Dois experimentos foram realizados com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da temperatura e do índice de temperatura e umidade (ITU) nas idades pré-inicial e inicial de frangos de corte sobre as alterações provocadas nas partições da energia metabolizável ingerida (EMI) e sobre as exigências de mantença (EMm) e, desempenho. Um terceiro experimento mediu o desempenho subsequente de frangos que foram submetidos a diferentes temperaturas durante os primeiros 14 dias de vida, bem como a composição e rendimentos de carcaça e cortes. Nos experimentos 1 e 2 foi determinado a energia metabolizável (EM) utilizando indicador óxido de cromo, e os resultados das partições da EMI foram determinados a partir da técnica de abate comparativo para cada período avaliado. O desempenho também foi avaliado. Os resultados das variáveis de resposta animal foram submetidos a análise de regressão tendo como variáveis independentes as médias de temperatura e o ITU. Os resultados permitiram determinar no experimento 1 que, para a idade de 1 a 7 dias a média de temperatura de 28,3 °C melhorou os índices de desempenho. A exigência de mantença por peso metabólico nesta idade apresentou menor valor em 30,8 °C, sendo estimada em 163,7 kcal/kg PV0,75/dia. A temperatura de 29,3 °C determinou as maiores proporções da EMI destinadas para as retenções de energia bruta (EB), proteína bruta (PB) e gordura bruta (EE). No experimento 2, a média de temperatura de 24,6 °C melhorou os índices de desempenho para a idade de 8 a 14 dias, assim, a média da exigência de mantença foi estimada em 238 kcal/kg de PV0,75/dia. A temperatura em que as maiores proporções da EMI foram destinadas para as retenções de EB e PB foi próxima a 26,4 °C. No experimento 3 foi observado que, apesar de ter piorado a conversão alimentar, as temperaturas entre 22,6 e 24 °C até os 14 dias de idade se mostraram mais favoráveis para o desempenho produtivo e rendimentos de corte dos frangos aos 39 dias. Os resultados demonstraram também que, frangos que receberam temperatura mais baixa até os 14 dias e em função disso apresentavam menor desempenho, demonstraram uma tendência de recuperação ascendente do desempenho, até os 39 dias. Concluí-se por estes resultados que, frangos de idades pré-iniciais e iniciais modificam as suas exigências de energia para mantença em função da modificação do ambiente térmico, influenciando no seu desenvolvimento inicial com reflexos na idade de abate. / Two experiments were performed to assess the effect of temperature and the temperature and umidity index (TUI) in the pre-starting and starting age of broilers on changes caused in partitions of metabolizable energy intake (MEI) and maintenance (MEm) requirements and performance. A third experiment measured the subsequent performance of chickens that were subjected to different temperatures during the first 14 days of life, as well as the composition and yield of carcass and cuts. In experiments 1 and 2 was determined to metabolizable energy (ME) using chromium oxide indicator, and the results of the partitions of the MEI have been determined from the slaughtered comparative technique for each evaluated period. The performance was also evaluated. The results of animal response variables were subjected to regression analysis with independent variables temperature averages and the TUI. The results determine in experiment 1 that, for the age of 1 to 7 days the average temperature of 28.3°C improved levels of performance. The maintenance requirement for metabolic weight at this age showed lower value in 30.8°C, being estimated at 163.7 kcal/kg BW0,75/dia. 29.3°C temperature determined the highest proportions of MEI for the retention of gross energy (GE), crude protein (CP) and crude fat (CF). In experiment 2, the mean temperature of 24.6°C improved levels of performance on 7 to 14 days, so the average maintenance requirement was estimated at 238 kcal/kg BW0.75/day. The temperature at which the highest proportions of MEI were intended for the retention of GE and CP was next to 26.4°C. In experiment 3 was observed that, in spite of having worsened the feed conversion, temperatures between 22.6 and 24° C until the 14 days of age were more favorable for the productive performance and cutting income of chickens to 39 days. In experiment 3 was observed temperatures between 22.6 and 24° C until the 14 days of age were more favorable for the productive performance and yield of chickens to 39 days. The results showed that chickens that received lower temperature until the 14 days and because of this had less performance, showed a trend of rising performance recovery, until the 39 days. It was concluded that chickens for ages pré-iniciais and initials modify their energy requirements for maintenance depending on the modification of the thermal environment, influencing in early development with reflections in the age of slaughter.

The Quenching and Partitioning (Q&P) heat treatment has been proposed in the early 2000s to produce cold-rolled sheets combining high-strength and formability for the automotive market. Q&P consists, first, of an interrupted quench between the martensite-start temperature (Ms) and the martensite-finish temperature (Mf) from intercritical annealing or full austenitization in order to form controlled fractions of martensite. This is followed by a partitioning step in order to stabilize the untransformed austenite through carbon enrichment. In order to maximize the carbon transfer from martensite to austenite, the use of specific alloying elements and the design of appropriate Q&P parameters are required to eliminate or minimize competing phenomena such as carbide formation and austenite decomposition. The final quenched and partitioned microstructure, using full austenitization, ideally consists of carbon-depleted lath martensite and significant fractions of retained austenite providing an improved combination of strength and ductility. Hence, the transformation of retained austenite upon straining at room temperature (TRIP effect) provides supplementary work-hardening and eventually improves the ductility. In the present work, Quenching and Partitioning (Q & P) heat treatments were carried out in a quench dilatometeron a 0.2 wt% carbon steel. The microstructure evolution of the Q & P steels was characterized usingdilatometry, SEM, EBSD and XRD. The martensitic transformation profile was analyzed in order to estimate thefraction of martensite formed at a given temperature below the martensite start temperature Ms. Q & P wasshown to be an effective way to stabilize retained austenite at room temperature. However, the measuredaustenite fractions after Q & P treatments showed significant differences when compared to the calculated valuesconsidering ideal partitioning conditions. Indeed, the measured austenite fractions were found to be less sensitiveto the quench temperature and were never larger than the ideal predicted maximum fraction. Competitivereactions such as austenite decomposition into bainite and carbide precipitation were found to occur in thepresent work.Furthermore, a broad range of mechanical properties was obtained when varying the quenching temperaturesand partitioning times. The direct contributions between Q & P microstructural constituents -such as retainedaustenite as well as tempered/fresh martensite- and resulting mechanical properties were scrutinized. This wascritically discussed and compared to quenching and austempering (QAT) which is a more conventional processingroute of stabilizing retained austenite at room temperature. Finally, Q & P steels were shown to exhibit aninteresting balance between strength and ductility. The achievement of this interesting combination of mechanicalproperties was reached for much shorter processing times compared to QAT steels. / Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur et technologie / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

The purpose of this study was to inform educators of the impact of grade retention on a child's perception of self, and to provide recommendations and practical applications for educators in the future. Although the long-term effects of grade retention are still unclear, the number of students being retained annually is steadily on the rise. Conflicting beliefs about the advantages and disadvantages of the retention experience make it difficult to clearly predict which students will benefit from being retained. A large body of research reports the impact of grade retention on scholastic achievement. As retention has usually been considered to remediate academic difficulties, the effectiveness of retention is logically studied in terms of academic performance. However, because educators recognize the importance of affective variables, it is equally important to assess the effectiveness of retention in terms of self-perceptions and engagement at school. The focus of this inquiry was to explore the effects of retention as reported by twelve 5th and 6th grade students who had been retained. Because logical and theoretical arguments have been made for the negative effects of retention on a child's self-image, this study examined the self-esteem of retained students. Research techniques included open-ended questions and interviews, using Patton's qualitative interview guide approach. From the findings, the investigator reached the following conclusions: (a) for the participants in this study, being retained was not detrimental to their perceptions of self; (b) all participants perceived others to like them well; in fact, 5 of the 12 reported that others liked them better following their retention experiences; and (c) all students in this study believed that retention helped them to do better in school.

The ductility of Q&P 1180 steel was studied with regard to retained austenite transformation under different strain paths. Specimens were tested in uniaxial tension in a standard test frame as well as in situ in the scanning electron microscope (SEM). Then digital image correlation (DIC) was used to compute the effective strain at the level of the individual phases in the microstructure. Stretching experiments were also performed using limiting dome height (LDH) tooling, where specimens were strained in both biaxial and plane strain tension. The experiments were done incrementally, for each strain path, and the retained austenite at each level of strain was measured using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). Retained austenite levels in the uniaxial tension case dropped from an initial measured level of about 8% to about 2% during an initial strain increment of 0.02, but then stabilized as the specimen was strained to 0.1. In the plane strain and biaxial tension cases retained austenite also dropped significantly during an initial strain increment of about 0.04, but then continued to decrease as the specimens were strained to failure. Biaxial tension, in particular, was the most effective strain path for transforming retained austenite to martensite, resulting in a final volume fraction of 0.3% at an effective strain of 0.3. Retained austenite in the plane-strain tension case dropped at a faster rate than in the biaxial tension case, but finished at about 1% at a strain of 0.1. The greatest limit strains were seen in the biaxial tension case, which may be partly explained by the more effective conversion of retained austenite than was seen in the uniaxial tension case.

Transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) steels have excellent strength, ductility and work hardening behaviour, which can be attributed to a phenomenon known as the TRIP effect. The TRIP effect involves a metastable phase, retained austenite (RA), transforming into martensite as a result of applied stress or strain. This transformation absorbs energy and improves the work hardening rate of the steel, delaying the onset of necking. This work describes two distinct TRIP steel microstructures and focuses on how microstructure affects the RA-to-martensite transformation and the uniaxial tensile behaviour. A two-step heat treatment was applied to an aluminum-alloyed TRIP steel to obtain a microstructure consisting of equiaxed grains of ferrite surrounded by bainite, martensite and RA -- the equiaxed microstructure. The second microstructure was produced by first austenitizing and quenching the steel to produce martensite, followed by the two-step heat treatment. The resulting microstructure (labelled the lamellar microstructure) consisted of elongated grains of ferrite with bainite, martensite and RA grains. Both microstructural variants had similar initial volume fractions of RA. A series of interrupted tensile tests and ex-situ magnetic measurements were conducted to examine the RA transformation during uniform elongation. Similar tests were also conducted on an equiaxed microstructure and a lamellar microstructure with similar ultimate tensile strengths. Results show that the work hardening rate is directly related to the RA transformation rate. The slower transformation rate, or higher RA stability, that was observed in the lamellar microstructure enables sustained work hardening at high strains. In contrast, the equiaxed microstructure has a lower RA stability and thus exhibits high values of work hardening at low strains, but the effect is quickly exhausted. Several microstructural factors that affect RA stability were examined, including RA grain size, aspect ratio, carbon content and spatial distribution of the phases. Two of these factors were characteristic of only the lamellar microstructures and led to higher RA stabilities: elongated RA grains and RA grains being primarily surrounded by bainite. The results were also compared with previous work on a silicon-alloyed TRIP steel to show that the aluminum-alloyed compositions could achieve similar, if not better, combinations of strength and ductility. / Thesis (Master, Mechanical and Materials Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2012-09-24 16:52:28.032

Zusammenfassung Katja Schwartau Peripartale hämatologische und klinisch-chemische Blutuntersuchungen zur Frühdiagnostik der Dislocatio abomasi, Gebärparese, Retentio secundinarum und Mastitis bei Milchkühen Medizinische Tierklinik der Veterinärmedizinischen Fakultät der Universität Leipzig Eingereicht im Mai 2011 Bibliographische Angaben 94 Seiten, 22 Abbildungen, 19 Tabellen, 210 Literaturangaben, Schlüsselwörter: Labmagenverlagerung, Gebärparese, Retentio secundinarum, Mastitis, Kuh Produktionskrankheiten haben in den letzten Jahren immer mehr an Bedeutung gewonnen. Diese leistungsassoziierten Bestandserkrankungen tragen wesentlich zur kurzen Nutzungsdauer von ca. 2,5 Jahren der Milchkühe bei. Es ist deshalb besonders wichtig, ihre Prophylaxe einschließlich der Früherkennung in den Vordergrund zu stellen. In der vorliegenden Untersuchung wurden deshalb frühdiagnostische Möglichkeiten der LMV (Labmagenverlagerung), GP (Gebärparese), Retentio sec. (Retentio secundinarum) und Mastitis geprüft. Des Weiteren wurden die Kühe in einer Gruppe „krank“ und einer Gruppe „gesund“ gegenübergestellt, um durch Stoffwechselabweichungen generell subklinische Veränderungen zu erkennen, die Hinweise auf bevorstehende Erkrankungen geben. Besondere Beachtung fand für die Bewertung des Erkrankungsrisikos die odds ratio. In die Untersuchung wurden insgesamt 398 Schwarzbunte Kühe einbezogen. 49 Tiere waren an einer LMV, 121 Tiere an einer GP, 131 an einer Retentio sec. und 119 Tiere an einer Mastitis erkrankt. Im Gruppenvergleich gesund/krank wurden 347 erkrankte Kühe mit 51 klinisch gesunden Tieren verglichen. Es wurden bei allen Kühen 14-7 d a.p. (Tage ante partum) und 3 d p.p. (Tage post partum) Blutproben entnommen. Es wurden Parameter des Energie-, Fett- und Leberstoffwechsels (FFS [Freie Fettsäuren], BHB [ß-0H-Butyrat], Cholesterol, Glucose, Insulin, AST [Aspartat-Amino-Transferase], Bilirubin), des Eiweißstoffwechsels (Albumin, Haptoglobin, TP [Gesamt-Eiweiß], Harnstoff, Kreatinin) und der Leukozyten sowie des Mineralstoffwechsels (Na [Natrium], K [Kalium], Cl [Chlorid], Ca [Calcium], Pi [anorganisches Phosphat], AP [Alkalische Phosphatase]) und der CK [Creatinkinase] bestimmt und mit gesunden Kühen verglichen. 92 Auf das Risiko einer LMV weisen a.p. besonders Konzentrationssteigerungen des Haptoglobins hin. Aber auch die Mediane der Glucose und der AP liegen außerhalb des Referenzbereichs bei Tieren, die später an einer LMV erkranken. Drei d p.p. kommen signifikante Konzentrationsanstiege der FFS, des BHB und des Bilirubin sowie signifikante Konzentrationsabnahmen des Insulin (odds ratio 8,43) bis unter den Normbereich hinzu. Die Aktivitäten der AP und auch die Konzentrationen von Cholesterol und Ca bleiben ebenfalls unter dem Normbereich. Die Mediane der AST-Aktivität und der Haptoglobinkonzentration liegen oberhalb des Referenzbereichs. Auf das Risiko einer GP weisen a.p. und p.p die verminderte AP-Aktivität sowie Konzentrationsanstiege der FFS (odds ratio 1,78) hin. Drei d p.p ergänzen die Konzentrationen des BHB, des Bilirubins und des Haptoglobins (odds ratio 4,59) oberhalb der Referenzbereiche die Veränderungen. Der Median der Insulinkonzentration liegt 3 d p.p. unter dem Referenzbereich. Einer Retentio sec. gehen erhöhte Glucosekonzentrationen a.p. voraus. Der Median der AP-Aktivitäten liegt schon a.p. unter dem Normbereich. Drei d p.p. unterscheidet er sich signifikant von Kühen ohne Retentio sec. Hinweise auf Mastitiden liefern p.p. die Konzentrationen des BHB (odds ratio 1,78). Die Mediane der Glucosekonzentrationen liegen a.p. oberhalb und die der AP-Aktivitäten unterhalb der Referenzbereiche. Drei d p.p. kommen Steigerungen der Haptoglobin-, Glucose- und Bilirubinkonzentrationen sowie Aktivitätssteigerungen der AST bis über den Normbereich hinzu. Als Besonderheit liegen die Ca- und Pi-Konzentrationen aufgrund des geringeren Abflusses bei einer verminderten Milchleistung signifikant über denen der gesunden Kühe. Für die Entstehung postpartaler Erkrankungen generell verdienen die signifikanten Konzentrationssteigerungen der Glucose sowie die Abnahme der AP-Aktivität besondere Beachtung. Das BHB (odds ratio 1,92 a.p.) und die CK (odds ratio 2,17 a.p.) weisen auf ein erhöhtes Krankheitsrisiko hin. Drei d p.p. kommen zu den Veränderungen dieser Parameter noch signifikante Konzentrations- bzw. Aktivitätssteigerungen der FFS, des BHB, der CK, des Bilirubins, der AST und des Haptoglobins (odds ratio 4,61) sowie erniedrigte Ca-Konzentrationen hinzu. Die Untersuchungen haben gezeigt, dass a.p. generell Abweichungen des Energiestoffwechsels und im Besonderen gesteigerte Glucosekonzentrationen sowie erniedrigte AP-Aktivitäten ein erhöhtes Risiko für postpartale Erkrankungen anzeigen. Höhere Aussagekraft besitzen Kontrollen am 3. d p.p. mit den Parametern Insulin (odds ratio 8,4), FFS, BHB und Haptoglobin (odds ratio 4,61), deren Konzentrationen gegenüber gesunden Kühen signifikant abweichen. Ähnlich gute Eignung zeigen, Bilirubin, AST und Ca.

Dois experimentos foram realizados com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da temperatura e do índice de temperatura e umidade (ITU) nas idades pré-inicial e inicial de frangos de corte sobre as alterações provocadas nas partições da energia metabolizável ingerida (EMI) e sobre as exigências de mantença (EMm) e, desempenho. Um terceiro experimento mediu o desempenho subsequente de frangos que foram submetidos a diferentes temperaturas durante os primeiros 14 dias de vida, bem como a composição e rendimentos de carcaça e cortes. Nos experimentos 1 e 2 foi determinado a energia metabolizável (EM) utilizando indicador óxido de cromo, e os resultados das partições da EMI foram determinados a partir da técnica de abate comparativo para cada período avaliado. O desempenho também foi avaliado. Os resultados das variáveis de resposta animal foram submetidos a análise de regressão tendo como variáveis independentes as médias de temperatura e o ITU. Os resultados permitiram determinar no experimento 1 que, para a idade de 1 a 7 dias a média de temperatura de 28,3 °C melhorou os índices de desempenho. A exigência de mantença por peso metabólico nesta idade apresentou menor valor em 30,8 °C, sendo estimada em 163,7 kcal/kg PV0,75/dia. A temperatura de 29,3 °C determinou as maiores proporções da EMI destinadas para as retenções de energia bruta (EB), proteína bruta (PB) e gordura bruta (EE). No experimento 2, a média de temperatura de 24,6 °C melhorou os índices de desempenho para a idade de 8 a 14 dias, assim, a média da exigência de mantença foi estimada em 238 kcal/kg de PV0,75/dia. A temperatura em que as maiores proporções da EMI foram destinadas para as retenções de EB e PB foi próxima a 26,4 °C. No experimento 3 foi observado que, apesar de ter piorado a conversão alimentar, as temperaturas entre 22,6 e 24 °C até os 14 dias de idade se mostraram mais favoráveis para o desempenho produtivo e rendimentos de corte dos frangos aos 39 dias. Os resultados demonstraram também que, frangos que receberam temperatura mais baixa até os 14 dias e em função disso apresentavam menor desempenho, demonstraram uma tendência de recuperação ascendente do desempenho, até os 39 dias. Concluí-se por estes resultados que, frangos de idades pré-iniciais e iniciais modificam as suas exigências de energia para mantença em função da modificação do ambiente térmico, influenciando no seu desenvolvimento inicial com reflexos na idade de abate. / Two experiments were performed to assess the effect of temperature and the temperature and umidity index (TUI) in the pre-starting and starting age of broilers on changes caused in partitions of metabolizable energy intake (MEI) and maintenance (MEm) requirements and performance. A third experiment measured the subsequent performance of chickens that were subjected to different temperatures during the first 14 days of life, as well as the composition and yield of carcass and cuts. In experiments 1 and 2 was determined to metabolizable energy (ME) using chromium oxide indicator, and the results of the partitions of the MEI have been determined from the slaughtered comparative technique for each evaluated period. The performance was also evaluated. The results of animal response variables were subjected to regression analysis with independent variables temperature averages and the TUI. The results determine in experiment 1 that, for the age of 1 to 7 days the average temperature of 28.3°C improved levels of performance. The maintenance requirement for metabolic weight at this age showed lower value in 30.8°C, being estimated at 163.7 kcal/kg BW0,75/dia. 29.3°C temperature determined the highest proportions of MEI for the retention of gross energy (GE), crude protein (CP) and crude fat (CF). In experiment 2, the mean temperature of 24.6°C improved levels of performance on 7 to 14 days, so the average maintenance requirement was estimated at 238 kcal/kg BW0.75/day. The temperature at which the highest proportions of MEI were intended for the retention of GE and CP was next to 26.4°C. In experiment 3 was observed that, in spite of having worsened the feed conversion, temperatures between 22.6 and 24° C until the 14 days of age were more favorable for the productive performance and cutting income of chickens to 39 days. In experiment 3 was observed temperatures between 22.6 and 24° C until the 14 days of age were more favorable for the productive performance and yield of chickens to 39 days. The results showed that chickens that received lower temperature until the 14 days and because of this had less performance, showed a trend of rising performance recovery, until the 39 days. It was concluded that chickens for ages pré-iniciais and initials modify their energy requirements for maintenance depending on the modification of the thermal environment, influencing in early development with reflections in the age of slaughter.

Dois experimentos foram realizados com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da temperatura e do índice de temperatura e umidade (ITU) nas idades pré-inicial e inicial de frangos de corte sobre as alterações provocadas nas partições da energia metabolizável ingerida (EMI) e sobre as exigências de mantença (EMm) e, desempenho. Um terceiro experimento mediu o desempenho subsequente de frangos que foram submetidos a diferentes temperaturas durante os primeiros 14 dias de vida, bem como a composição e rendimentos de carcaça e cortes. Nos experimentos 1 e 2 foi determinado a energia metabolizável (EM) utilizando indicador óxido de cromo, e os resultados das partições da EMI foram determinados a partir da técnica de abate comparativo para cada período avaliado. O desempenho também foi avaliado. Os resultados das variáveis de resposta animal foram submetidos a análise de regressão tendo como variáveis independentes as médias de temperatura e o ITU. Os resultados permitiram determinar no experimento 1 que, para a idade de 1 a 7 dias a média de temperatura de 28,3 °C melhorou os índices de desempenho. A exigência de mantença por peso metabólico nesta idade apresentou menor valor em 30,8 °C, sendo estimada em 163,7 kcal/kg PV0,75/dia. A temperatura de 29,3 °C determinou as maiores proporções da EMI destinadas para as retenções de energia bruta (EB), proteína bruta (PB) e gordura bruta (EE). No experimento 2, a média de temperatura de 24,6 °C melhorou os índices de desempenho para a idade de 8 a 14 dias, assim, a média da exigência de mantença foi estimada em 238 kcal/kg de PV0,75/dia. A temperatura em que as maiores proporções da EMI foram destinadas para as retenções de EB e PB foi próxima a 26,4 °C. No experimento 3 foi observado que, apesar de ter piorado a conversão alimentar, as temperaturas entre 22,6 e 24 °C até os 14 dias de idade se mostraram mais favoráveis para o desempenho produtivo e rendimentos de corte dos frangos aos 39 dias. Os resultados demonstraram também que, frangos que receberam temperatura mais baixa até os 14 dias e em função disso apresentavam menor desempenho, demonstraram uma tendência de recuperação ascendente do desempenho, até os 39 dias. Concluí-se por estes resultados que, frangos de idades pré-iniciais e iniciais modificam as suas exigências de energia para mantença em função da modificação do ambiente térmico, influenciando no seu desenvolvimento inicial com reflexos na idade de abate. / Two experiments were performed to assess the effect of temperature and the temperature and umidity index (TUI) in the pre-starting and starting age of broilers on changes caused in partitions of metabolizable energy intake (MEI) and maintenance (MEm) requirements and performance. A third experiment measured the subsequent performance of chickens that were subjected to different temperatures during the first 14 days of life, as well as the composition and yield of carcass and cuts. In experiments 1 and 2 was determined to metabolizable energy (ME) using chromium oxide indicator, and the results of the partitions of the MEI have been determined from the slaughtered comparative technique for each evaluated period. The performance was also evaluated. The results of animal response variables were subjected to regression analysis with independent variables temperature averages and the TUI. The results determine in experiment 1 that, for the age of 1 to 7 days the average temperature of 28.3°C improved levels of performance. The maintenance requirement for metabolic weight at this age showed lower value in 30.8°C, being estimated at 163.7 kcal/kg BW0,75/dia. 29.3°C temperature determined the highest proportions of MEI for the retention of gross energy (GE), crude protein (CP) and crude fat (CF). In experiment 2, the mean temperature of 24.6°C improved levels of performance on 7 to 14 days, so the average maintenance requirement was estimated at 238 kcal/kg BW0.75/day. The temperature at which the highest proportions of MEI were intended for the retention of GE and CP was next to 26.4°C. In experiment 3 was observed that, in spite of having worsened the feed conversion, temperatures between 22.6 and 24° C until the 14 days of age were more favorable for the productive performance and cutting income of chickens to 39 days. In experiment 3 was observed temperatures between 22.6 and 24° C until the 14 days of age were more favorable for the productive performance and yield of chickens to 39 days. The results showed that chickens that received lower temperature until the 14 days and because of this had less performance, showed a trend of rising performance recovery, until the 39 days. It was concluded that chickens for ages pré-iniciais and initials modify their energy requirements for maintenance depending on the modification of the thermal environment, influencing in early development with reflections in the age of slaughter.

O processo de tratamento térmico à baixa temperatura é um dos métodos mais promissores para melhorar o desempenho dos materiais. O tratamento criogênico promove a transformação de austenita retida do aço em martensita, o que é atribuída para melhorar a dureza e resistência ao desgaste. Neste trabalho foram analisados os efeitos dos diferentes ciclos de tratamentos térmicos, comparando-se à tempera convencional (têmpera 1050°C + revenido simples e duplo a 200/530°C) respeito à adição do tratamento criogênico, (têmpera 1050°C + criogenia a -125°C + revenido simples e duplo a 200/530°C) com e sem tempo de espera de 24 horas, com a finalidade de avaliar a estabilização térmica da austenita retida no aço em relação a quantidade presente na microestrutura e consequentemente na influencia nas propriedades mecânicas do aço ferramenta para trabalho a frio AISI D2. As análises foram conduzidas através de testes de dureza, impacto, microscopia óptica, microscopia eletrônica de varredura e difração de raios-X. Os resultados encontrados foram uma variação pouco significativa na dureza entre 57 e 58 HRC. Foi evidenciada a baixa tenacidade ao impacto do aço AISI D2, independente das rotas dos ciclos de tratamento térmico, resultado da alta percentagem de carbonetos dispostos na microestrutura. A resistência ao impacto no aço em estudo após o tratamento criogênico, esses resultados foram relacionados à microestrutura do material. / The heat treatment process at low temperature is one of the most promising methods to improve the performance of materials. The cryogenic treatment promotes the transformation of retained austenite from the steel into martensite, which is attributed to improved hardness and wear resistance. In this work the effects of the different cycles of thermal treatments were analyzed, comparing to conventional tempering (tempering 1050°C + single and double annealing at 200/530°C) with respect to the addition of the cryogenic treatment (tempera 1050°C + cryogenics to - 125°C + single and double tempering at 200/530°C) with and without waiting time of 24 hours, in order to evaluate the thermal stabilization of the austenite retained in the steel in relation to the amount present in the microstructure and consequently in the influence on the mechanical properties of cold working tool steel AISI D2. The analyzes were conducted through tests of hardness, impact, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The results found were a minor variation in hardness between 57 and 58 HRC. It was evidenced the low impact toughness of the AISI D2 steel, independent of the thermal treatment cycle routes, as a result of the high percentage of carbides disposed in the microstructure. The impact resistance in the steel studied after the cryogenic treatment, these results was related to the microstructure of the material.

Com o objetivo de avaliar a influência do puerpério e da retenção dos anexos fetais no proteinograma de fêmeas bovinas da raça Holandesa, foram colhidas 291 amostras de sangue de vacas nos primeiros 90 dias após o parto. Para estudo do puerpério fisiológico, foram colhidas amostras de sangue de 162 fêmeas bovinas clinicamente sadias, divididas em 9 grupos experimentais, 0 -| 1º dia; 1º -| 2º dia; 2º -| 4º dia; 4º -| 6º dia; 6º -| 8º dia; 8º -| 15º dia; 15º -| 30º dia; 30º -| 60º dia; e, 60º -| 90º dia pós-parto. Para avaliar a influência da retenção dos anexos fetais, foram colhidas 129 amostras de soro sanguíneo de vacas da raça Holandesa que retiveram os anexos fetais, divididas em 8 grupos experimentais, 1º -| 2º dia; 2º -| 4º dia; 4º -| 6º dia; 6º -| 8º dia; 8º -| 15º dia; 15º -| 30º dia; 30º -| 60º dia; e, 60º -| 90º dia pós-parto. Os teores séricos de proteínas totais foram determinados pela técnica de Biureto e o fracionamento das proteínas foi realizado por eletroforese em fita de acetato de celulose e eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida contendo dodecil sulfato de sódio (SDS-PAGE). Os resultados permitem concluir que ocorreu um aumento significativo das proteínas de fase aguda tanto nos animais com puerpério fisiológico quanto nos animais com retenção dos anexos fetais. As proteínas haptoglobina, ceruloplasmina e glicoproteína ácida responderam ao estímulo do parto e à contaminação bacteriana pós-parto nos animais com puerpério fisiológico; e nos animais com retenção dos anexos fetais, responderam de forma significativa ao estímulo da contaminação bacteriana pós-parto e da retenção dos anexos fetais prolongando o tempo de resposta das proteínas. A glicoproteína ácida representou mais evidentemente o quadro de inflamação aguda induzida pela retenção dos anexos fetais. Nos animais com retenção dos anexos fetais, a proteína albumina comportou-se como proteína de fase aguda negativa, provavelmente pela interferência de vários fatores, como distúrbios hepáticos ou metabólicos; desvio de sua síntese hepática para a produção de outras proteínas; e inflamação, infecção e absorção de toxinas bacterianas. A técnica de eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida contendo dodecil sulfato de sódio (SDS-PAGE) a 10%, com tampão de aplicação com agente redutor, não é indicada para o estudo do comportamento das proteínas albumina e imunoglobulinas. Pela técnica de eletroforese em fita de acetato de celulose demonstrou-se que o puerpério não alterou de forma significativa a concentração de albumina, mas alterou significativamente as frações alfa, beta e gamaglobulinas. / The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of the puerperal period and retained fetal membranes on the proteinogram of Holstein cows. Two hundred ninety one blood samples were collected from cows through ninety days postpartum. In order to study the physiologic puerperium, blood samples from one hundred two clinically animals, divided in 9 experimental groups, following the chronogram, 0 -| 1º day; 1º -| 2º day; 2º -| 4º day; 4º -| 6º day; 6º -| 8º day; 8º -| 15º day; 15º -| 30º day; 30º -| 60º day; and, 60º -| 90º day postpartum were analyzed. To evaluate the fetal membranes retention influence, one hundred twenty nine blood samples from Holstein cows with this clinical condition, in moments1º -| 2º day; 2º -| 4º day; 4º -| 6º day; 6º -| 8º day; 8º -| 15º day; 15º -| 30º day; 30º -| 60º day; and, 60º -| 90º day postpartum were also analyzed and divided in 8 experimental groups. Total proteins concentration was determined by the Biuret method and protein electrophoresis were performed in acetate cellulose and in sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrilamide gel (SDS-PAGE). The results showed a significant elevation in acute phase proteins in both conditions, physiologic puerperium and retained fetal membranes. Haptoglobin, ceruloplasmin and acid glycoprotein were increased in the partum stimuli and postpartum bacterial contamination in animals with physiologic puerperium. In the retained fetal membranes animals, those proteins significantly responded to the pos-partum bacterial contamination stimulli and retained fetal membranes, rising the proteins response time. The acid glycoprotein concentration evidenciated an acute inflammation induced by retained fetal membranes. In the animals with this condition, albumin behaved as negative acute phase protein, probably by several factors like hepatic or metabolic disturbance, deviation of the hepatic synthesis secondary to other proteins production, and bacterial toxins absortion, inflammation and infection. Sodium dodecyl sulfate poliacrilamide 10% gel (SDS-PAGE) electrophoresis with reducing sample aplication buffer, is not indicated for albumin and immunoglobulins behavior study. Acetate cellulose electrophoresis showed that physiologic puerperium did not influencied albumin concentration, but significantly did with alfa, beta and gammaglobulins.