Rho GTPases are critical regulators of actin cytoskeletal dynamics. The three most well characterized Rho GTPases, Rac1, RhoA and Cdc42 share a common inhibitor, RhoGDI. It is only recently becoming clear how upstream signals cause the selective release of individual Rho GTPases from RhoGDI. For example, our laboratory showed that diacylglycerol kinase zeta (DGKz), which converts diacylglycerol (DAG) to phosphatidic acid (PA), activates PAK1-mediated RhoGDI phosphorylation on Ser-101/174, causing selective Rac1 release and activation. Phosphorylation of RhoGDI on Ser-34 by PKCa has recently been demonstrated to selectively release RhoA, promoting RhoA activation. Here, I show DGKz is required for optimal RhoA activation and RhoGDI Ser-34 phosphorylation. Both were substantially reduced in DGKz-null fibroblasts and occurred independently of DGKz activity, but required a function DGKz PDZ-binding motif. In contrast, Rac1 activation required DGKz-derived PA, but not PDZ-interactions, indicating DGKz regulates these Rho GTPases by two distinct regulatory complexes. Interestingly, RhoA bound directly to the DGKz C1A domain, the same region known to bind Rac1. By direct interactions with RhoA and PKCa, DGKz was required for the efficient co-precipitation of these proteins, suggesting it is important to assemble a signalling complex that functions as a RhoA-specific RhoGDI dissociation complex. Consequently, cells lacking DGKz exhibited decreased RhoA signalling downstream and disrupted stress fibers. Moreover, DGKz loss resulted in decreased stress fiber formation following the expression of a constitutively active RhoA mutant, suggesting it is also important for RhoA function following activation. This is consistent with the ability of DGKz to bind both active and inactive RhoA conformations. Collectively, these findings suggest DGKz is central to two distinct Rho GTPase activation complexes, each having different requirements for DGKz activity and PDZ interactions, and might regulate the balance of Rac1 and RhoA activity during dynamic changes to the actin cytoskeleton.

For healthy individuals, wound healing mainly occurs without medical intervention, yet for the growing elderly, diabetic, or obese populations, as well as for those recovering from surgery, disregulated wound healing poses a serious health risk. Therefore, understanding the cellular processes regulating wound healing and correcting them when they go awry is essential for meeting these population’s healthcare needs. Wound healing is a complex process consisting of a suite of injury repair programs executed by cells in the injured tissue. While several of these programs have been previously described, there are many possible cellular signalling pathways that can mediate a given repair program, and its unclear which pathway mediates a specific process. In this work, we aimed to identify the key cellular signaling pathway that regulates the injury contraction process in a dermal microtissue on a chip model. We found that a balance of tissue forces generated via RhoA activation is critical for injury contraction, and that spatially localized RhoA activation can recruit new cells to participate in injury contraction. During our experiments, we also discovered and characterized a novel actin cytoskeleton-plasma membrane topology present in human dermal fibroblasts at the extreme end of cellular contractility. We also developed several technical advances: the real-time imaging and manipulation of calcium in 3D microtissues, the development of a reporter for smooth muscle actin and a labeled cellular fibronectin fusion protein, and the optimization of Forster Resonance Energy Transfer sensors. Taken together, our experimental results demonstrate the importance of RhoA-mediated force balance during injury contraction, which also has implications for scarring wound pathologies, while the tools we developed provide support for future investigations into the cellular signaling mediating injury repair programs.

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Une coagulopathie aigue endogène (EAC) est présente chez 25% des patients de traumatologie dès leur arrivée. Des résultats d’études récentes montrent que cette EAC est liée à l’activation de la voie de la protéine C (aPC). Quelques heures après, se développe un état pro-coagulant associant un niveau abaissé d’aPC et un taux plasmatique élevé de l’inhibiteur de l’activateur du plasminogene (PAI-1). Nous trouvons que l’incidence des pneumopathies associées à la ventilation est significativement augmentée chez ces patients sans toutefois connaître le rôle exact de ces anomalies de coagulation. Basé sur cette hypothèse central de susceptibilité augmentée a l’infection et plus particulièrement aux pneumopathie a P.aeruginosa (PA) le but de ce travail est d’identifier les mécanismes par lesquels PAI-1 et aPC peuvent moduler la perméabilité de la barrière alveolo capillaire et ceci a travers 3 objectifs spécifiques1 – Objectif 1 : déterminer les mécanismes par lequel PA augmente la perméabilité endothéliale. 2 – Objectif 2 : déterminer le rôle d’aPC dans la modulation des effets de PA sur l’œdème pulmonaire lésionnel.3 – Objectif 3 : déterminer le rôle de PAI-1 dans la modulation des effets de PA sur l’œdème pulmonaire lésionnel.En utilisant un inhibiteur spécifique des petites GTPases nous démontrons le rôle centrale joué par RhoA dans le développement de l’œdème pulmonaire induit par PA. PAI-1 et aPC sont impliquées dans le mécanisme lésionnel pulmonaire. aPC et l’inhibition de la voie du RhoA attenue le développement de l’œdème pulmonaire et diminue la dissémination systémique bactérienne. Cependant le blocage invivo de la voie de PAI-1 est associé à une surmortalité et à une augmentation de la charge bactérienne suggérant un rôle de PAI-1 dans l’activation de la réponse inflammatoire nécessaire a l’éradication de PA / A clinically significant acute endogenous coagulopathy (EAC) is present in 25% of major trauma patients upon arrival in the emergency department, before any fluid resuscitation. Results from recent clinical studies indicate that EAC is primarily caused by the activation of the anticoagulant protein C pathway. Several hours later, there is the development of a systemic procoagulant activity associated with low plasma levels of activated protein C (aPC) and an inhibition of the fibrinolysis caused by elevated plasma levels of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1). We have found that the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is significantly increased in trauma patients with these coagulation abnormalities [6, 9]. However, whether these coagulation abnormalities play a mechanistic role in the increased susceptibility to nosocomial lung infection observed after severe posttraumatic hemorrhage is unknown. Thus, the central hypothesis is that the increased susceptibility to P. aeruginosa (PA) pneumonia following severe trauma with tissue hypoperfusion is mediated in part by these posttraumatic coagulation abnormalities within the airspaces of the lung. Specifically, in this work, we will identify through 3 specific aims the mechanisms by which PAI-1 and aPC modulate PA–mediated increase in alveolar-capillary barrier permeability.1 - Specific Aim 1: To determine the mechanisms by which PA increases lung endothelial permeability.2 - Specific Aim 2 : To determine the Role of aPC in modulating the effect of PA on the lung endothelial barrier function3 - Specific Aim 3 : To determine the Role of PAI-1 in modulating the effect of PA on the lung endothelial barrier functionIn the present work, we demonstrated the central role small GTPases RhoA plays in the increase of permeability induced by pseudomonas infection. PAI-1 and aPC are deeply involved in the control of early lung inflammation. aPC and inhibition of the RhoA pathway attenuates the development of pulmonary edema and decrease in the systemic dissemination of P. aeruginosa. However, in vivo disruption of PAI-1 signalling is associated with higher mortality at 24 h and significant increase in the bacterial burden suggesting that PAI-1 is required for the activation of the innate immune response necessary for the eradication of PA from the distal airspaces of the lung

Infecções por Plasmodium sp. podem levar a um quadro respiratório grave, com complicações pulmonares denominadas lesão pulmonar aguda e síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo (LPA/SDRA). Inflamação aguda, lesão do endotélio alveolar e do parênquima pulmonar, disfunção e aumento da permeabilidade da barreira alvéolo-capilar e, consequente, formação de edema, caracterizam esta síndrome. O modelo experimental, que utiliza o parasita murino Plasmodium berghei ANKA e camundongos da linhagem DBA/2, é empregado no estudo de mediadores imunológicos e fatores que propiciam o estabelecimento das lesões pulmonares associados à LPA/SDRA. Diversos estímulos podem atuar diretamente no aumento da permeabilidade endotelial por meio da desestabilização dos microtúbulos, rearranjo dos microfilamentos de actina e contração das células endoteliais, via sinalização de Rho-GTPases, causando disfunção da barreira endotelial. Desta forma, este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar as alterações do citoesqueleto em células endoteliais primárias pulmonares de camundongos DBA/2 (CEPP-DBA/2), as vias de sinalização das principais Rho-GTPases e o estresse oxidativo, causados pela presença de eritrócitos parasitados com esquizontes de P. berghei ANKA (EP-PbA). As CEPP-DBA/2 foram estimuladas com TNF, VEGF ou IFNγ, em diferentes tempos de exposição, seguido da incubação com EP-PbA. Assim, foram realizados ensaios de imunofluorescência para análise do rearranjo de microfilamentos de actina e da desestabilização de microtúbulos. As vias de sinalização das Rho-GTPases foram avaliadas por Western blot, para as expressões proteicas de RhoA, Cdc42 e MLC. Além disso, ensaio fluorométrico foi realizado para detectar a produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio, resultantes do estímulo com eritrócitos parasitados. CEPP-DBA/2 estimuladas por EP-PbA, VEGF, TNF ou IFNγ, em associação ou não, apresentaram alterações morfológicas nos microfilamentos de actina e aumento dos espaços interendoteliais. Imagens de imunofluorescência também mostram desestabilização de microtúbulos e desfosforilação de FAK, causadas por EP-PbA. Os ensaios de permeabilidade validam que os eritrócitos parasitados com formas maduras de P. berghei induziram aumento da permeabilidade microvascular nas CEPP-DBA/2. Além disso, estas células, estimuladas com EP-PbA, demonstraram elevada produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio (EROs), o que pode estar contribuindo com o desenvolvimento de estresse oxidativo e com a injúria endotelial, assim como, com o aumento da permeabilidade vascular. O mais interessante é que estas alterações endoteliais podem estar relacionadas ao aumento da razão RhoA/Cdc42, da expressão proteica de MLC fosforilada e do sinal de ativação de RhoA. Em conjunto, estes resultados mostram envolvimento dos eritrócitos parasitados com esquizontes de Plasmodium berghei ANKA na desorganização do citoesqueleto e na disfunção da barreira alvéolo-capilar, via RhoA/Rho-kinase, o que pode estar contribuindo com a patogênese da LPA/SDRA associada à malária. / Infections by Plasmodium sp. can lead to a serious respiratory condition with pulmonary complications, named acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ALI/ARDS). Acute inflammation, alveolar endothelium and lung parenchyma injuries, dysfunction and increased permeability of the pulmonary alveolar-capillary barrier and consequent formation of edema characterize this syndrome. Several stimuli can directly increase endothelial permeability through actin microfilaments rearrangement, via Rho- GTPases signaling, leading to endothelial barrier dysfunction. DBA/2 mice infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA develop ALI/ARDS similar to that observed in humans. The purpose of this research was to assess cytoskeletal changes in DBA/2 mice primary microvascular lung endothelial cells (PMLEC), verify the signaling pathways of the Rho- GTPases and analyze the oxidative stress on these cells in the presence of P. berghei ANKA-infected red blood cells (PbA-iRBC). PMLEC were stimulated by TNF, VEGF or IFNγ followed by incubation with PbA-iRBC. Immunofluorescence assays were performed to analyze actin microfilaments rearrangement and microtubules destabilization. Western blot for RhoA, Cdc42 and MLC proteins were conducted to assess alterations in signaling pathways of Rho-GTPases. In addition, a fluorimetric assay was performed to detect the production of reactive oxygen species resulting from PbA-iRBC stimulus. P. berghei ANKA, VEGF, TNF and IFNγ stimuli, in association or not, caused morphological disturbances in actin microfilaments of PMLEC and an increase of intercellular spaces. Moreover, immunofluorescence images showed microtubules destabilization and FAK dephosphorylation in these cells, caused by PbA-iRBC. The permeability assay showed that PbA-iRBC induced an increase of microvascular permeability in PMLEC. In addition, PMLEC stimulated by PbA-iRBC, showed elevated production of ROS, which may be contributing to oxidative stress and increasing the damage of endothelial cells, as well as an increase of vascular permeability. Interestingly, these endothelial changes may be related to the increased RhoA/Cdc42 protein expressions ratio, augmented protein expression of phosphorylated MLC and RhoA activation signal. Taken together, these data demonstrate the involvement of P. berghei ANKA-infected red blood cells in cytoskeleton disorganization and alveolar-capillary barrier dysfunction, through of RhoA / Rho-kinase signaling pathway, which may contribute to ALI/ARDS pathogenesis.

Les oncogènes Bcr-Abl (p190bcr-abl et p210bcr-abl) sont issus d'une translocation chromosomique t(9,22) qui fusionne en phase les gènes bcr et c-abl. p210bcr-abl est généralement responsable de la Leucémie Myéloïde Chronique (LMC) alors que p190bcr-abl induit un sous type de Leucémie Aigue Lymphoblastique (LAL). La seule différence structurale entre ces deux protéines est la présence d'un domaine DH/PH au sein de p210bcr-abl activateur spécifique de RhoA. L'expression de Bcr-Abl dans la lignée Ba/F3 est associée au déclenchement d'une migration spontanée, dépourvue de directionnalité, sous la dépendance de la GTPase Rac1.L'activation de RhoA, spécifique des cellules Ba/F3p210, est associée à un phénotype migratoire amœboïde dans une matrice de Matrigel™ en 3D où les cellules Ba/F3p190 dépourvues de RhoA activé, présentent une mobilité de type roulement. Dans ce travail, nous avons mis en évidence que l'activation spécifique de ROCK1 par RhoA détermine deux voies parallèles et mutuellement indispensables pour le mouvement amœboïde : 1) la voie de la Chaine Légère de Myosine (CLM) 2) celle des protéines de la famille ADF (Actin Depolymerizing Factor), et plus particulièrement l'isoforme ADF/destrine. Nous démontrons également l'existence d'invadopodes spécifiquement dans les cellules Ba/F3p190, dont la formation est sous la dépendance de l'absence d'activation de RhoA corrélée à une augmentation de l'activation de Cdc42. Enfin nous démontrons que la voie de signalisation RhoA/ROCK est spécifiquement activée dans les progéniteurs hématopoïétiques CD34+ issus de patients atteints de LMC et ce, indépendamment de l'activité tyrosine kinase de Bcr-Abl. / Bcr-Abl chimeric oncogenes (p190bcr-abl and p210bcr-abl) result from the t(9,22) chromosomal translocation that fuse the bcr and the c-abl genes. p210bcr-abl and p190bcr-abl are associated with Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML) and a subset of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) respectively. The only difference between these two chimeras is the presence of a specific RhoA-GEF domain in the p210bcr-abl oncogene. Bcr-Abl expression in Ba/F3 lymphoblasts induces spontaneous migration of these cells without apparent directionality. Motility triggering of Bcr-Abl-expressing Ba/F3 depends on the RhoGTPase Rac1.RhoA activity is associated with a typical amoeboid movement of Ba/F3p210 cells embedded in Matrigel™ 3D matrix, whereas the Ba/F3p190 cells, devoid of RhoA activity, display a rolling-type motility. In this work we showed that activation of the RhoA effector ROCK1 triggers two parallel pathways which are both necessary for amoeboid movement: 1) the Myosin Light chain (MLC) pathway 2) ADF family proteins (Actin Depolymerizing Factor) pathway, specifically the ADF/destrin isoform. Besides, we showed that Ba/F3p190 cells could assemble invadopodia-like structures. The formation of these structures is driven by the reduction of RhoA activity associated with the absence of the DH/PH domain in p190bcr-abl and correlates with an increase in Cdc42 activity. We finally demonstrated that the RhoA/ROCK pathway is constitutively activated in CD34+ cells isolated from CML patients while not in their normal counterparts. We also demonstrated that this activation is independent of the tyrosine Kinase activity of Bcr-Abl.

La voie RhoA/Rho-kinases (ROCK) joue un rôle important dans la physiopathologie de l’hypertension pulmonaire (HTP) par son implication dans le dysfonctionnement endothélial, la constriction et le remodelage des vaisseaux pulmonaires. Selon les classifications internationales, la bronchopneumopathie chronique obstructive (BPCO) et la pneumopathie infiltrante diffuse (PID) sont deux causes fréquentes d’HTP ayant en commun plusieurs mécanismes physiopathologiques dont le dysfonctionnement endothélial, le remodelage vasculaire et la fibrose parenchymateuse. Les objectifs de ce travail étaient d’étudier le rôle de la voie RhoA/ROCK dans la physiopathologie de la BPCO et de la PID avec ou sans HTP et de préciser les anomalies moléculaires liées à la perturbation de la signalisation de cette voie dans chacune de ces situations.Le dysfonctionnement endothélial est un événement essentiel dans l’initiation et la progression de la BPCO. L’activation de la voie RhoA/ROCK dans le dysfonctionnement endothélial systémique et pulmonaire a été mise en évidence chez les tabagiques avec ou sans BPCO. Les résultats de notre première étude montrent l’existence d’une activation de la voie RhoA/ROCK au niveau des artères pulmonaires chez les patients BPCO ayant un dysfonctionnement endothélial, et une corrélation entre l’activité de la RhoA et l’expression génique et l’activité de la NO synthase endothéliale (NOS-3).L’HTP est une complication grave des PID. Nous avons montré dans notre deuxième étude l’implication de la voie RhoA/ROCK dans la réponse inflammatoire et la fibrose pulmonaire (FP) dans un modèle murin de PID induite par injection intratrachéale de bléomycine (BLM). Nous avons ensuite testé l’effet préventif du fasudil, un inhibiteur des ROCK, sur l’apparition de la FP et l’HTP expérimentales induites par la BLM. Les résultats de cette deuxième étude montrent que la FP et l’HTP sont associées à une activation de la voie RhoA/ROCK dans ce modèle murin et que le fasudil inhibe la réponse inflammatoire, la FP et l’HTP, via l’inhibition de la phosphorylation de Smad2/3 de la voie de signalisation par le TGF-β1.La FP et l’HTP représentent deux causes principales de mortalité liée à la sclérodermie systémique (ScS). Nous avons étudié le rôle de la voie RhoA/ROCK dans la physiopathologie de la fibrose cutanée et l’atteinte pulmonaire dans un modèle murin de ScS induite par injection intradermique d’acide hypochloreux (HOCl). Les résultats de cette troisième étude montrent l’association entre la fibrose cutanée induite par l’HOCl et l’activation de la voie RhoA/ROCK au niveau de la peau, et l’effet préventif du fasudil sur la fibrose cutanée et pulmonaire, en partie via l’inhibition de la phosphorylation de Smad2/3 et de l’activation des protéines ERK1/2. Ces résultats suggèrent l’implication de la voie RhoA/ROCK dans la physiopathologie de la BPCO et de la PID avec ou sans HTP. La voie RhoA/ROCK pourrait de ce fait représenter une nouvelle cible thérapeutique dans la BPCO et la PID avec ou sans HTP.Mots-clés : RhoA, Rho-kinases, fasudil, BPCO, fibrose pulmonaire, hypertension pulmonaire. / The RhoA/Rho-kinases (ROCK) pathway plays a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of pulmonary hypertension (PH) as its abnormal activation leads to endothelial dysfunction, sustained vasoconstriction and pulmonary vascular remodeling. According to the international classification of PH, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and interstitial lung disease (ILD) represent two main causes of PH associated with chronic respiratory diseases. These two causes have in common major pathophysiological mechanisms such as endothelial dysfunction, vascular remodeling and interstitial fibrosis. The aims of the present study were to investigate the role of the RhoA/ROCK pathway in the pathophysiology of lung vascular and interstitial injuries in COPD and ILD with or without development of PH, and to study the molecular mechanisms associated with regulation of the RhoA/ROCK pathway in each of these situations.The pulmonary endothelial dysfunction is an essential event in the initiation and progression of COPD. Although the role of the RhoA/Rho-kinase pathway in pulmonary endothelial dysfunction has been demonstrated in smokers with normal lung function, little is known about its role in patients with COPD. The results of our first study demonstrated an increase in RhoA and ROCK activity in pulmonary arteries of patients with COPD, simultaneously with an altered pulmonary endothelial-dependent vasodilation. The increased RhoA activity in patients with COPD was correlated with an impairment of the gene expression and activity of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS).PH associated with pulmonary fibrosis (PF) considerably worsens prognosis of ILD. The results of our second study showed an activation of the RhoA/ROCK pathway in lung tissues of mice intoxicated by intratracheal instillation of bleomycin (BLM). BLM induced severe PF and PH in mice, associated with an increased RhoA and ROCK activity in the lung. We further demonstrated that long-term treatment with fasudil, a selective ROCK inhibitor, reduced BLM-induced lung inflammation, lung fibrosis and PH in mice, at least in part, via inhibition of Smad2/3 phosphorylation in TGF-β1 signaling.PF and PH represent two leading causes of death in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc). In our third study, we investigated the role of the RhoA/ROCK pathway in the pathophysiology of skin fibrosis and lung injuries in a murine model of SSc induced by intradermal injection of hypochlorous acid (HOCl). We demonstrated that HOCl-induced skin fibrosis was associated with an activation of the RhoA/ROCK pathway in the fibrotic skin, and that long-term treatment with fasudil reduced both skin and lung fibrosis through inhibition of the phosphorylation of Smad2/3 and ERK1/2 in the fibrotic skin.These results suggest the implications of the RhoA/ROCK pathway in the pathophysiology of lung vascular and interstitial injuries in COPD and ILD with and without development of PH. The RhoA/ROCK pathway might be a promising therapeutic target for patients with COPD or ILD with and without PH.

L’hypertension artérielle est une maladie induite par de multiples facteurs génétiques et environnementaux. De nombreuses pathologies y sont associées. A travers ce travail, j’ai abordé trois aspects de la régulation de la pression artérielle in vivo et in vitro. Dans une première partie, j’ai étudié le rôle de l’activation du récepteur AT1 de l’angiotensine II dans le développement de la fibrose, indépendamment de l’hypertension artérielle. Un modèle animal exprimant un récepteur constitutivement actif et des modèles cellulaires (MEF, HEK293, H295) exprimant le récepteur constitutivement actif de façon inductible ont été utilisés. Contrairement aux souris sur fond mixte, les souris mutées sur fond pur C57Bl6 ne développent pas de fibrose cardiaque et rénale et ont une hypertension modérée, qui est difficile à réduire par les anti-hypertenseurs. De plus, les cellules fibroblastiques MEF ne sont pas un bon modèle pour étudier la fibrose induite par l’angiotensine II. Seule l’ostéopontine est un marqueur induit par l’expression du récepteur AT1 contitutivement actif. Ces différents modèles, étudiés extensivement, ne sont donc pas adaptés pour répondre aux questions posées. Dans la seconde partie de ma thèse, un travail collaboratif a permis de mettre en évidence le rôle majeur de Wnk1 au cours de l’hypertension et du remodelage cardiovasculaire induits par une infusion chronique d’angiotensine II. En effet, les souris Wnk1+/- (haplo-insuffisantes pour le gène Wnk1) présentent une résistance transitoire à l’hypertension induite par l’angiotensine II, particulièrement au cours de la première semaine d’infusion. Cette résistance est associée à une altération du remodelage hypertrophique cardiovasculaire mais la fonction rénale et la sécrétion d’aldostérone sont préservées. Au niveau mécanistique, nos résultats ont identifié Wnk1 comme un activateur important de la phosphorylation de Mypt1, un marqueur connu de l’activité de la voie Rho-kinase. Les aortes de souris Wnk1+/- présentent une diminution transitoire de la phosphorylation de Mypt1 après une semaine d’infusion d’angiotensine II. De façon importante, nous montrons aussi que l’infusion chronique d’angiotensine II induit une activation de l’expression du gène Wnk1 au niveau aortique, et la surexpression de Wnk1 in vitro active de façon importante et reproductible la phosphorylation de Mypt1, indépendamment de l’activation de Spak (substrat bien caractérisé de Wnk1). En conclusion, ce travail a permis d’identifier Wnk1 comme un nouveau gène cible de l’angiotensine II au niveau vasculaire et a révélé un nouveau mécanisme mis en jeu au cours de l’hypertension et du remodelage cardiovasculaire qui lui est associé. Cette étude fait l’objet d’un article que je signe en premier auteur et qui est actuellement soumis pour publication. Dans une dernière partie, j’ai étudié le rôle de la culline3 dans la régulationde la voie RhoKinase. Les mutations du gène Cul3 ont très récemment été identifiées comme responsables du syndrome de Gordon. Ce gène code une protéine d’échafaudage d’un complexe d’ubiquitination important et ubiquitaire (CRL3) conduisant à la dégradation protéique. La voie des Rho-kinases joue un rôle majeur dans le tonus vasculaire et sa régulation par les agents relaxants ou constricteurs. Des travauxrécents suggèrent que la dégradation de RhoA implique le complexe culline3-ring-ligase (CRL3). Nous avons voulu établir les liens structuraux et fonctionnels entre ce complexe d’ubiquitination et la voie Rho-kinase dans des modèles cellulaires, pour ainsi expliquer tout ou partie du mécanisme moléculaire conduisant des mutations constitutionnelles du gène Cul3 à produire une hypertension artérielle. Les interactions protéiques entre deux adaptateurs différents et la culline3 nous ont permis de montrer que la culline3 mutée entraine une modification d’affinité spécifique selon ses partenaires. Les interactions entre RhoA et le CRL3 n’ont pas pu être démontré. (...) / Hypertension is a disease due to multiple genetic and environmental factors. Many cardiovascular diseases are associated. During my PhD thesis, I addressed three aspects of the regulation of blood pressure in vivo and in vitro. In the first part, I studied the role of angiotensin II AT1 receptor activation in the development of fibrosis, independently of hypertension. I used animal and cellular models (MEF, HEK293, H295) expressing a constitutively active receptor. The results show that the mutant mice did not develop cardiac or renal fibrosis in a pure C57Bl6 strain. Furthermore, their moderate hypertension has not been normalized with two antihypertensives. The pure C57BL6 genetic background seems to be the cause of this moderate phenotype. Furthermore, MEF cells are not a good model to study fibrosis induced by angiotensin II. Only osteopontin is a marker induced by expression of the mutant receptor. As the mouse models and despite of their originality, these cellular models appear to be inappropriate to study AngII-dependent fibrosis. These limitations together with the weakness of the AT1 mutant phenotype lead to us to stop this project. In the second part of my thesis, a collaborative study allows us to show that Wnk1-haploinsufficiency in mice is responsible for a strong and transitory resistance to angiotensin II (AngII)-induced hypertension associated with a significant reduction of cardiovascular remodeling and a preservation of renal function and aldosterone release. Mechanistically, we unravel a critical role for Wnk1 in the activation of the phosphorylation of Mypt1, a known marker of the Rho-kinase pathway activity. Wnk1-haploinsufficient mice display a significant and transitory decrease of AngII-induced phospho- Mypt1 in the aorta, concomitant to the hypertension-resistance. Importantly, we further evidence that, in the vasculature, AngII chronic infusion induces a significant upregulation in Wnk1 gene expression which causes in vitro a significant increase in Mypt1 phosphorylation independently of spak activation. Our results provide new insight into the downstream vascular signaling pathway of AngII and unravel a previously unsuspected mechanism linking Wnk1 to hypertension and vascular remodeling. In the last part, I studied the role of vascular Cullin3 (Cul3) in the development of hypertension. Mutations in this gene have been recently identified as responsible for a familial hypertension with hyperkalaemia, FHHt. The Cul3 gene encodes an important and ubiquitous ubiquitin scaffold protein participating to a protein degradation complex (CRL3). The Rho-kinase pathway plays a major role in vascular tone and its regulation by relaxing or vasoconstricting agents. Recent studies suggest that the degradation of RhoA involves the CRL3 complex. I started to analyze the structural and functional links between this ubiquitination complex and the Rho kinase pathway in cellular models to explain all or part of the molecular mechanisms leading constitutional mutations of Cul3 gene to produce hypertension. I have shown that the Cul3Δ9 mutant presents an increased neddylation compared to the wild form and mofications of its affinity for some adaptors. However, in this preliminary work, its interactions with and its role in the degradation of RhoA have not been demonstrated yet. This PhD thesis has helped to address several aspects of the pathophysiology of the vessels and the role of angiotensin II in these regulations using modern tools, original mouse and cell line models. This has particularly highlighted a new target of angiotensin II and a new WNK1 vascular role.