Le modèle des automates cellulaires constitue un des modèles le mieux établi de physique discrète sur espace euclidien. Ils implantent trois symétries fondamentales de la physique: la causalité, l'homogénéité et la densité finie de l'information. Bien que l'origine des automates cellulaires provienne de la physique, leur utilisation est très répandue comme modèles de calcul distribué dans l'espace (machines auto-réplicantes, problèmes de synchronisation,...), ou bien comme modèles de systèmes multi-agents (congestion du trafic routier, études démographiques,...). Bien qu'ils soient parmi les modèles de calcul distribué les plus étudiés, la rigidité de leur structure interdit toute extension triviale vers un modèle de topologie variant dans le temps, qui se trouve être un prérequis fondamental à la modélisation de certains phénomènes biologiques, sociaux ou physiques, comme par exemple la discrétisation de la relativité générale. Les dynamiques causales de graphes généralisent les automates cellulaires aux graphes arbitraires de degré borné et pouvant varier dans le temps. Dans cette thèse, nous nous attacherons à généraliser certains des résultats fondamentaux de la théorie des automates cellulaires. En munissant nos graphes d'une métrique compacte, nous présenterons deux approches différentes du modèle. Une première approche axiomatique basée sur les notions de continuité et d'invariance par translation, et une deuxième approche constructive, où une règle locale est appliquée en parallèle et de manière synchrone sur l'ensemble des sommets du graphe. / Cellular Automata constitute one of the most established model of discrete physical transformations that accounts for euclidean space. They implement three fundamental symmetries of physics: causality, homogeneity and finite density of information. Even though their origins lies in physics, they are widely used to model spatially distributed computation (self-replicating machines, synchronization problems,...), as well as a great variety of multi-agents phenomena (traffic jams, demographics,...). While being one of the most studied model of distributed computation, their rigidity forbids any trivial extension toward time-varying topology, which is a fundamental requirement when it comes to modelling phenomena in biology, sociology or physics: for instance when looking for a discrete formulation of general relativity. Causal graph dynamics generalize cellular automata to arbitrary, bounded degree, time-varying graphs. In this work, we generalize the fundamental structure results of cellular automata for this type of transformations. We endow our graphs with a compact metric space structure, and follow two approaches. An axiomatic approach based on the notions of continuity and shift-invariance, and a constructive approach, where a local rule is applied synchronously on every vertex of the graph. Compactness allows us to show the equivalence of these two definitions, extending the famous result of Curtis-Hedlund-Lyndon’s theorem. Another physics-inspired symmetry is then added to the model, namely reversibility.

La planification urbaine est un modèle révolu dans une société où il est devenu impossible de projeter un futur linéaire. Nous atteignons la fin d'un paradigme, dont nous analysons les éléments émergents avec le Schéma Directeur d'Aménagement Urbain de la région parisienne (SDAU) de 1965. La recherche s'est appuyée sur deux situations, révélant des alternatives à la planification urbaine rigide : le cas du Plan-guide de l'île de Nantes et un dispositif Programme Communautaire d'Amélioration de Quartier (Programas Comunitario de Mejoramiento de Barrios) créé à Mexico entre le gouvernement et les habitants. Les deux terrains de recherche exposent chacun des éléments qui viennent alimenter la notion de mutabilité urbaine, que nous définissons comme la capacité des villes à accueillir le changement et à favoriser les possibles pour fabriquer les villes. Elle dépasse le support spatial et vise à construire une démarche pour accepter l'incertitude. Nous avons défini trois conditions qui permettent de rendre opératoire le concept : accueillir le changement (1), accepter l'incertitude (2), partager une collection d'inventivités (3). Chacune demande la mise en œuvre d'actions, que nous développerons en dernière partie et qui nous a conduit à définir plusieurs types de mutabilités, qui ont chacune leurs temporalités, leurs urgences, leurs temps de préparation. Elles ont toutes leur place dans la fabrication des villes car elles permettent de rendre vivant chaque lieu, chaque instant. La mutabilité urbaine ne se propose pas comme modèle, mais souhaite valider d'autres modes de faire. Elle interroge l'autrement, c'est-à-dire qu'elle s'écarte des modèles préconçus et des certitudes, pour les remplacer par un cadre défini localement comme un ensemble de métarègles qui ouvrent des possibles urbains / Urban planning can be considered out-dated in a society where it has become impossible to project a linear future. We have arrived at the end of a paradigm, as can be witnessed in the analysis of the Schéma Directeur d'Aménagement Urbain of the Paris region (SDAU) of 1965. Our research focuses on two situations arising from alternatives to rigid urban planning: the case of the “Plan-guide” of the Isle of Nantes and the initiative “Neighbourhood Improvement Community Programme” (Programas Comunitario de Mejoramiento de Barrios), established between the Mexican government and the community. Each case study allows us to identify constitutive elements of “urban mutability”, defined here as the capacity of cities to welcome change and favour “the possible” (les possibles) in their making. These constitutive elements go beyond the spatial structure of the city and attempt to create a procedure for accepting uncertainty. We have defined three conditions that permit an operational understanding of the concept: accommodation of change (1), acceptance of uncertainty (2), sharing of collective inventions (3). Each condition necessitates an active follow through that we will expand upon in the last section, and which has led us to the definition of several types of mutability, each with their own temporality, urgency, and length of preparation. All have their place in the creation of cities as they allow us to breathe life into each space, each instant. Urban mutability does not offer a model, but rather validates other ways of acting. It questions the meaning of “alternative” (l'autrement), which means that the distance created in the step away from preconceived models and assurances allows a locally defined framework of meta-regulations to open new “possibles” for cities

Les azométhines contiennent des liaisons covalentes qui peuvent se former de façon réversible entre une amine et un aldéhyde. Cette réversibilité peut être exploitée pour échanger leurs composantes constitutionnelles. Les propriétés intrinsèques des azométhines peuvent être modulées en échangeant les composantes amines ou aldéhydes. L’échange des composantes constitutionnelles est possible en solution. Toutefois, les produits échangés doivent être purifiés pour éliminer les divers réactifs et produits échangés indésirables. Il est donc avantageux de simplifier l’étape de purification pour isoler le produit échangé désiré. Un moyen possible pour atteindre cet objectif est d’immobiliser l’amine ou l’aldéhyde sur une surface. Dans ce cas, les produits échangés souhaités peuvent être facilement isolés en rinçant la surface à la suite de cet échange. À cette fin, un monomère d’aldéhyde électroactif dérivé de la triphénylamine a été préparé. Il a été polymérisé thermiquement sur une électrode transparente. La polymérisation a été confirmée par les spectroscopies FT-IR ATR et Raman. Une série d’amines (aminocoumarines et diaminobenzothiadiazole) présentant chacune une couleur unique, une longueur d’émission et un potentiel d’oxydation électrochimique ont été choisis. Leur formation en azométhine et leur échange dynamique sur film mince d’aldéhyde électroactif ont donc pu être suivis électrochimiquement, par des spectroscopies UV-visibles et Raman, et par la fluorescence. Des composés modèles de ces fluorophores azométhines ont également été préparés pour l’analyse comparative de leurs propriétés électrochimiques et spectroscopiques, ainsi que pour la confirmation de l’échange des composantes. Il a été montré que les propriétés multiples (potentiel redox, couleur, longueur d’onde et rendement d’émission) du film électroactif pouvaient être simultanément modulées par la formation réversible d’azométhine. En immobilisant les azométhines sur une surface, leurs propriétés pourraient être modifiées de façon réversible par échange des composantes, soit en immergeant le substrat dans une solution d’amine, soit en enduisant la surface d’un jet d’amine suivi d’un rinçage. Ce processus direct permet de développer des surfaces dont les propriétés peuvent être constamment modifiées, tout en ouvrant la possibilité de réparer la surface et de restaurer les propriétés souhaitées par un échange dynamique de composantes. / Azomethines incorporate covalent bonds that can be reversibly formed between an amine and aldehyde. This reversibility can be exploited to exchange their constitutional components. The intrinsic properties of the azomethines can be modulated by exchanging either the amine or the aldehyde components. Exchanging the constitutional components is possible in solution. However, the exchanged products must be purified to remove the various reagents and undesired exchanged products. It is therefore advantageous to simplify the purification step for isolating the desired exchanged product. A possible means towards this goal is by immobilizing either the amine or the aldehyde on a surface. In such a case, the desired exchanged products can be readily isolated by rinsing the surface following the dynamic component exchange. Towards this end, an electroactive aldehyde monomer derived from triphenylamine was prepared. It was thermally polymerized on a transparent electrode. Polymerization was confirmed by FT-IR ATR and Raman spectroscopies. A series of amines (aminocoumarin and diaminobenzothiadiazole) each with a unique color, emission wavelength and electrochemical oxidation potential were chosen. Their azomethine formation and dynamic exchange with the electroactive aldehyde thin film could therefore be tracked electrochemically, by UV-visible and Raman spectroscopies, and by fluorescence. Model compounds of these azomethine fluorophores were also prepared for benchmarking their electrochemical and spectroscopic properties along with confirming component exchange. It was shown that multiple properties (redox potentials, color, emission wavelength, and emission yield) of the electroactive film could be simultaneously modulated by reversible azomethine formation. By immobilizing the azomethines on a surface, their properties could be reversibly modified by component exchange by either dipping the substrate in an amine solution or coating the surface with a spray of amine followed by rinsing. This straight-forward process provides the means for developing surfaces whose properties can be perpetually modified, while opening the possibility of repairing the surface and restoring desired properties by dynamic component exchange.

No description available.

The resolution of functional mitral valve regurgitation (MR) in patients awaiting left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation is discussed controversially. The present study analyzed MR and echocardiographic parameters of the third-generation LVAD HeartMate 3 (HM3) over 3 years. Of 135 LVAD patients (with severe MR, n = 33; with none, mild, or moderate MR, n = 102), data of transthoracic echocardiography were included preoperatively to LVAD implantation, up to 1 month postoperatively, and at 1, 2, and 3 years after LVAD implantation. Demographic data and clinical characteristics were collected. Severe MR was reduced immediately after LVAD implantation in all patients. The echocardiographic parameters left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (P < .001), right ventricular end-diastolic diameter (P < .001), tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (P < .001), and estimated pulmonary artery pressure (P < .001) decreased after HM3 implantation independently from the grade of MR prior to implantation and remained low during the 2 years follow-up period. Following LVAD implantation, right heart failure, ventricular arrhythmias, ischemic stroke as well as pump thrombosis and bleeding events were comparable between the groups. The incidences of death and cardiac death did not differ between the patient groups. Furthermore, the Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that survival was comparable between the groups (P = .073). HM3 implantation decreases preoperative severe MR immediately after LVAD implantation. This effect is long-lasting in most patients and reinforces the LVAD implantation without MR surgery. The complication rates and survival were comparable between patients with and without severe MR.

Des techniques d’exploration de la fonction respiratoire nécessitant une coopération minimale, réalisables en ventilation spontanée, sans anesthésie, sont nécessaires chez les jeunes enfants asthmatiques. De telles méthodes sont la mesure de l’impédance respiratoire par la technique des oscillations forcées, la mesure de la résistance spécifique des voies aériennes par pléthysmographie ou la capnographie qui mesure la concentration de CO2 dans le gaz expiré. L’objectif principal de travail a été l’amélioration du diagnostic de l’asthme infantile en utilisant des études cliniques et fondamentales. Une étude clinique incluant des enfants asthmatiques et témoins a montré que la spécificité de la résistance est améliorée en expiration par rapport à l’inspiration du au fait que la fermeture de la glotte à l’expiration est proportionnelle au degré de l’obstruction bronchique. Une autre étude a démontré que le diagnostic de l’asthme est amélioré par le calcul des variations d’admittance respiratoire à un bronchodilatateur, ce calcul n’étant pas influencé par l’artefact des voies aériennes supérieures. Une étude a montré que la mesure de la résistance spécifique des voies aériennes en ventilation spontanée est surestimée par rapport à la mesure en halètement. La capnographie est une méthode noninvasive qui donne des renseignements sur l’inhomogénéité de la ventilation pendant une obstruction bronchique aigue. Toutefois, elle peut être limitée chez le jeune enfant par une fréquence ventilatoire élevée. Une étude expérimentale a été menée chez le lapin pour valider les indices capnographiques à différentes fréquences ventilatoires pour identifier la présence d’une obstruction aigue / Shorter lung function testing methods are needed in young asthmatic children, requiring minimal cooperation, performed in spontaneous breathing, without anaesthesia. Such methods are measurement of respiratory impedance by forced oscillations technique, measurement of specific airway resistance by plethysmography or capnography, measurement of CO2 concentration in expired air. The main objective of this work was to improve pediatric asthma diagnosis by using clinical and experimental studies. A study including asthmatic and control children showed that the specificity of resistance was improved in expiration compared to inspiration due to the fact that the glottis closure during expiration was proportional to the degree of airway obstruction. Another clinical study demonstrated that asthma diagnosis was improved by computation of respiratory admittance response to a bronchodilator because this computation is not affected by upper airways artifact. A study showed that specific airway resistance measured during spontaneous breathing was overestimated compared to panting metthod. Capnography is a non invasive technique. The shape of the expired CO2 time course is altered by the non homogenous distribution of ventilation resulting from bronchoconstriction. But its clinical usefulness in young children may be limited by the relatively high respiratory rate. An experimental study was conducted in rabbits to validate capnogram shape indices at different rates of breathing during airway constriction by methacholine. The indices have detected the acute airway obstruction even at high frequencies, frequencies usually presented by infants during an acute bronchoconstriction

A proposta deste trabalho é apresentar resultados para o estudo sistemático de sistemas dinâmicos reversíveis-equivariantes, ou seja, em presença simultânea de simetrias e antisimetrias. Este é o caso em que o domínio e as equações que regem o sistema são invariantes pela ação de um grupo de Lie compacto &#915; formado pelas simetrias e anti-simetrias do problema. Apresentamos métodos de teoria de Singularidades e teoria de invariantes para classificar bifurcações a um parâmetro de pontos de equilíbrio destes sistemas. Para isso, separamos o estudo de aplicações &#915;-reversíveis-equivariantes em dois casos: auto-dual e não auto-dual. No primeiro caso, a existência de um isomorfismo linear &#915;-reversível-equivariante estabelece uma correspondência entre a classificação de problemas &#915;-reversíveis-equivariantes e a classificação de problemas &#915;-equivariantes associados, para os quais todos os elementos de &#915; agem como simetria. Os resultados obtidos para o caso não auto-dual se baseiam em teoria de invariantes e envolvem técnicas algébricas que reduzem a análise ao caso polinomial invariante. Dois algoritmos simbólicos são estabelecidos para o cálculo de geradores para o módulo das funções anti-invariantes e para o módulo das aplicações reversíveis-equivariantes. / The purpose of this work is to present results for the sistematic study of reversible-equivariant dynamical systems, namely in simultaneous presence of symmetries and reversing simmetries. This is the case when the domain and the equations modeling the system are invariant under the action of a compact Lie group &#915; formed by the symmetries and reversing symmetries of the problem. We present methods in Singularities and Invariant theory to classify oneparameter steady-state bifurcations of these systems. For that, we split the study of the ¡¡reversible-equivariant mapping into two cases: self-dual and non self-dual. In the first case, the existence of a &#915;-reversible-equivariant linear isomorphism establishes a one-toone correspondence between the classification of &#915;-reversible-equivariant problems and the classification of the associated &#915;-equivariant problems, for which all elements in &#915; act as symmetries. The results obtained for the non self-dual case are based on Invariant theory and involve algebraic techniques that reduce the analysis to the invariant polynomial case. Two symbolic algorithms are established for the computation of generators for the module of anti-invariant functions and for the module of reversible-equivariant mappings.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T13:17:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maxleila Reis Martins Santos.pdf: 1885351 bytes, checksum: 5715fa020e379673d040080126c52d38 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-05-11 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Intraverbal is a verbal operant in which a verbal stimulus is the occasion for a particular verbal response - with no point-to-point correspondence to the verbal stimulus that evoked it - to be emitted, and that response is maintained by a generalized reinforcement stimulus. Translation is a special case of intraverbal behavior, in which stimuli are in one language and responses are in another. When two languages are acquired independently there may be little intraverbal connections between them. The aim of this work was to investigate (a) the production of intraverbal behavior involving pairs of words in Portuguese-English and English-Portuguese, (b) how the establishment of these pairs would influence the acquisition of new intraverbal behavior with similar characteristics to those already produced, and (c) whether the training that promotes the acquisition of an intraverbal - for example, stimulus-word-in-Portuguese and response-word-in-English - would suffice to produce the emergence of another corresponding intraverbal in the opposite direction. Eleven participants, whose native language was Portuguese and with little or no knowledge of English, concluded the study. In a trial-and-error procedure, each participant realized a task in the computer which consisted of typing the translation for a word shown in the center of the screen. If the stimulus-word was in English, a response in Portuguese was demanded, and vice-versa. When the stimulus-word was shown, the participant could ask for hints (pressing tab or enter), and it was up to him/her to end the attempt once he/she considered it finished, at which moment a message would indicate a hit or miss. Typing errors at each letter were shown as well. In each experimental stage, the same set of words was presented in random order, half of them being in Portuguese and half in English. Once the set of words was finished, it was re-presented until the participant met the criterion for completion of that stage. This procedure involved 4 experimental phases: on Phase 1 a set of 20 words was presented; on Phase 2 the direction of the training was inverted - words presented in English on Phase 1 were presented in Portuguese and vice-versa. On Phase 3, a new set of 10 words was presented, and Phase 4 consisted of the inversion of that set. Results indicate that more training was necessary in order to obtain some precision in the establishment of intraverbal relations in which the stimulus-word was in the participants' native language and the response-word was in foreign language, at least when words are presented in written dimension and responses are demanded in the same dimension. Results also indicate that reversibility cannot be expected, since in many cases the training in one direction did not suffice for the intraverbal relationship to remain intact when what was previously a response-word became a stimulus-word and vice-versa. Results show, however, that intraverbal training which presents stimulus-words in one language and demands as a response the emission of a word in another language has some effect over the participants' performance when the inverse intraverbal, or even new intraverbals with other pairs of words, are demanded. However, this effect may be quite different, depending on the initial direction of the training - initial training based on stimulus-words in the native language and response-words in the foreign language though apparently more difficult at first, made the emission of the intraverbal chain more probable when those words were inverted. The role of diverse behavioral histories (familiarity) with words in one language and previous knowledge of the second language, as well as characteruistics of individual words and of sub-set of words are discussed as relevant variables in determining performance / Intraverbal é um operante verbal no qual o estímulo verbal é a ocasião para que determinada resposta verbal particular - sem correspondência ponto-a-ponto com o estímulo verbal que a evocou - seja emitida e essa resposta é mantida por um estímulo reforçador generalizado. A tradução é um caso especial de comportamento intraverbal, no qual os estímulos estão em uma língua e as respostas em outra. Quando duas línguas são adquiridas independentemente pode haver poucas conexões intraverbais entre elas. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi investigar (a) a produção de operantes intraverbais envolvendo pares de palavras em português-inglês e inglês-português, (b) como o estabelecimento desses pares participaria na aquisição de novos intraverbais com características semelhantes aos já produzidos, e (c) se o treino que promove a aquisição de um intraverbal por exemplo, palavra-estímulo-em-português e palavra-resposta-em-inglês seria suficiente para produzir a emergência de outro intraverbal correspondente na direção inversa. Onze participantes, cuja língua materna foi o português e com pouco ou nenhum conhecimento de inglês concluíram a pesquisa. Em um procedimento por tentativas, o participante realizava uma tarefa no computador que consistia em digitar a tradução de uma palavra apresentada no centro da tela. Se a palavra-estímulo estivesse em inglês se exigia resposta em português e vice-versa. Diante da palavra na tela, o participante podia solicitar dicas (pressionando tab ou enter) e a ele cabia encerrar a tentativa quando terminava a digitação, quando uma mensagem indicava acerto ou erro. Erros de digitação a cada letra eram indicados também. Em cada fase experimental, o mesmo conjunto de palavras era apresentado em ordem aleatória, sendo que metade das palavras era apresentada em português e metade em inglês. Encerrado o bloco (ou conjunto de palavras), este era re-apresentado até que o participante atingisse o critério de encerramento da fase. O procedimento envolveu 4 fases experimentais: na Fase 1, um conjunto de 20 palavras foi apresentado. Na Fase 2, inverteu-se a direção do treino: palavras apresentadas em inglês na Fase 1 passaram a ser apresentadas em português e vice-versa. Na Fase 3, novo conjunto de 10 palavras foi apresentado e na Fase 4 se fez a inversão desse conjunto. Os resultados indicam que foi necessário mais treino para se obter precisão no estabelecimento de relações intraverbais em que a palavra-estímulo estava na língua materna e a palavra-resposta na língua estrangeira, pelo menos quando as palavras são apresentadas na dimensão escrita e se exige respostas nesta mesma dimensão. Os resultados indicam também que não se pode esperar reversibilidade: que o treino em uma direção não foi suficiente para que a relação intraverbal se apresentasse intacta quando o que era palavra-resposta se tornava palavra-estímulo e vice-versa, em muitos casos. Os resultados mostram, no entanto, que o treino intraverbal em que palavras-estímulo são apresentadas em uma língua e se exige como resposta a emissão de uma palavra em outra língua tem algum efeito sobre o desempenho do participante quando se exige desempenho inverso, ou mesmo quando se exige intraverbais que envolvem outros pares de palavras. Contudo, tal efeito é bastante diferente a depender da direção de treino inicial: o treino inicial palavra-estímulo na língua materna e palavra-resposta na língua estrangeira, ainda que aparentemente mais custoso inicialmente, tornou mais provável a emissão da cadeia intraverbal quando se inverteram as palavras. Discute-se o papel das diferentes histórias comportamentais (a familiaridade) com palavras em uma língua, o conhecimento da segunda língua e características das palavras como variáveis relevantes na determinação do desempenho

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T17:27:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cesar Gomes Bonfim Dias.pdf: 1124341 bytes, checksum: 0597660771a7d49eec9ad282d8b45412 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-11-20 / This work aims to understand how to configure the theme of indivision on the thought of Maurice Merleau-ponty (1908 - 1961). The term indivision appears in philosophical sense, between 1958 and 1960, taught courses at the Collège of France, such as joint ownership body and worldly, that is, from my body with me, of my body with the world and of the bodies among themselves. Merleau-Ponty asserts that we are indivisibility . As the term body refers to the perceptual experience body that the subject has of himself, of the things, of the world and of the other, this indivision and it, too, an experience, an experience of indivision, such as express our title. The indivision descends from the husserlian intentionality, it refers to the mode of being of consciousness as consciousness of something. Merleau-ponty combines this theme to the Lebenswelt (world of life) husserlian and establishes their reflections on the horizon of an intentionality operant, a way to be original that works from the inside, which allows for the existence of intercorporeality and interworld. This way of being original identifies himself to what we call from experience of indivision. It is this over the course of three reflections developed by the philosopher, namely the perceptual experience body, the expression and the reflection on the flesh. In the first, the body phenomenal provides at the philosopher thinking a kind of unity that exists for himself to himself (the subject as the body) and in communion with the world, with things and with the other - a way of indivision founded on corporeality. In the second reflection, thinking about the meaning of the expression, from the perspective of the experience of the speaking subject makes it possible to understand the operation of expression the operationality a point or moment of indivision. The spousal of the language by speaking subject indicates a layer of indivision woven of yarns diacritics and a crossroads between the elements that make up this layer. In the third reflection, the flesh shows the same nature of the experience of indivision as indivisibility. There are carnal indivisibility between the "I" and the "world" (I and things, between myself and the other). The flesh, as a element and dimensionality that make up the indivision, it is a way of being that is being carried out by the agency of its own operation, enabling the identity, the difference and as well as the links between all the fleshs / Este trabalho pretende compreender como se configura o tema da indivisão no pensamento de Maurice Merleau-Ponty (1908 1961). O termo indivisão aparece em sentido filosófico, entre 1958 e 1960, nos cursos ministrados no Collège de France, como indivisão corporal e mundana, isto é, do meu corpo comigo, do meu corpo com o mundo e dos corpos entre si. Merleau-Ponty afirma que nós somos uma indivisibilidade. Como o termo corpo refere-se à experiência perceptiva corporal que o sujeito tem de si mesmo, das coisas, do mundo e do outro, essa indivisão é ela, também, uma experiência, uma experiência da indivisão, como expressão nosso título. A indivisão descende da intencionalidade husserliana, aquela referente ao modo de ser da consciência como consciência de algo. Merleau-Ponty alia essa temática à Lebenswelt (mundo da vida) husserliana e estabelece suas reflexões no horizonte de uma intencionalidade operante, um modo de ser original que trabalha desde o interior, a qual viabiliza a existência da intercorporeidade e do intermundo. Esse modo de ser original identifica-se ao que chamamos de experiência da indivisão. Ela está presente ao longo de três reflexões desenvolvidas pelo filósofo, a saber, a experiência perceptiva corporal, a expressão e a reflexão acerca da carne. Na primeira, o corpo fenomenal propicia ao filósofo pensar um tipo de unidade existente de si a si (o sujeito como corpo) e de comunhão com o mundo, com as coisas e com os outros um modo de indivisão fundado na corporeidade. Na terceira reflexão, pensar o sentido da expressão, sob a ótica da experiência do sujeito falante torna possível entender a operação de expressão a operacionalidade como ponto ou momento da indivisão. O esposamento da língua pelo sujeito falante indica uma camada de indivisão tecida de fios diacríticos e de um entrecruzamento entre os elementos que compõem essa camada. Na terceira reflexão, a carne mostra a natureza mesma da experiência de indivisão como indivisibilidade. Há indivisibilidade carnal entre o eu e o mundo (eu e as coisas, entre eu e os outros). A carne, como elemento e dimensionalidade que compõem a indivisão, é um modo de ser que se realiza pelo agenciamento de sua própria operação, possibilitando a identidade, a diferença e bem como os laços entre todas as carnes

Cellular senescence a specialized form of growth arrest that contributes to the pathogenesis of several aging-related disorders including cancer. While by definition tumor cells are considered immortalized, they can undergo senescence when exposed to conventional and targeted cancer therapy. Therapy-Induced Senescence (TIS) represents a fundamental response to therapy and impacts its outcomes. However, TIS has been considered a positive therapeutic goal since senescent tumor cells are expected to enter a state of permanent growth abrogation. In this work we examined the hypothesis that a subpopulation of senescent cells can re-acquire proliferative potential after a state of senescent dormancy, indicating that senescence is not obligatorily an irreversible process. Our observations indicate that H460 non-small cell lung cancer cells induced into senescence by exposure to etoposide, and enriched based on β-galactosidase staining and size, were shown to recover reproductive capacity, which was accompanied by resolution of the DNA-damage-response (downregulation of p53 and p21Cip1 induction), attenuation of the Senescence-associated Secretory Phenotype (SASP). To overcome the reservation that the newly dividing cells may not have been derived from the senescent population and in an effort to establish that escape from TIS is feasible, tumor cells induced into senescence by chemotherapy were enriched for senescence by flow cytometry; the subsequent division of senescent cells was demonstrable utilizing both real-time, live microscopy and High Speed Live Cell Interferometry (HSLCI). Furthermore, sorted senescent cells were observed to form tumors when implanted in immune deficient mice and with a significant delay in immunecompetent mice. As chemotherapy induced senescent cells have been identified in patient tumors, it is reasonable to propose that tumor cells that escape from senescence could contribute to disease recurrence. In addition, therapy-induced senescence could prove to reflect one form of tumor dormancy. Recently, ABT263 has been used as a senolytic drug, effectively eliminating senescent cells from aging-related animal models. Here, we utilize ABT263 in a two-hit approach to eliminate senescent tumor cells that persistent after exposure to chemotherapy. ABT263 results in the killing of senescent tumor cells in a concentration-dependent manner and shifts the response towards apoptotic cell death. Furthermore, sequential administration of ABT263 interferes with the ability of senescent tumor cells to recover growth potential. These results indicate that senescent tumor cells can contribute to cancer relapse by acquiring proliferative properties and that senolytic therapy allows for the clearance of dormant senescent tumor cells and will potentially decrease cancer recurrence rates.