In der Milchindustrie spielt die Auswahl der Starterkulturen eine wichtige Rolle bei der Herstellung fermentierter Produkte mit gewünschter Textur und entsprechenden sensorischen Eigenschaften. Milchsäurebakterien mit der Fähigkeit extrazelluläre Polysaccharide (EPS) zu synthetisieren sind von besonderem Interesse, da auf Grund der in situ gebildeten Hydrokolloide der Einsatz von Zusatzstoffen vermieden werden kann. Die Wirkung von EPS auf die Produkt-eigenschaften ist in der Literatur bereits mehrfach beschrieben, wird jedoch auf Grund der Vielzahl an unterschiedlichen Stämmen und Fermentationsparametern bzw. einer fehlenden Systematisierung immer noch sehr kontrovers diskutiert. Des Weiteren stellt die wissenschaftliche Aufklärung der komplexen Struktur-Funktionsbeziehungen und der Wechselwirkungen mit anderen Produktkomponenten eine große Herausforderung dar. Um die Zusammenhänge besser verstehen zu können, wurde in dieser Arbeit ein neuer Ansatz gewählt: isolierte und aufgereinigte EPS wurden der Milch vor der Säuerung zugesetzt und die daraus hergestellten Milchgele mit jenen mit in situ produzierten EPS verglichen. In Milchgelen aus Einzelstammkulturen von Streptococcus thermophilus oder Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus wurden EPS‑Gehalte von 40 - 150 mg/kg ermittelt. Die Gele unterschieden sich hinsichtlich ihrer Viskosität und ihres fadenziehenden Charakters, was erste Hinweise auf die Art der gebildeten EPS liefert. Die Synthese größerer Mengen an EPS zur Charakterisierung und Untersuchung ihrer Funktionalität erfolgte entkoppelt von der Produkt­herstellung mit ausgewählten Stämmen in Batch-Fermentationen mit konstantem pH in komplexen oder semidefinierten Medien. S. thermophilus ST‑143 produzierte ~ 300 mg/L fadenziehende EPS, die durch entsprechende Aufreinigungsschritte als drei EPS‑Fraktionen gewonnen werden konnten: freie EPS (EPSf), kapsuläre EPS (EPSk) und ein Gemisch aus beiden (EPSf+k). EPSf haben eine höhere Molekülmasse (M = 2,6 x 10^6 Da) und eine höhere intrinsische Viskosität (1,14 mL/mg) im Vergleich zu EPSk (M = 7,4 x 10^3 Da, 1,4 x 10^5 Da; intrinsische Viskosität = 0,06 mL/mg) und führten bereits in geringen Mengen zu rheologischen Veränderungen. Allerdings scheinen die EPSk Wechselwirkungen zwischen EPSf Molekülen zu unterstützen. In chemisch gesäuerten Milchgelen konnte durch den definierten Zusatz aufgereinigter Fraktionen von EPSf und EPSf+k vor der Säuerung (c = 0 - 0,35 mg/g) erstmals eine konzentrationsabhängige Wirkung aufgezeigt werden. Mit EPSf stieg der maximale Speichermodul der Milchgele als Maß für die Gelsteifigkeit linear an (457 - 722 Pa). EPSk zeigten hingegen keinen Einfluss. Als Modellpolysaccharid wurde vergleichend das gut beschriebene, ebenfalls ungeladene und nicht gelbildende Homopoly­saccharid Dextran herangezogen (c = 0 - 300 mg/g). EPSf und Dextran veränderten die Gelbildung, erhöhten die Steifigkeit stichfester Gele und die Viskosität gerührter Gele in ähnlichem Maße, es waren jedoch deutlich unterschiedliche Konzentrationen notwendig. Die in den Milchgelen beschriebenen Einflüsse können unter anderem auf Depletionseffekte zwischen gleichgeladenen Polymeren (hier Proteine und Polysaccharide) zurückgeführt werden. / The selection of suitable starter cultures for the production of fermented milk with a desired texture and corresponding sensory attributes is of great importance for the dairy industry. Lactic acid bacteria with the ability to synthesise extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) are of particular interest, because these in situ produced hydrocolloids may allow to omit the use of additives. Many effects of EPS on product properties are already described in the scientific literature, but are still discussed controversially because of the multitude of different strains and fermentation parameters and, hence, a lack of systematisation. Furthermore, research on the mechanisms behind the structure-function relationship and interactions with other product components is a challenging area. To obtain a deeper understanding of this complex system, a new approach was chosen for the present study: EPS were isolated, purified and added to the milk prior to acidification, and the respective milk gels were compared with those with in situ produced EPS. In milk gels acidified by single strains of Streptococcus thermophilus or Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus, EPS contents of 40 - 150 g/kg were determined. The gels differed in viscosity and their ropy character, which is a first indicator for the type of the EPS. To allow for their chemical and technofunctional characterisation, the synthesis of higher amounts of EPS was performed by batch-fermentation at constant pH and decoupled from the product manufacturing with selected strains in complex or semidefined media. S. thermophilus ST‑143 synthesised ~ 300 mg/L ropy EPS, which were isolated as three different EPS fractions by applying particular purification steps: free EPS (EPSf), capsular derived EPS (EPSk) and a mixture of both EPS (EPSf+k). EPSf had a higher molecular mass (M = 2.6 x 10^6 Da) and a higher intrinsic viscosity (1.14 mL/mg) compared to EPSk (M = 7.4 x 10^3 Da, 1.4 x 10^5 Da; intrinsic viscosity = 0.06 mL/mg) and affected the rheological properties of aqueous solutions already at low concentration. However, EPSk appear to support interactions between the EPSf molecules. In chemically acidified milk gels a concentration dependent impact of EPSf and EPSf+k, which were added to the milk prior to acidification (c = 0 - 0,35 mg/g), was described for the first time. The maximum of the storage modulus as a measure for stiffness of the milk gels linearly increased with EPSf content (457 - 722 Pa). With EPSk no effects were observed. For the purpose of comparison dextran, a well described also uncharged and non gelling homopolysaccharide, was used as a model polysaccharide (0 - 300 mg/g). EPSf and dextran affected the gelation, increased gel stiffness of set gels and viscosity of stirred gels to a similar way, but the concentrations needed for that found to be completely different. The effects described for milk gels can be ascribed among others to depletion interactions between similar charged polymers (here proteins and polysaccharides).

Chemical modification is an important way to improve the properties of existing polymers, and one of the important examples is the hydrogenation of nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) in organic solvent by homogeneous catalysis in order to extend its application. This process has been industrialized for many years to provide high performance elastomers (HNBR) for the automotive industry, especially those used to produce components in engine compartments. In the current commercial process, a batch reactor is employed for the hydrogenation step, which is labor intensive and not suitable for large volume of production. Thus, novel hydrogenation devices such as a continuous process are being developed in our research group to overcome these drawbacks. In order to make the process more practical for industrial application, high concentration polymer solutions should be targeted for the continuous hydrogenation. However, many problems are encountered due to the viscosity of the high concentration polymer solution, which increases tremendously as the reaction goes on, resulting in severe mass transfer and heat transfer problems. So, hydrogenation kinetics in high concentration NBR solution, as well as the rheological properties of this viscous solution are very essential and fundamental for the design of novel hydrogenation processes and reactor scale up. In the present work, hydrogenation of NBR in high concentration solution was carried out in a batch reactor. A commercial rhodium catalyst, Wilkinson’s catalyst, was used with triphenylphosphine as the co-catalyst and chlorobenzene as the solvent. The reactor was modified and a PID controller was tuned to fit this strong exothermic reaction. It was observed that when NBR solution is in a high concentration the kinetic behavior was greatly affected by mass transfer processes, especially the gas-liquid mass transfer. Reactor internals were designed and various agitators were investigated to improve the mechanical mixing. Experimental results show that the turbine-anchor combined agitator could provide superior mixing for this viscous reaction system. The kinetic behavior of NBR hydrogenation under low catalyst concentration was also studied. It was observed that the hydrogenation degree of the polymer could not reach 95% if less than 0.1%wt catalyst (based on polymer mass) was used, deviating from the behavior under a normal catalyst concentration. The viscosity of the NBR-MCB solutions was measured in a rotational rheometer that has a cylinder sensor under both room conditions and reaction conditions. Parameters that might affect the viscosity of the solutions were studied, especially the hydrogenation degree of polymer. Rheological properties of NBR-MEK solutions, as well as NBR melts were also studied for relevant information. It is concluded that the hydrogenation kinetics deviates from that reported by Parent et al. [6] when polymer is in high concentration and/or catalyst is in low concentration; and that the reaction solution (HNBR/NBR-MCB solution) deviates from Newtonian behavior when polymer concentration and hydrogenation degree are high.

Le transport des bruts paraffiniques, et tout particulièrement leur remise en écoulement après un arrêt, dans de longues conduites sous-marines soumises à de basses températures, peut être difficile du fait de l'augmentation de leur viscosité. Le comportement rhéologique d´une huile paraffinique modèle, possédant des propriétés macroscopiques d'écoulement analogues à celles des bruts paraffiniques, est d'abord analysé en utilisant la vélocimétrie par imagerie par résonance magnétique associée à des mesures de contrainte de cisaillement au sein d'une géométrie Couette. Nous montrons que lors d'un écoulement forcé à température constante le matériau subit une déstructuration irréversible qui dépend de l'intensité du cisaillement. Ainsi la contrainte apparente critique permettant l'écoulement du matériau dépend de l'histoire thermique et d'écoulement subie par le matériau. Nous étudions ensuite le comportement rhéologique complet de deux bruts réels à partir de différents types de tests rhéométriques (fluages, redémarrage, régime permanent, changement brusque de vitesse) pour différentes histoires d'écoulement, notamment pendant la période de refroidissement. Le comportement détaillé du matériau en régime transitoire ainsi observé peut alors être modélisé. De plus les variations du seuil de contrainte en fonction de l'histoire thermique et de l'écoulement sont aussi décrites, ce qui nous donne le champ de contrainte seuil dans la conduite à l'état initial. Le modèle dans son ensemble est finalement implémenté dans un code de calcul pour simuler le redémarrage de l´écoulement d'un brut paraffinique dans une conduite réelle / Transporting waxy crude oils through long pipelines at low temperatures may be challenging, particularly its flow restart after a pipeline shut-in, due to its viscosity increase. The rheological behavior of a model waxy oil with macroscopic flow properties analogous to waxy crude oils is first analyzed using Magnetic Resonance Imaging velocimetry associated to stress measurements in a Couette geometry. While flowing at constant temperature, major irreversible structure break depending on shear intensity are observed. Thus, the critical apparent shear stress beyond which the material flows depends on the thermal and flow histories of the oil. Next, the rheological behavior of two waxy crude oils is studied using rheometrical tests (creep tests, flow restarts, abrupt changes of shear rate and steady flow) after different flow histories, notably during the cooling process. Then, those experimentally observed trends are modeled. Additionally, a comprehensive study of the yield stress in function of flow and temperature histories is presented. It provides an approach for describing the yield stress field inside the pipeline at the flow restart moment. Finally, the entire rheological model is implemented in the computational code for simulating waxy crude oils flow restart of a real scale pipeline

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:06:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FernandoAML.pdf: 704139 bytes, checksum: 56133b8802fd230583fd96ae8805d657 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-04-30 / Several problems related to the loss of hydraulic seal in oilwells, causing gas migration and/or contamination of the production zone by water, have been reported. The loss of the hydraulic seal is a consequence of cracks which can be occasioned either by the invasion of gas during the wait on cement or by the expansion of the casing causing the fracture of the cement sheath. In case of the pressure of the formation is higher than the pressure in the annulus, gas can migrate into the slurry and form microannulus, which are channels where gas migrates after the cement is set. Cracks can be also occasioned by the fracture of the cement sheath when it does not withstand the thermal and dynamic loads. In reservoirs where the oil is heavy, steam water injection operation is required in order to get the oil flowing. This operation increases the temperature of the casing, and then it expands and causes the fracture of the cement sheath in the annulus. When the failures on the cement are detected, remedial cementing is required, which raise costs caused by the interventions. Once the use of cement in the construction civil sector is older than its use in the petroleum sector, it is common to bring technologies and solutions from the civil construction and apply them on the petroleum area. In this context, vermiculite, a mineral-clay widely encountered in Brazil, has been used, on its exfoliated form, in the civil construction, especially on the manufacture of lights and fireproof concretes with excellent thermal and acoustical properties. It has already been reported in scientific journals, studies of the addition of exfoliated vermiculite in Portland cements revealing good properties related to oilwell cementing operations. Thus, this study aimed to study the rheological behavior, thickening time, stability and compressive strength of the slurries made of Portland cement and exfoliated vermiculite in 5 different compositions, at room temperature and heated. The results showed that the compressive strength decreased with the addition of exfoliated vermiculite, however the values are still allowed for oiwell cementing operations. The thickening time of the slurry with no exfoliated vermiculite was 120 min and the thickening time of the slurry with 12 % of exfoliated vermiculite was 98 min. The stability and the rheological behavior of the slurries revealed that the exfoliated vermiculite absorbed water and therefore increased the viscosity of the slurries, even though increasing the factor cement-water. The stability experiment carried out at 133 ?F showed that, there was neither sedimentation nor reduction of the volume of the cement for the slurry with 12 % of exfoliated vermiculite. Thus, the addition of exfoliated vermiculite accelerates the set time of the cement and gives it a small shrinkage during the wait on cement, which are important to prevent gas migration / Muitos problemas relacionados ? perda do isolamento hidr?ulico em po?os de petr?leo, causando migra??o de g?s e contamina??o da zona produtora por migra??o de ?gua, t?m sido reportados. A perda do isolamento hidr?ulico ? conseq??ncia de trincas que por sua vez s?o conseq??ncias de uma cimenta??o mal feita, onde houve invas?o de g?s durante a pega da pasta gerando trincas tamb?m chamadas de microanulares que s?o os caminhos por onde a migra??o de g?s ocorre. Essas trincas tamb?m s?o ocasionadas pela fratura do cimento quando este n?o suporta as cargas t?rmicas e din?micas, as quais o cimento ? submetido durante sua vida. Em reservat?rios onde o ?leo encontrado ? bastante viscoso, opera??es de inje??o de vapor de ?gua s?o requeridas a fim de facilitar o escoamento do ?leo. Essa opera??o aumenta a temperatura da malha de po?os, fazendo com que o revestimento dilate e frature o cimento no anular, ocasionando a perda do isolamento hidr?ulico. Uma vez detectada falhas no isolamento hidr?ulico, opera??es de corre??o s?o requeridas o que acaba gerando custos, perda de tempo com a interven??o e lucro cessante. Como o setor de constru??o civil trabalha com cimento a muito mais tempo que o setor de petr?leo, ? comum lan?ar-se m?o de tecnologias e solu??es apresentadas na constru??o e aplicar com os devidos ajustes no ramo do petr?leo. Nesse contexto, a vermiculita, um argilomineral encontrado em abund?ncia no Brasil, tem sido aplicado, na sua forma expandida, na constru??o civil para confec??o de concretos leves, resistentes a fogo e com excelentes propriedades de isolamento t?rmico e ac?stico. J? tem sido reportado em revistas cient?ficas, estudos de sua adi??o em cimento portland com boas propriedades relacionadas ? cimenta??o de po?os de petr?leo. Dessa forma o presente trabalho objetivou estudar o comportamento reol?gico, tempo de pega e a resist?ncia a compress?o de pastas com vermiculita expandida e cimento portland classe especial em quatro composi??es diferentes, fazendo um comparativo com as propriedades existentes da pasta padr?o contendo apenas cimento portland e ?gua, em duas temperaturas, ambiente e aquecida. Os resultados mostraram que a resist?ncia ? compress?o dos corpos de prova diminuiu com o aumento da concentra??o de vermiculita, por?m ainda dentro da faixa permitida para cimenta??o de po?os de petr?leo. Os ensaios de consistometria indicaram que o tempo de pega para a pasta padr?o foi de 120 min, enquanto que para a pasta com 12% de vermiculita expandida foi de 98 min. Os ensaios de estabilidade e a avalia??o do comportamento reol?gico das pastas mostraram que a vermiculita expandida por absorver ?gua, aumenta a viscosidade da pasta, mesmo aumentando o fator ?gua-cimento. O ensaio de estabilidade realizado ? 133 ?F mostrou que n?o houve rebaixamento e nem sedimenta??o para a pasta com 12% de vermiculita expandida. Logo a adi??o de vermiculita expandida ? pasta cimentante favorece a cura r?pida e a baixa retra??o do volume da pasta durante a pega, importantes para evitar migra??o de g?s

Submitted by Deyse Queiroz (deysequeirozz@hotmail.com) on 2018-06-13T13:06:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 JOÃO TAVARES NUNES - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGEA 2011..pdf: 11091920 bytes, checksum: d63185b45641e3f0c461d42c911f608b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-13T13:06:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JOÃO TAVARES NUNES - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGEA 2011..pdf: 11091920 bytes, checksum: d63185b45641e3f0c461d42c911f608b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-09 / Com o intuito de aproveitar o fruto do mandacaru produzido na região semiárida do Nordeste visando à produção de polpas e sucos, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo determinar as principais propriedades termofísicas, massa específica, condutividade térmica, difusividade térmica e calor específico, além do comportamento reológico das polpas integral e concentradas do fruto do mandacaru até os teores de 35 e 56 °Brix. A massa específica foi determinada pelo método picnométrico; para a difusividade térmica utilizou-se o método do cilindro infinito de Dickerson; o valor do calor específico foi obtido usando através do método das misturas e a condutividade térmica foi calculada por método indireto. Equações propostas em literatura também foram utilizadas para estimar as propriedades termofísicas. Os dados reológicos foram determinados utilizando-se um viscosímetro Brookfield e os modelos de Casson, Ostwald-de-Waelle e Herschel-Bulkley, ajustados aos dados experimentais, ressaltando-se que o último modelo foi o que proporcionou os melhores ajustes. As polpas com a concentração de 12 °Brix apresentaram comportamento não-newtoniano do tipo dilatante; no entanto, as polpas com concentrações de 35 e 56 °Brix apresentaram comportamento não newtoniano do tipo pseudoplástico. A viscosidade foi influenciada pela concentração e temperatura. A polpa integral do fruto do mandacaru foi considerada um alimento ácido, com baixo conteúdo mineral, alto teor de umidade e de atividade de água, com predominância da intensidade de amarelo. As propriedades termofísicas se mantiveram em faixa esperada para polpas de frutas. A massa específica aumentou com o aumento do teor de sólidos solúveis totais e o calor específico e a difusividade térmica diminuíram com o aumento da concentração. Das equações utilizadas para estimar a massa específica, calor específico, difusividade térmica e condutividade térmica, apenas as referentes a massa específica podem ser consideradas razoáveis para todas as amostras, com erros abaixo de 20%. / In order to make better use of mandacaru fruit grown in the semiarid Northeast of Brazil for pulp and fruit production, this study sought to determine the main thermophysical properties, density, thermal conductivity and specific heat capacity, in addition to rheological behavior of whole and concentrated mandacaru fruit pulp up to a content of 35 and 56 °Brix. Density was determined by the pycnometric method; the Dickerson infinite cylinder method was used for thermal diffusivity; the heat capacity value was obtained by the method of mixtures and thermal conductivity by the indirect method. Equations proposed in the literature were also applied to estimate thermophysical properties. Rheological data were determined using a Brookfield viscometer and Casson, Ostwald-de-Waelle and Herschel-Bulkley models, fit to experimental data, with the last model exhibiting best fit. Pulps with a concentration of 12 °Brix showed dilatant non- Newtonian behavior; however, those with concentrations of 35 and 56 °Brix displayed pseudoplastic non-Newtonian behavior. Viscosity was influenced by concentration and temperature. Mandacaru whole fruit pulp, predominantly yellow, was considered acidic, with low mineral content, high moisture content and water activity. Thermophysical properties were in the expected range for fruit pulp. Density increased with a rise in soluble solid content, while heat capacity and thermal diffusivity decreased with increased concentrations. Of the equations used to estimate density, heat capacity, thermal diffusivity and thermal conductivity, only those related to density are adequate for ali samples, with an error of less than 20%.

Submitted by Deyse Queiroz (deysequeirozz@hotmail.com) on 2018-06-11T14:17:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ACÁCIO FIGUEIREDO NETO - TESE PPGEA 2012..pdf: 36488715 bytes, checksum: f4cbebe212c4e906fda1a7703532628e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-11T14:17:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ACÁCIO FIGUEIREDO NETO - TESE PPGEA 2012..pdf: 36488715 bytes, checksum: f4cbebe212c4e906fda1a7703532628e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / A cultura da abóbora é de uma maneira geral um bom negócio para vários produtores que se situam no semiárido, principalmente na região do Vale do São Francisco. A abóbora 'Jacarezinho' é uma das hortaliças de grande importância no Nordeste do Brasil, destacando-se pelo seu valor comercial. A qualidade fisiológica das sementes é de vital importância para que se obtenha sucesso em uma lavoura e as sementes de abóbora não fogem dessa realidade. O conhecimento da maturidade dos frutos e sementes, durante o processo de maturação é de interesse dos produtores, uma vez que auxilia no controle de qualidade. Com isso, objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar a cinética da maturação dos frutos e a qualidade das sementes da abóbora 'Jacarezinho' sob diferentes épocas de colheita, e relacioná-los com as transformações físicas e fisiológicas que ocorreram simultaneamente durante o amadurecimento e o armazenamento nas condições do semiárido nordestino. O trabalho foi conduzido em uma área experimental de horticultura irrigada pertencente ao Departamento de Agronomia da Universidade Estadual da Bahia, no Laboratório de Sementes da Embrapa Seimárido em Petrolina - PE e no Laboratório de Ensaios de Materiais da Engenharia Mecânica da Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco em Juazeiro - BA. Em uma determinada área foi cultivado sementes de abóbora da variedade 'Jacarezinho' para seus frutos serem colhidos em épocas determinadas no período de dezembro de 2010 a março de 2011. Após a colheita, os frutos passaram pelas análises com ensaios de compressão com posterior extração das sementes, para determinação do teor de água e a realização dos testes de germinação e vigor. As sementes atingiram a maturidade fisiológica no tempo de 50 a 60 dias após antese configurando o tempo da colheita dos frutos para produção de sementes. Para as análises da pesquisa sobre comportamento mecânico dos frutos o resultado mostra que com o aumento do tempo de maturação ocorre o aumento da rigidez dos frutos com consequente aumento da carga máxima para atingir maiores deformações. E o tempo mais aconselhável para colheita e transporte foi entre 30 a 40 dias após antese para comercialização dos frutos. E por fim, com o armazenamento das sementes foi verificado que os maiores valores de germinação foram obtidas acondicionadas em embalagem de plástico para os doze meses e papel para os três meses de armazenamento desta cucurbitácea. / The pumpkin crop is generally a good deal for many producers who are located in the semiarid, mainly in the region of the San Francisco. The pumpkin 'Jacarezinho' is one o f the vegetables of great importance in northeastem Brazil, especially for its commercial value. It is known that the physiological seed quality is of vital importance in order to obtain success in a farming and pumpkin seeds do not escape this reality. Knowledge o f the maturity o f fruits and seeds during the maturation process is of interest to producers because it helps in quality control. Thus the objectives of this study: to evaluate the kinetics of fruit maturation and quality of seeds Pumpkin 'Jacarezinho' under different harvest times, and relate them to physical and physiological changes that occur simultaneously during the ripening and storage conditions of the semiarid northeast. The study was conducted in an experimental area of irrigated horticultura from the Department of Agronomy, State University of Bahia, in the Seed Laboratory of "Embrapa" semiarid in Petrolina - PE and Materials Testing Laboratory of Mechanical Engineering, Federal University o f the San Francisco in Juazeiro - BA. In a given area was grown pumpkin seeds variety 'Jacarezinho' for its fruits being harvested at certain times during the period December 2010 to March 2011. After harvesting, the fruits passed through the analysis of compression tests with subsequent extraction of the seeds, to determine the moisture content and the tests of germination and vigor. Seeds reached physiological maturity at the time of 50 to 60 days after anthesis by setting the time of fruit harvest for seed production. For the analysis of research on mechanical behavior of the fruit the result shows that with increasing aging time is increased stiffness of the fruit with a consequent increase o f the maximum load to achieve greater deformation. And the longer advisable to harvest and transport was between 30 to 40 days after anthesis to fruit commercialization. And finally, with the seed storage was found that the highest germination values were obtained in plastic packaging for the twelve months and paper for the three months storage of cucurbit.

Neste trabalho de Dissertação de Tese, composições do copolímero de butadieno-acrilonitrila (NBR) foram vulcanizadas utilizando como agentes de vulcanização, a resina fenólica e o enxofre, com diferentes proporções de resina fenólica e uma única proporção de enxofre. O sistema ativador foi composto por policloropreno e óxido de zinco para as composições com resina fenólica, enquanto que por ácido esteárico e óxido de zinco para a composição com enxofre. Os materiais foram vulcanizados em uma temperatura de 190C. Foi avaliada a influência da variação dos componentes das composições sobre as propriedades reométricas, físico-mecânicas e reológicas dos materiais. Para auxiliar na interpretação dos resultados obtidos para as propriedades reométricas e físico-mecânicas, foi utilizado um planejamento estatístico de análise de variância para verificar a possibilidade da influência das variáveis e suas possíveis combinações nas propriedades avaliadas. Para as composições vulcanizadas com resina fenólica, os resultados mostraram que a composição de borracha nitrílica se tornou mais rígida com a presença da resina. Também foi observada a ocorrência de pós-cura nas composições vulcanizadas com resina fenólica. Os ensaios reológicos revelaram uma homogeneidade nas amostras submetidas aos testes de varredura de deformação, com desvio de linearidade a partir de 10% de deformação. / In this Thesis Dissertation, acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber (NBR) compositions were vulcanized using phenolic resin and sulfur as vulcanization agents with different proportions of phenolic resin and only one proportion of sulfur. The activator system was composed of polycloroprene and zinc oxide to phenolic resin compositions, while stearic acid and zinc oxide to sulfur composition. The materials were vulcanized in a temperature of 190C. The influence of the components content on rheometric, physico-mechanical and rheological properties of the materials was evaluated. In order to assist in the interpretation of the to physico-mechanical and rheometric properties results, a statistical planning of variant analysis was used to observe a possible influence of the variables and also their possible associations into the evaluated properties. The results showed that the nitrile rubber become more stiffness with the presence of phenolic resin. It was also observed the occurrence of post-vulcanization on the compositions vulcanized with phenolic resin. The rheological results showed homogeneity of the samples submitted to a strain sweep test, with a linear plateau until 10% of strain.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-07-26Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:16:17Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 paschoal_ef_me_ilha.pdf: 1666225 bytes, checksum: c8e0ac9ef47b75399e16b35077ba6dac (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O presente trabalho tem como objetivo a aplicação da tecnologia de controle semi-ativo em suspensões veiculares, empregando amortecedores magnetoreológicos e controladores nebulosos. O princípio de funcionamento dos amortecedores magnetoreológicos é evidenciado a partir de um procedimento de identificação numérica onde os resultados obtidos pela técnica de modelagem apresentada são confrontados com dados experimentais coletados. O grande avanço experimentado pelos controladores nebulosos nos últimos anos tem aberto novas possibilidades de aplicação prática de tais controladores. O comportamento não linear dos amortecedores magnetoreológicos associado às variações paramétricas e não- linearidades presentes em modelos de suspensões veiculares são características que corroboram para o uso dos controladores nebulosos. A formulação básica para a análise e projeto destes controladores é discutida e analisada através de um conjunto de simulações numéricas efetuado para a avaliação da robustez, estabilidade e desempenho dos mesmos. A bancada experimental, constituída de um sistema de dois graus de liberdade contendo um amortecedor magnetoreológico, é apresentada e tem seus parâmetros principais identificados. Tal bancada é usada para comparar os resultados numéricos simulados com aqueles obtidos experimentalmente. O trabalho termina comentando as potencialidades da metodologia apresentada, discutindo as facilidades e dificuldades encontradas na sua implementação e aponta propostas para a sua continuidade / This work focus on the investigation of semi-active vibration control technology in vehicle suspensions by using magneto-rheological dampers and fuzzy controllers. The operation principle of magneto-rheological dampers is verified by a numerical identification procedure and the results obtained by the presented modeling techniques are compared with the experimental collected data. The great progress tried by the fuzzy controllers in the last years has been opening new possibilities of practical application for these controllers. The non- linear behavior of the magnetorheological dampers associated to the parametric variations and non-linearities on vehicle suspension models corroborate to the use of the fuzzy controllers. The fundamental formulation of this controller is discussed and its robustness, stability and performance are shown through numeric simulations. An experimental apparatus representing a two degree-of-freedom system containing a magnetorheological damper is used to identify the main parameters and to compare the previous simulation results. This work is concluded presenting the potentialities of the design methodology proposed and future developments to be implemented

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-12-18Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:10:05Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 kiryu_hs_me_ilha.pdf: 2419349 bytes, checksum: 258056fdacb79f386b2e6b238dc26028 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Esta dissertação de mestrado traz à discussão o comportamento reológico de misturas formadas por água+colóides+detritos (areia fina), visando entender e esclarecer os processos físicos e mecânicos, tais como sedimentação e ressuspensão de materiais inertes no seio da massa fluida não-newtoniana (água+colóides), bem como verificar a validade ou adeqüabilidade do modelo reológico de Herschel-Bulkley (modelo previamente investigado e validado para misturas compostas de água+colóides) para misturas viscoplásticas com presença de grãos. A variação das propriedades reológicas das misturas, em função das características físicas dos grãos (diâmetro, massa específica e área superficial), é investigada, e um modelo de estimativa de tensão crítica é apresentado. Ademais foram realizados ensaios preliminares de escoamento de fluidos hiperconcentrados em canais inclinados, na tentativa de calibrar uma lei de atrito. Dentro dessas perspectivas, a dissertação é composta de 6 Capítulos com um denso Estado da Arte que descreve os fenômenos e mecanismos que regem os escoamentos desse tipo de compósito. Com base na literatura estudada e, a partir da análise dos resultados experimentais, pôde-se concluir que, para misturas compostas de água+colóides+detritos, o comportamento reológico das misturas é o mesmo que aquele do fluido intersticial (água+colóides), desde que a homogeneidade da mistura seja garantida (não ocorrência de sedimentação e ressuspensão sucessivas). Neste caso, o modelo reológico de Herschel-Bulkley continua sendo válido para explicar as curvas de escoamento ou de fluxo das misturas viscoplásticas com grãos. Para misturas que apresentem os fenômenos de sedimentação e ressuspensão, o modelo de Bagnold, adaptado a fluidos hiperconcentrados... / This work retakes the discussion about the rheological behavior of mixtures composed by water+ kaolinitic clay+fine sand in order to investigate the physical and mechanical processes such as sedimentation and suspension of inert materials into the non-Newtonian or interstitial fluid (water+colloids), as well as verify the adaptability of the Herschel-Bulkley rheological model (model previously investigated and validated for composed mixtures of water+ kaolinitic clay) for explain the viscoplastic+coarse materials rheological properties. The variation of the rheological properties of the mixtures in function of the coarse material characteristics (diameter, specific mass and superficial area) was investigated and a model predicting yield stress was proposed. Furthermore, some tests were performed in an inclined canal to determine a friction law for this kind of fluids. Inside of these perspectives, this dissertation is composed of 6 Chapters whit a dense State of the Art describing the phenomena and their mechanisms were pointed up. Based on literature and from the experimental results, one could concluded that the viscoplastic + coarse material mixtures behavior is the same of the interstitial fluid one, since that the homogeneity of the mixture is guaranteed (not occurrence of successive sedimentation and resuspension). In this case, Herschel-Bulkley rheological model is still valid to explain the curves of flow of the viscoplastic + coarse material. For mixtures that present the phenomena of sedimentation and resuspension, Bagnoldþs model, adapted to the hyperconcentrated fluids, describes well the variations of rheological parameters in function of the shear rates applied. Finally, it could be concluded that the experiments of free surface in canals, despite partial, can... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Neste trabalho de Dissertação de Tese, composições do copolímero de butadieno-acrilonitrila (NBR) foram vulcanizadas utilizando como agentes de vulcanização, a resina fenólica e o enxofre, com diferentes proporções de resina fenólica e uma única proporção de enxofre. O sistema ativador foi composto por policloropreno e óxido de zinco para as composições com resina fenólica, enquanto que por ácido esteárico e óxido de zinco para a composição com enxofre. Os materiais foram vulcanizados em uma temperatura de 190C. Foi avaliada a influência da variação dos componentes das composições sobre as propriedades reométricas, físico-mecânicas e reológicas dos materiais. Para auxiliar na interpretação dos resultados obtidos para as propriedades reométricas e físico-mecânicas, foi utilizado um planejamento estatístico de análise de variância para verificar a possibilidade da influência das variáveis e suas possíveis combinações nas propriedades avaliadas. Para as composições vulcanizadas com resina fenólica, os resultados mostraram que a composição de borracha nitrílica se tornou mais rígida com a presença da resina. Também foi observada a ocorrência de pós-cura nas composições vulcanizadas com resina fenólica. Os ensaios reológicos revelaram uma homogeneidade nas amostras submetidas aos testes de varredura de deformação, com desvio de linearidade a partir de 10% de deformação. / In this Thesis Dissertation, acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber (NBR) compositions were vulcanized using phenolic resin and sulfur as vulcanization agents with different proportions of phenolic resin and only one proportion of sulfur. The activator system was composed of polycloroprene and zinc oxide to phenolic resin compositions, while stearic acid and zinc oxide to sulfur composition. The materials were vulcanized in a temperature of 190C. The influence of the components content on rheometric, physico-mechanical and rheological properties of the materials was evaluated. In order to assist in the interpretation of the to physico-mechanical and rheometric properties results, a statistical planning of variant analysis was used to observe a possible influence of the variables and also their possible associations into the evaluated properties. The results showed that the nitrile rubber become more stiffness with the presence of phenolic resin. It was also observed the occurrence of post-vulcanization on the compositions vulcanized with phenolic resin. The rheological results showed homogeneity of the samples submitted to a strain sweep test, with a linear plateau until 10% of strain.