has lead to a blanket ban on both plants. This is certainly not warranted as hemp produces an extremely low value of the controversial hallucinogenic tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)properties which is negligible.

A presente dissertação de mestrado serve para refletir acerca das questões concernentes à crise financeira mundial, as modificações legislativas acerca da regulação do crédito ao consumidor e o os novos deveres das instituições financeiras diante de tal cenário. Considerando a necessidade urgente de uma regulação mundial, seja nacional ou em blocos econômicos, acerca do fenômeno do superendividamento, valemo-nos de exemplos de outros países para buscar uma conexão possível, considerando a cultura da sociedade de consumo, leis vigentes e necessidades específicas, entre os deveres dos consumidores e, principalmente, das instituições financeiras. Se o consumidor brasileiro paga atualmente as maiores taxas de juros no mundo, com a justificativa do mercado que tal prática é reflexo de sua inadimplência, deve-se atentar para a razão de tal inadimplência. A inadimplência do consumidor, muitas vezes o levando ao superendividamento, é um reflexo tanto da cultura do imediatismo, fomentada pela publicidade, quanto da ausência de limites e informações adequadas à este consumidor quando da concessão do crédito, o levando a subestimar os riscos da operação. O consumidor não tendo conhecimento necessário para gerir sua vida financeira, ao receber ofertas de crédito com informações deficientes, incompletas, obscuras e até mesmo com ilusões que rodeiam apenas seus benefícios e não seus riscos, é um forte candidato ao superendividamento. Muito embora existam muitas ações, tanto no Brasil quanto no mundo, para tratamento do superendividamento, buscando a ressocialização do consumidor na sociedade, devemos preocupar-nos igualmente com a prevenção deste superendividado, que deve ser realizada com a tomada da responsabilidade [neste sentido como um dever, uma postura a ser adotada pela instituição financeira previamente] no sentido de qualificar seus prepostos a igualmente terem condições de informar, clara e adequadamente, o consumidor dos riscos e benefícios do crédito. Para tanto, analisaremos alguns pressupostos que permeiam nossas hipóteses, passando no primeiro capítulo pelos benefícios e riscos do crédito e, no segundo capítulo, abordando os contratos por adesão, os princípios que norteiam tais pactos, especialmente a boa-fé, chegando ao dever geral de informação, o qual abrigaria o dever de informação formal como esclarecimento, o aconselhamento e advertência, passando igualmente pela necessidade de um prazo de reflexão ao consumidor como condutor de tais deveres. / The present dissertation serves to reflect on the issues that concerned the global financial crisis, the legislative changes regarding the regulation of consumer credit and the new duties of financial institutions faced with this scenario. Considering the urgent need of global regulation, whether national or in economic blocks, around the phenomenon of over-indebtedness, we may use examples from other countries to seek a possible connection, considering the culture of the consumer society, laws and specific needs between the consumers duties and especially, the financial institutions. If the Brazilian consumer currently pays the highest interest rates in the world, with the market justification that such practice is a reflection of its own default, we should look for the reason of such default. The consumer default, often leading him to over-indebtedness, is both a reflection from the culture of immediacy, fostered by advertising, and the absence of limits and suitableinformation for the consumer when granting credit, leading to underestimate the risks of this operation .When consumers do not have the knowledge to manage their financial lives, andreceives credit offers with disabilitiesinformation, incomplete, unclear and even illusions that surround only its benefits and not its risks, became a strong candidate for over- indebtedness. Although there are many actions, both in Brazil and around the world for over-indebtedness treatment, seeking the consumer rehabilitation in the consumer society, we must also concern ourselves about the over-indebtedness prevention, which should be performed with taking responsibility [in this sense as a duty, an attitude to be adopted by the financial institution previously] in order to qualify their agents and also having the conditions to inform clearly and properly, the risks and benefits of consumer credit. To do so, we are going to analyze some assumptions that permeate our chances, passing in the first chapter of the benefits and risks of credit and, in the second chapter, addressing the adhesion contracts, the principles guiding such pacts, especially the good faith, even to the general information duty , which would protect the duty as formal clarification of information, advice and warning, by also passing for theconsumer period for reflection as a driver of such duties.

This thesis aims to investigate perceptions of sustainability in relation to business strategy within the Swedish chemical industry. To this end, a survey was distributed with the assistance of industry organization Plast- och Kemiföretagen to companies that are part of the Responsible Care® program. A second purpose of the study is to explore critical factors when implementing an integration of sustainability with business strategy. To do this as well as dig deeper into a couple of questions raised in the survey, a qualitative study was carried out at Akzo Nobel business unit Pulp and Paper Chemicals (operating under the brand name of Eka Chemicals). Semi-structured interviews were performed with seven company representatives from different organizational levels, to explore critical factors identified in a literary study. From the survey, it could be concluded that the studied companies considered sustainability as an important issue today and with growing importance for the future. It was also observed that sustainability is currently not an issue at the core of business strategy, as 35% of respondent companies did not think that top management handled issues related to sustainability. Enhanced reputation and cost reduction/resource efficiency were seen as the primary creators of business value when addressing sustainability. Additional top motivating forces to consider sustainability were legislative demands and company core values. From the literary study a model of critical factors when implementing changes in strategy was developed. Four different aspects identified were explored in the semi-structured interviews at Eka Chemicals: change leadership, shared vision, sense of urgency and aligning goals. In that specific setting, the critical factors of having a shared vision and aligning individual, organizational unit and corporate goals were found to exist to a high degree, while the critical factor of change leadership was only partially existent, and a sense of urgency not existent.

A expansão do consumo, estimulada pela fabricação sempre crescente de produtos e de desejos, acontece de forma ambientalmente impactante e socialmente desigual. Há alguns anos está em pauta no Brasil e no mundo o debate sobre o \"Consumo Responsável\", que trata da adoção de comportamentos conscientes pelos consumidores e/ou do desenvolvimento de práticas solidárias de consumo. Porém, seria possível, no contexto social de hegemonia do modo capitalista de produção, desenvolver práticas de consumo que contribuam para a melhoria das condições de vida das pessoas? A aposta em transformações sociais estimuladas por mudanças nas relações de consumo não se sustenta com ações descoladas da esfera da produção e da comercialização. Nesse sentido, desenvolvemos a presente análise no campo da economia popular e solidária, onde se situam empreendimentos associativos que trabalham pela efetivação de relações econômicas pautadas pela lógica da cooperação e da solidariedade. A economia solidária surgiu no Brasil em meados de 1980, no contexto de uma forte crise, que se agravou na década seguinte. Desde então, esse movimento social teve grande expansão e importantes avanços no campo político. Porém, boa parte dos seus empreendimentos apresentam dificuldades e fragilidades em relação à sustentabilidade de suas atividades e dos sujeitos envolvidos. O Instituto Kairós, organização da sociedade civil, trabalha nesse campo, com o desenvolvimento de práticas de formação em que propõem o consumo responsável como um conjunto de hábitos e ações que fomentam um modelo de desenvolvimento comprometido com a redução da desigualdade social, visando a melhoria das relações de produção, distribuição e aquisição de produtos e serviços. A pesquisa destaca a importância das práticas de formação para a ampliação do debate em torno da concepção de consumo responsável como estratégia de fortalecimento dos empreendimentos associativos e como instrumento de alcance da segurança alimentar e demais condições de vida digna por parte das pessoas envolvidas. / The expansion of consumption, stimulated by the even increasing manufacture of products and desire, happens in an environmentally impactful and socially unequal way. For the last few years the debate on Responsible Consumption is part of Brazil and global agenda and deals with the adoption of behavior awareness by consumers and/or the development of supportive practices of consumption. However, would it be possible, in the social context of hegemony of the capitalist mode of production, to develop consumption practices that contribute to the improvement of people living conditions? The bet on social transformation stimulated by consumer relations change is not tenable with actions detached from the sphere of production and marketing. In this regard, we have developed the present analysis in the field of popular and solidarity economy, in which associative groups work for the realization of economic relations guided by the logic of cooperation and solidarity. The solidarity economy emerged in Brazil in mid 80s, in the context of a strong crisis, which worsened in the following decade. Since then, this social movement had a great expansion and major advances in the political field. However, a good part of their ventures present difficulties and weaknesses in relation to the sustainability of its activities and of the individuals involved. The Kairos Institute, a civil society organization, work in this field with the development of training practices that propose the responsible consumption as a set of habits and actions that promote a model of development compromised with the reduction of social inequality, aiming at the improvement of the relations of production, distribution and acquisition of products and services. The research highlights the importance of training practices for the debate broadening around the concept of responsible consumption as a strategy to strengthen the associative ventures and as an instrument to achieve the food security and other conditions for a dignified life for the people involved.

Nas últimas décadas, os fatores que influenciam o consumo responsável têm sido estudado na área de marketing, visando minimizar o desperdício e os impactos ambientais. Estes estudos demonstram que o consumo responsável pode ser promovido através de influências dos valores e do contexto, sendo os valores pessoais são amplamente aceitos como determinantes no comportamento de consumo. Contudo, o impacto dos valores no comportamento pode ser afetado por fatores que reforçam ou enfraquecem a relação valores-comportamento. O modelo de Motivação Baseada na Identidade prevê que a identidade pode alterar a influência dos valores no comportamento. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar as relações entre valores pessoais, identidade evocada e comportamento. Partindo de uma abordagem experimental, o presente trabalho explora a influência da identidade na relação valores-comportamento, usando como contexto o consumo responsável. Os resultados mostram que quando uma identidade pessoal é ativada, os valores transcendentes (vs. não-transcendentes) resultam em um maior consumo responsável. No entanto, quando a identidade social é ativada os valores transcendentes e não-transcendentes levam a níveis semelhantes de consumo responsável. Estes resultados estendem pesquisas anteriores, utilizando a motivação baseada na identidade como condição limite para a relação valores-comportamento. Nesse sentido, foi evidenciado que dependendo da identidade evocada as pessoas podem se engajar no consumo responsável mesmo em uma direção oposta do que seria previsto pelos seus valores. Como exemplo, os consumidores com valores não-transcendentes (geralmente não ligados ao meio ambiente) apresentam consumo responsável na identidade social. Como conseqüência teórica, uma nova abordagem de pesquisa em valores é proposta, a cadeia valores-identidade-comportamento. / In recent decades, the factors that influence the responsible consumption have been studied in marketing in order to minimize waste and environmental impacts. Studies show that responsible consumption can be promoted through values and context. In addition, personal values are widely accepted as determinants in consumer behavior. However, the impact of values on behavior can be affected by strengthen or weaken factors for the values-behavior relationship. The Identity Based- Motivation provides that the identities can result evoked different levels of tendency to action. This research aims to propose and test a model relating personal values, evoked identity and behavior. From an experimental approach, this research explores the influence of identity evoked in relation values-behavior, using as context the responsible consumption. The results show that when a personal identity is primed, transcendent (vs. non-transcendent) values result in more green consumption. However, when primed with a social identity, transcendent and non-transcendent values lead to similar green consumption levels. These findings extend past research by showing identity-based motivation as a boundary condition for the value-behavior relationship. In particular, we show that people can engage in an opposite direction from what would be predicted by their values, in function of the elicited identity. As a theoretical consequence, a new research approach is suggested in values theory, the values -identity-behavior chain. From this new approach, we obtained evidence that interaction between values and identity can make non-transcendent values lead to responsible consumption.