The Basic Christian Communities in Latin America were created with the official support of the Roman Catholic Church in the 1960s in order for the Church to work with the poor people of Latin America. However, the official representative of the Roman Catholic Church in Latin America, CELAM, does not recognize Liberation Theology, and the Pope and CELPM condemned the People's Church claiming it opposes the teachings of the Roman Catholic Church.This thesis studies a particular experience of the Basic Christian Communities in a rural area of San Gabriel, Costa Rica. It shows that the farmers of San Gabriel de Aserri have their own culture and customs which express their strategies in order to develop their goals. The local priest should develop and support the goals of the community for the well being of the Church and the community.The survey shows that when local organizations began in San Gabriel de Aserri in 1979, they helped to broaden the farmers social and economic consciences, theological beliefs, pastoral and liturgical practices. These changes are assisted by the growth and actions of the organization known as Basic Christian Communities.The Basic Christian Communities support leaders of the communities and familiarize them with the doctrine of the Catholic Church which gives the lay people more participation in the Church. Lay leaders, along with the members of the Basic Christian Communities and priests develop new solutions to the economic, social, and political problems of the poor people.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1970. / Typescript. Vita. Bibliography: leaves 257-262.

This dissertation examines rural families responses to global and local situations that have made earning a livelihood as a farmer very difficult. Drawing from original research, including a household livelihood census of 195 households, interviews with 72 people, participant observation, and archival research, the dissertation explores how rural families have responded to declines in domestic agricultural markets fueled by global and national forces and local environmental change. It asks: what impact will small farming families responses to these forces of change have on peoples identities as peasants? I argue that while great change is underway in the countryside, peasant identity continues to flourish as people on the ground re-work and re-negotiate what it means to be a peasant. This research provides a voice to those often overlooked by macro-analyses of economic, political, or cultural development by providing rich ethnographic details on how global forces impact otherwise out-of-the way places. This dissertation critically examines what is meant by development and change, what development and change look like in a local, grounded context and what current trends can teach us about the future of rural areas both in Costa Rica and in other regions of the world experiencing similar phenomena: increasing educational opportunities for youth, a continued opening up of agricultural markets, a blurring of the line between the urban and the rural, and declining environmental quality.

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

This document examines and analyzes solo vocal music composed by several Costa Rican composers who did not remain in Costa Rica, but rather left the country to study abroad. Unlike prior studies of Costa Rican vocal music, which have focused upon the use(s) composers made of indigenous folk elements, this study identifies foreign, non-indigenous elements that were introduced into Costa Rican vocal music by musical pioneers such as Julio Fonseca (1885-1950) and Dolores Castegnaro (1900-1979), composers who studied at various times in Italy, Belgium, France and Mexico. Excerpts of their music have been analyzed for this document to demonstrate specific international influences. Another two composers were selected due to their present importance in Costa Rican music: Eddie Mora and Marvin Camacho. In a very distinctive manner, these composers bring to the musical environment of Costa Rican diversity and exoticism in Eddie Mora's case and a mix of contemporary with Costa Rican elements with Marvin Camacho's music. In analyzing the music of these four composers, this research intends to present the different influences of other countries into Costa Rican music while Marvin Camacho brings back its own Costa Rican voice.

Magíster en Gestión y Políticas Públicas / En los últimos años se observa un interés generalizado por el uso de instrumentos que permitan medir la incidencia de la pobreza más allá de los indicadores monetarios. Esta tendencia, lejos de cuestionar los resultados de dichas mediciones busca reconocer que este es un fenómeno que no puede ser medido con un único indicador, siendo necesaria una mirada más amplia a fin de poder diseñar mejores y más precisas políticas que permitan la superación de la pobreza. En este sentido, el estudio de caso se desarrolla con el objetivo general de elaborar una propuesta exploratoria para la medición multidimensional de la pobreza siendo esta una contribución a la discusión que recién comienza a instalarse entre las autoridades del Estado costarricense. El estudio se desarrolló en el marco de una metodología cuantitativa, alcance descriptivo y exploratorio, siendo desarrollado en cuatro etapas: en la primera se realizó una revisión bibliográfica de los principales desarrollos conceptuales sobre el bienestar y la pobreza; en la segunda se analizaron las propuesta de medición multidimensional desarrolladas en América Latina; en la tercera se elaboró una propuesta exploratoria y a partir de esta se calculó la incidencia de la pobreza multidimensional; finalmente, se presentan las conclusiones y recomendaciones del caso. La metodología de medición multidimensional más aceptada en la actualidad es la desarrollada por Alkire y Foster. En este sentido, se calculó la incidencia de la pobreza para distintas líneas de corte entre dimensiones evidenciándose una alta sensibilidad de los resultados a distintos valores de k. Utilizando un valor promedio (k=3) se identificó que en el 2013 un 31.5% de la población sufre pobreza multidimensional. Las dimensiones asociadas a las tecnologías de la información, educación básica y calidad del empleo son las que identifican a la mayor cantidad de personas en situación de pobreza multidimensional, evidenciando con ello que las políticas sectoriales en dichos ámbitos han sido insuficientes para lograr los umbrales mínimos de bienestar establecidos en la medición. Definir el objetivo que se persigue al momento de adoptar una medida multidimensional resultada fundamental para garantizar que esta no sea una medición sino más bien una herramienta de desarrollo humano. En este sentido, la proyección del índice a partir de las metas sectoriales establecidas en el plan nacional de desarrollo, el mejoramiento de las fuentes de información, la definición de mecanismos que permitan modificar los indicadores y umbrales del índice, el seguimiento que se le brinde a la medición, la estrategia comunicacional que se siga para darla a conocer, y una adecuada rendición de cuentas, son las principales recomendaciones del estudio. Finalmente, se considera oportuno incluir en futuros ejercicios aspectos que den cuenta de la vulnerabilidad, esto a partir de la evidencia de estudios anteriores que demuestran la existencia de una importante movilidad descendente en el grupo de las personas no pobres.

Esta dissertação tem como objetos centrais a Câmara Municipal de Vila Rica e as elites locais que controlaram suas prerrogativas, desde sua fundação em 1711, ate as revoltas que ocorreram no sertão de Minas Gerais a partir de 1736. Analisa-se, ao longo de cinco capítulos, as estratégias usadas pelos dois grupos que controlaram as prerrogativas da instituição, um durante a década de 1710, outro durante as décadas de 1720 e 1730. A partir da observação das rotinas administrativas e das finanças locais, e do estudo da trajetória dos 520 indivíduos que exerceram funções na instituição durante o período estudado especialmente dos 26 indivíduos mais influentes constatou-se uma oscilação da jurisdição do poder local, vinculada a uma redução das prerrogativas da Câmara Municipal. Este movimento foi causado pelo aumento da pressão dos agentes do monarca sobre as elites locais institucionalizadas, e por uma mudança de estratégia destas elites a partir da repressão à Revolta de Vila Rica em 1720. Antes deste episódio, o grupo dominante local era mais resistente aos interesses do rei na região, depois de 1720, o novo grupo que assumiu o controle da política local adotou uma linha mais conciliadora em relação aos agentes régios. A consolidação das elites locais, a partir deste momento, esteve diretamente vinculada a uma diminuição da jurisdição dos poderes locais em relação ao poder central. / This dissertation has as central objects the Municipal Council of Vila Rica and the local elites who controlled their prerogatives, from its foundation in 1711 until the riots that occurred in the hinterland of Minas Gerais in 1736. Over five chapters, we analyze the strategies used by the two groups that controlled the prerogatives of the institution, one during the decade of 1710, the other during the decades of 1720 e 1730. From the observation of local administrative routines and the study of the trajectory of the 520 individuals working in the institution during the period studied especially the 26 most influential individuals it was found oscillation of the jurisdiction of local authorities, linked to a reduction of the prerogatives of the Municipal Council. This movement was caused by increased pressure of the king\'s agents on institutionalized local elites, and a change of strategy of these elites from the repression of Villa Rica Revolt in 1720. Before this episode, the dominant local group was more resistant to the king\'s interests in the region; after 1720, the new group who took control of the local policy chose a more conciliatory line in relation to the king\'s agents. The consolidation of the local elites, since the decade of 1720, was directly linked to their decreasing autonomy in relation to the central power.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / Objetivo: avaliar, em voluntÃrios sadios, o comportamento de uma formulaÃÃo teste de minociclina, Minoderm comprimido 100mg, fornecida pelo LaboratÃrio Stiefel Ltda., Brasil, contra uma formulaÃÃo referÃncia de minociclina, MinomaxÂ, comprimido 100mg, fornecida pelo LaboratÃrio Wyeth, Brasil, na ausÃncia e na presenÃa de uma dieta padrÃo especÃfica: 200mL de suco de laranja, 200mL de iogurte de morango, 4 bolachas e 20g de queijo. Desenvolver um mÃtodo preciso e sensÃvel para quantificaÃÃo das duas fÃrmulas de minociclina 100mg utilizando espectrometria de massa (LC-MS-MS).MÃtodo: 24 voluntÃrios sadios, ambos os sexos, foram selecionados para o estudo. Todos concordaram em participar da pesquisa e assinaram o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido. O estudo foi aberto, randomizado, cruzado, dose Ãnica e 4 tratamentos. Para quantificaÃÃo da minociclina no plasma humano foi desenvolvido um mÃtodo acurado e sensÃvel utilizando Cromatografia LÃquida Acoplada ao EspectrÃmetro de Massa (LC-MS-MS).Resultados: ambas formulaÃÃes de minociclina foram bem toleradas na dose administrada. A administraÃÃo com dieta padrÃo especÃfica retardou o tempo de absorÃÃo comparada em condiÃÃes de jejum, porÃm sem interferir em Cmax e AUC. AnÃlise estatÃstica das razÃes individuais de AUC(0-96h) e Cmax para as duas formulaÃÃes de minociclina (Minoderm/MinomaxÂ) na ausÃncia e na presenÃa de dieta padrÃo especÃfica foram: AUC em jejum 101,2 e sob dieta 97,2; Cmax em jejum 106,0 e sob dieta 91,2. Os exames clÃnicos e laboratoriais realizados nÃo apresentaram alteraÃÃes de significado clÃnico. ConclusÃo: os parÃmetros farmacocinÃticos da minociclina administrada em jejum ou na presenÃa de dieta padrÃo especÃfica permaneceram inalterados sendo bioequivalentes com um intervalo de confianÃa de 80-125%. O mÃtodo analÃtico desenvolvido mostrou-se adequado para sua quantificaÃÃo

Graduation date: 1981 / Best scan available for figures and pages listing computer code. Original is a photocopy.

A growing body of work reveals that animal-mediated pollination is negatively affected by anthropogenic disturbance. Landscape-scale disturbance results in two often inter-related processes: (1) habitat loss, and (2) disruptions of habitat configuration (i.e. fragmentation). Understanding the relative effects of such processes is critical in designing effective management strategies to limit pollination and pollinator decline. I reviewed existing published work from 1989 to 2009 and found that only six of 303 studies separated the effects of habitat loss from fragmentation. I provide a synthesis of the current landscape, behavioral, and pollination ecology literature in order to present preliminary multiple working hypotheses to explain how these two landscape processes might independently influence pollination dynamics (Chapter 2). Despite the potential importance of independent effects of habitat fragmentation, effects on pollination remain largely untested. Studies designed to disentangle the independent effects of habitat loss and fragmentation are essential for gaining insight into landscape-mediated pollination declines. I also found that the field of landscape pollination ecology could benefit from quantification of the matrix, landscape functional connectivity, and pollinator movement behavior. To test the hypothesis that pollinator movement can be influenced by landscape configuration, I translocated radio-tagged hummingbirds across agricultural and forested landscapes near Las Cruces, Costa Rica (Chapter 3). I found return paths were on average more direct in forested than in agricultural landscapes. In addition, movement paths chosen in agricultural landscapes were more forested than the most direct route suggesting that hummingbirds avoided crossing open areas when possible. To determine if differences in pollinator movement translated to differences in plant reproduction, I tested the relative importance of landscape composition versus configuration on the reproductive success of Heliconia tortuosa, a hummingbird-pollinated forest herb (Chapter 4). I used a stratified random sampling design to select sites across orthogonal gradients in patch size, amount of forest, and elevation. I tested four landscape change hypotheses (i.e., local, landscape composition, landscape fragmentation, and fragmentation threshold). I found that Heliconia reproduction supported both the local site and landscape fragmentation hypotheses. Seed set increased with increasing forest patch size independent of amount of forest in the surrounding landscape. I also found that increasing patch size positively influenced the relative abundance of pollinators. The observed differences in seed set likely resulted from differences in hummingbird movements (Chapter 3) and/or abundance under different landscape configurations. / Graduation date: 2013