Författare: Robin Castor och André Rosenqvist  Handledare: Elias Bengtsson  Examinator: Andreas Jansson  Titel: Anti Money Laundering – Förhindra eller undvika? – En studie om svenska AML-chefers inställning till penningtvättsregelverken.  Sökord: AML, Anti-Money Laundering, Penningtvätt, Bankreglering, Compliance, KYC, Kundkännedom, Riskbedömning, Riskbaserat förhållningssätt, Rapportering, Resursallokering  Bakgrund: Penningtvätt är ett växande problem som skadar samhället. För att hantera detta problem utfärdar EU kontinuerligt nya direktiv för medlemsländerna att implementera. Den aktör som hamnat mest i fokus är banker, där skandaler visat på brister i arbetet mot penningtvätt bland svenska banker. Regelverken ställer hårda krav samtidigt som ett riskbaserat förhållningssätt låter banker tolka och implementera arbetet olika. Genom att studera AML-chefers inställning till regelverken bidrar denna studie med en synvinkel som inte tidigare beaktats i Sverige.  Syfte: Denna studie syftar att öka förståelsen kring attityder mot AML och dess regelverk inom svenska banker, om det skiljer sig mellan olika banker samt vad det kan innebära för alla berörda parter.  Metod: En kvalitativ studie med abduktiv forskningsansats har genomförts. Studien har hämtat empiri genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med fem olika AML-chefer på den svenska bankmarknaden.  Resultat/Slutsatser: Studiens resultat visar hur AML-chefer i Sverige har en kritisk syn på penningtvätts-regelverken. Regelverken upplevs ställa höga, men rimliga, krav på bankerna. Flera fördelar med det riskbaserade förhållningssättet lyfts upp, där riskbedömning och kundkännedom ger en god överblick av verksamheten i ett bolagsstyrnings-perspektiv. Regelverken låter bankerna stänga ute de kunder som inte vill samarbeta. Tyvärr kan dessa kunder gå vidare till nästa bank och fortsätta sitt misstänksamma beteende. Detta problem grundar sig i banksekretessen som gör det omöjligt för banker att dela information och samarbeta i arbetet mot penningtvätt. Studien visar därmed hur incitamenten bakom efterföljandet av regelverket till stor del bygger på rädslan av att skada bankens eget rykte eller ådra sig stora bötesbelopp. Fokus har skiftat från att faktiskt försöka stoppa penningtvätt, till att endast undvika att själv bli utsatt för penningtvätt. / Authors: Robin Castor and André Rosenqvist  Supervisor: Elias Bengtsson  Examiner: Andreas Jansson  Title: Anti Money Laundering - Prevent or Avoid? A study of attitudes towards money laundering regulations among Swedish AML-managers.  Keywords: AML, Anti-money laundering, Money laundering, Banking regulation, Compliance, KYC, Know your customer, Risk assessment, Risk-based approach, Legal reporting, Resource allocation  Background: Money laundering is a growing problem that harms society. To address this issue, the EU is continuously issuing new directives for member states to implement. The banking sector has come to be the most affected industry, where scandals have shown deficiency in the work against money laundering among Swedish banks. These regulations set strict requirements at the same time as the risk- based approach allows banks to interpret and implement the regulations in various degrees. By studying how Swedish AML-managers experience these regulations, this study contributes with a point of view that has not been considered in Sweden previously.  Purpose: This study aims to increase the understanding of attitudes and experience towards AML and its regulations within Swedish banks, if it differs between banks and what it could signify for involved parties.  Method: A qualitative study with an abductive research approach has been conducted. The study has gained empirical data through semi-structured interviews with five different AML managers in the Swedish banking market.  Results/Conclusions: The results of the study show how AML managers in Sweden have a critical view of the money laundering regulations. The regulations are perceived to put high, but appropriate, requirements in the banks. Various advantages of the risk-based approach are highlighted, where risk assessment and customer awareness (KYC) provide a good overview of the business from a corporate governance perspective. The regulations allow banks to end their business relationship with customers who do not want to cooperate. Unfortunately, these customers are able continue their suspicious behavior throughout different banks. This problem is based on the bank secrecy, which makes it impossible for banks to share information and cooperate in the work against money laundering. The study shows how the incentives behind compliance with the regulations are largely based on the fear of damaging reputation or receiving heavy fines. The focus has shifted from actually trying to stop money laundering, to only avoiding being subjected to money laundering themselves.

Immersion based technologies such as Augmented Reality (AR), Virtual Reality (VR) and Mixed Reality (MR), together falling under the umbrella of Extended Reality (XR) have taken the world by storm in the recent past. However, with the growing market and the increasing number of applications of XR, multiple challenges have arisen. To maintain acceptable levels of motion-to-photon latency, there is a need to serve the users with ultra low latency and with high reliability. To provide high quality rendering, these solutions have traditionally been deployed with wired connections, but severely inhibiting user mobility. Thus, the need to develop wireless solutions promising ultra low latency and high reliability emerges. Cloud/Edge based solutions promise to provide great dividends in this regard but it still remains crucial to understand how different scheduling policies perform against one another in terms of average throughput, mean system time, the number of UEs which can be serviced simultaneously etc. In this thesis, we explore how online packet scheduling policies such as first-come-first-serve, earliestdeadline-first, maximum weight scheduling etc. compare against other Quality of Experience(QoE)/ packet weight aware online scheduling policies and also against optimal offline schemes such as maximum-weighted-bipartitematching. We perform a detailed analysis of how these policies fare by studying various metrics such as the average-packet system time, competitive ratios, packet drop percentages and weight throughput, amongst others. Finally, we also explore how the introduction of multi-layered video encoding impacts XR service. Amongst the findings of the thesis, we conclude that it is possible to come up with solutions such as EDFα (which is a deadline and weight aware derivative of the earliest deadline first scheduling policy), which can either increase the weight throughput when compared to other baselines while also providing lesser packet drops and lower average system times for the scheduled packets. This algorithm can be further tuned by varying α to accordingly alter the weight throughput, system time and packet drop ratio depending on the precise user application. Additionally, we establish with the help of simulations that the introduction of multi-layered video encoding conclusively helps in reducing the average system time and eventually allows for more users to be accommodated in an XR based system at the cost of worsening video quality. / Immersionsbaserade teknologier som Augmented Reality (AR), Virtual Reality (VR) och Mixed Reality (MR), som tillsammans faller under paraplyet Extended Reality (XR) har tagit världen med storm på senare tid. Men med den växande marknaden och det ökande antalet tillämpningar av XR har flera utmaningar uppstått. För att förhindra åksjuka hos användare och för att upprätthålla acceptabla nivåer av rörelse-till-foton-latens, finns det ett behov av att betjäna användarna med ultralåg latens och med hög tillförlitlighet. För att ge högkvalitativ rendering har dessa lösningar traditionellt implementerats med trådbundna anslutningar, men de hämmar kraftigt användarens rörlighet. Därför uppstår behovet av att utveckla trådlösa lösningar som lovar ultralåg latens och hög tillförlitlighet. Moln/Edge-baserade lösningar lovar att ge stor utdelning i detta avseende, men det är fortfarande viktigt att förstå hur olika schemaläggningspolicyer fungerar mot varandra när det gäller genomsnittlig genomströmning, genomsnittlig systemtid, antalet UE:er som kan betjänas samtidigt etc. I den här avhandlingen undersöker vi hur online-paketschemaläggningspolicyer som round robin, först till kvarnförst-kvarn, tidigast-deadline-först, schemaläggning för maximal vikt etc. jämförs med andra Quality of Experience (QoE)/Viktmedvetna onlineschemaläggningspolicyer och även mot optimala offline-scheman såsom maximalt viktad-bipartite-matchning. Vi utför en detaljerad analys av hur dessa policyer klarar sig genom att studera olika mätvärden, såsom den genomsnittliga paketets systemtid, konkurrensförhållanden, procentsatser för paketnedgång och viktad genomströmning, bland annat. Slutligen undersöker vi också hur introduktionen av flerskiktad videokodning påverkar XRtjänsten. Bland resultaten av avhandlingen drar vi slutsatsen att det är möjligt att komma med lösningar som EDFα (som är en deadline- och viktmedveten derivata av Earliest deadline first scheduling policy), som antingen kan öka den viktade genomströmning jämfört med andra baslinjer samtidigt som det ger mindre paketnedgångar och lägre genomsnittliga systemtider för de schemalagda paketen. Denna algoritm kan ställas in ytterligare genom att variera α för att följaktligen ändra den viktade genomströmningen, systemtiden och paketnedgångshastigheten beroende på den exakta användarapplikationen. Dessutom fastställer vi med hjälp av simuleringar att införandet av flerskiktsvideokodning definitivt hjälper till att minska den genomsnittliga systemtiden och så småningom tillåter fler användare att få plats i ett XR-baserat system.

The focus of strategy research has long revolved around strategy formulation rather thanstrategy implementation, despite the evidence indicating that intended strategies are rarelyachieved. Project portfolio management, PPM, assumes a crucial role in enabling strategyimplementation and can be regarded as a representation of the organization's actual pursuedstrategy. Existing research on PPM has predominantly centered around portfolios in the contextof new product development, NPD, and research and development, R&D. However, there hasbeen relatively less exploration of PPM within internal development departments, warrantingfurther investigation. To contribute to the understanding on strategy implementation throughPPM and its conditional factors, this qualitative case study expands the existing research bystudying the PPM process within an internal development department. The study wasconducted at the Business Improvement department, which oversees improvement projects forthe service branch of EnergyComp, a company specializing in the development of complexenergy solutions. Using an abductive research approach, a literature review was conducted inparallel with data collection and analysis. The empirical data was mainly collected throughsemi-structured interviews at the company, but also through meetings and companydocumentation. The results of the study show that PPM actions connected to projects, portfolio and resourceallocation are undertaken to effectively implement the organization's strategy within theinternal development department. Common to all areas is the importance of accurate andavailable information that effects the decisions connected to strategy implementation. On aproject level, Insufficient information poses challenges in accurately assessing project success,resulting in measurements that fail to cover all strategic objectives. In the context of theportfolio, the absence of project information and uncertainties can lead to a misalignmentbetween the actual prioritization criteria employed in the selection process and the strategicobjectives of the organization. Additionally, it may contribute to a less detailed and formalstrategic plan. Furthermore, the cost associated with adjusting the portfolio is directly linked tothe effort and expenses involved in obtaining project information. Regarding resources,insufficient information on supply and demand creates challenges in considering projectdependencies and synergies during the evaluation of project groups. Moreover, limitedtransparency across functional boundaries within the organization leads to a system wheredecision rules cannot be established at the portfolio level. Instead, it encourages bottom-uppriority decisions. Furthermore, a biased assessment by stakeholders in the functionaldepartments may result in an inadequate screening process, leading to an increased workloadin the portfolio structuring process. Finally, the large variation in project types, coupled withdiverse impact targets spanning individual and multiple functions, makes it difficult to createrelevant project categories for budgeting and portfolio structuring.