The purpose of this thesis is to uncover and examine the processes that start-up entrepreneurs go through while designing and then developing their business models. This is done with the intent of deciphering the kind of development that might ultimately lead to a unique or innovative business model. This study uses primary qualitative data generated from interviews with founding entrepreneurs and managers who still participate in running the organization. Each of these organizations participates in the men’s retail market. The research design and methodology of this research uses a grounded-theory coding procedure to analyze the data. Three questions guide this research forward and the findings are threefold. First, for these organizations two business model design paths were followed, herein referred to as the path to ‘Alleviate Pain’ and as the path to ‘Adopt and Modify.’ Second, entrepreneurial leaders tended to act as arbiters when developing their business models, mediating between the set of information accrued during operations and three identified factors. Thirdly, new research into whether or not business model innovations are the result of ex-ante insights or ex-post operational learning is presented. And the findings tend to indicate that both ex-ante insights and ex-post learning are important, but their importance is temporally induced. Lastly, a brief discussion is carried out on how this research informs the entrepreneurial business model creation process (see entrepreneurial practicum) and how it adds to the current literature on business models and business model innovation.

The dissertation thesis deals with the problem of relevant volume of natural shrinkage and accidental losses of retail stock quota calculation. In frame of the dissertation thesis, factors affecting an extent of accidental shortage of inventories in retail business are investigated here. Then, possible approaches to a calculation of relevant volume of such a quota are recognized as well. By its scope, the dissertation thesis reacts on a problem that exists within the income taxes law since 1995, but any conceptual solution of this problem is still missing. This current problem that is felt especially in retail business is right the problem of relevant volume of a quota of natural shrinkage and accidental loses calculation. The dissertation thesis is based on wide research that has been done in both, in retail businesses and on the side of tax administration too. On the basis of this research’s outcomes, the main factors affecting an extent of accidental losses of retail stock have been determined. Then these factors and evaluation of their influence became construction elements of two mathematic models for the calculation of relevant volume of a quota of natural shrinkage and accidental losses of inventories in retail business. These models are the model that is based on the statistic method of multiple regression and the model based on the fuzzy logic, respectively on the fuzzy mathematics. For the conclusion of the dissertation thesis, both models are discussed from the point of their relevance as well as from the view of their practical application. Theoretical and practical contributions of the dissertation thesis are also concluded here along with an outline of possible future research in this area.

This thesis deals with process analysis selected by the company to build criteria to select a new cashier system and technical means needed for that. First part is focused on theoretical knowledge from the field of information systems, legislation of retail, process and analytical tools to understand the whole topic. In the following section there is a current state of the company being discussed, when besides basic informations there are also analyzes of internal and external influences performed, which company identify better. This section also defines processes to which the cash register is linked and on which basis the criteria for choosing it are set. Finally the suitable candidates for system suppliers and technical equipment are presented. It includes recommendations and economic evaluation that is an integral part of the supplier selection criteria.

Digital transformation har lett till ökad användning av digitala teknologier, detta skapar förändringar i samhället som kan leda till att företag måste ta fram nya strategier för att vara fortsatt konkurrenskraftiga. Med en kvalitativ ansats i form av en fallstudie undersöker denna studie hur ett företag inom detaljhandeln kan hantera och struktureras efter digital transformation inom marknadsföring samt vilka möjligheter och utmaningar detta medfört gällande marknadsföring i digitala kanaler. Datainsamling skedde via semistrukturerade intervjuer med olika chefer samt en medarbetare inom en detaljhandelsorganisation.  Resultatet visar hur organisationen använder sig av digital marknadsföring i sociala medier samt kundspecifik marknadsföring via e-post. För detta har en ny arbetsroll skapats som bär ansvaret för processen. Den digitala marknadsföringen genererar främst möjligheter för relationsskapande med kunder, effektivitet, flexibilitet och personanpassad marknadsföring. Det har uppstått utmaningar kring ökad konkurrens, digital utveckling i samhället, spridning av incidenter och att detaljhandelsbranschen i Sverige ligger efter i utvecklingen.  Studien identifierade likheter och olikheter kring hur detaljhandelsorganisationen arbetar med marknadsföring i sociala medier samt kundspecifik marknadsföring och att detta i sin tur påverkar organisationens hantering och struktur. Exempelvis framkom två olika informationssystem där både processer, system och deltagare skiljde sig åt för digital marknadsföring i sociala medier samt kundspecifik marknadsföring. Studien visade även att de största likheterna var att båda typerna av digital marknadsföring var effektiva tillvägagångssätt för att nå ut till kunder och båda alternativen tillämpade samma informationskällor för skapande och delning av material. / Digital transformation has led to increased use of digital technologies, this creates changes in society that can require companies to adapt new strategies to remain competitive. With a qualitative approach in the form of a case study, this essay examines how a company in the retail trade can manage, and is structured for digital transformation in marketing, and what opportunities and challenges this management and structuring has brought about current marketing in digital channels. Data collection took place via semi-structured interviews with various managers and an employee within the retail organization. The results show how the organization uses digital marketing in social media and customer-specific marketing in E-mail. For this, a new role has been created that bears the responsibility for the process. Digital marketing mainly creates opportunities for relationship building with customers, efficiency, flexibility and personalized marketing. Challenges have mainly arisen regarding increased competition, digital development in society, the spread of incidents and the fact that the retail industry in Sweden is lagging behind in development. Furthermore, the study identified similarities and differences in how the retail organization works with marketing in social media as well as customer-specific marketing and that this affects the organization’s management and structure. For example, two different information systems were identified where both processes, systems and participants differed for digital marketing in social media and customer-specific marketing. The study also revealed that the biggest similarities were that both types of digital marketing were effective approaches to reach customers and both alternatives applied the same sources of information for creating and sharing materials.

Le produit de luxe n’est pas un bien comme les autres. Ses qualités matérielles et immatérielles lui confèrent une valeur particulière qui oblige son producteur à le vendre dans un environnement commercial adapté. La règle de droit peut-elle considérer cette particularité économique ? Paradoxalement, la France est leader mondiale du marché des produits de luxe, mais nul n’est en mesure d’affirmer avec précision ce qu’est le luxe. Intégrer une notion aussi insaisissable au sein d’un raisonnement juridique semble difficile. Pourtant, les atteintes subies par les titulaires des droits du produit de luxe ont convaincu le juge européen de mettre en place des règles protectrices spéciales. Le but poursuivi est légitime. Il s’agit de protéger les investissements réalisés pour vendre et promouvoir le produit de luxe. Mais cette démarche légale s’appuie sur une méthode de qualification qui n’est pas satisfaisante. L’«aura», le «prestige» ou la «sensation» de luxe qui émanent du produit marqué, sont des critères trop subjectifs pour assurer l’application systématique et cohérente de règles protectrices. C’est pourquoi, outre la démonstration d’un corpus de règles applicables au produit de luxe, il convient d’analyser les fondements de sa reconnaissance par le droit positif, ainsi que l’instauration d’un régime unifié reposant sur des critères de définition précis, prenant en considération les qualités intrinsèques de ce bien particulier. / The luxury product is not a product like any other. Its material and immaterial qualities confer a special value that requires its producer to sell it in a proper business environment. The rule of law can it consider this economic feature ? Paradoxically, France is world's leading luxury goods market, but no one is able to state precisely what is luxury. The law seems unsuited to integrate a concept as elusive as luxury. Yet, violations suffered by the owners of luxury product rights have convinced the European judge to set up special protective rules. The aim is legitimate. This is to protect the investments made to sell and promote luxury products. But this legal approach is based on a method of qualification which is not satisfactory. The "will", "prestige" or the "feel" of luxury emanating frombranded product, are too subjective criteria to ensure systematic and consistent implementation of protective rules. Therefore, in addition to the demonstration of a body of rules applicable to the luxury product, it should analyze the foundations of its recognition by positive law and the establishment of a unified system based on criteria precise definition, taking into account the intrinsic qualities of that particular property.