Beaucoup d'organisations se sont appuyées sur la créativité pour dépasser leurs concurrents et le savoir sur la façon de soutenir la créativité est devenu critique. En règle générale, la créativité aurait pour origine les individus ou un groupe de personnes travaillant ensemble. Par conséquent, dans cette thèse, notre objectif est de fournir une meilleure compréhension de la façon de faciliter la créativité à la fois au niveau individuel et de l'équipe. Pour l'équipe, nous nous concentrerons sur la créativité de l'équipe virtuelle qui a été peu étudiée malgré l’intérêt de l’analyse. Les quatre articles de cette thèse visent à fournir une meilleure compréhension de la créativité et à en identifier les déterminants tant au niveau individuel que pour l’équipe virtuelle. Nous avons analysé la littérature sur la créativité individuelle pour améliorer la compréhension de la créativité des employés. Notre analyse suggère qu'il est plus efficace de tenir compte à la fois des facteurs individuels et contextuels pour évaluer la créativité des employés. Pourtant, les interactions entre les facteurs individuels et contextuels sont multiples. Par conséquent, nous suggérons d'envisager une approche en terme de fit de la créativité entre les facteurs individuels et contextuels, ce qui nous permet également de proposer de nouvelles pratiques pour le management des ressources humaines. De plus, d’un point de vue théorique, plusieurs chercheurs suggèrent une relation étroite entre la prise de risque et la créativité des employés alors que peu d'études ont analysé cette relation. Le second article confirme qu'il existe une relation positive entre la prise de risque et la créativité des employés et aussi démontre que les facteurs individuels et contextuels issus de la littérature sur le risque et sur la créativité ont mutuellement un impact sur la prise de risque. Ensuite, sur la base de la relation étroite entre les théories du risque et de la créativité, nous abordons le comportement créatif des managers en intégrant le modèle BAM (behavioral agency model) et la théorie des capacités dynamiques. L'objectif de notre modèle théorique est d'expliquer en quoi le comportement créatif des managers devant décider d’importantes décisions stratégiques pourrait être considéré comme dynamique et évoluer avec le temps. Concernant la créativité de l'équipe virtuelle, nous avons examiné les déterminants de la créativité. Nous avons constaté que l’approche par les TMS est fructueuse pour la compréhension de la créativité de l'équipe virtuelle. Nos résultats apportent une contribution à la fois à la littérature sur la créativité et à celle concernant les équipes virtuelles et fournissent d'importantes implications managériales pour les équipes virtuelles.Dans l'ensemble, nos recherches sur la créativité individuelle sont également utiles pour les membres de l'équipe virtuelle alors considérés au niveau individuel et l’étude du comportement créatif des managers pourrait aussi s’appliquer aux managers d’équipes virtuelles. Ces quatre articles permettent (1) de fournir une vision globale de la créativité des employés en proposant l'approche par le fit; (2) d’examiner les relations précises entre la prise de risque et la créativité des employés; (3) d’étendre la théorie de la créativité en intégrant le modèle BAM et la théorie des capacités dynamiques afin de considérer la créativité comme dynamique; (4) et de révéler le rôle important du TMS pour la créativité de l'équipe virtuelle. / Many organizations have relied on creativity to outclass their competitors and the knowledge of how to support creativity has been critical. Generally, creativity could be derived from individuals or a group of individuals working together. Hence, in this thesis, we aim to provide a better understanding on how to facilitate creativity at both individual and team levels. Precisely, for the team level, we focus on virtual team creativity which has been under-researched and challenging to discover. The four articles in this dissertation aim to provide a better understanding and identify the determinants of both individual and virtual team creativity. We have reviewed individual creativity literature to extend the understanding of employee creativity. The review suggests that it is more efficient to consider both individual and contextual factors in order to assess employee creativity. Still, the interactions between individual and contextual factors are varied. Therefore, we suggest considering creativity fit approaches between individual and contextual factors derived from the review and we also provide the comprehensive practices for human resource management. In addition, theoretically, several theorists suggest the close relation between risk-taking and employee creativity whereas very few studies have investigated its relations. The second article confirms that there is a positive relation between risk-taking and employee creativity and also demonstrate that individual and contextual factors from both risk and creativity literature are mutually impacted on risk-taking. Later, based on the close relation between risk and creativity theories, we develop the creative behavior of managers by integrating the behavioral agency model and dynamic capabilities theories. The objective of this theoretical model is to explain how the creative behavior of managers in making an important strategic decision could be viewed as dynamic and evolved over time. For virtual team creativity, we aim to examine the determinants of virtual team creativity which have been recently explored. We found that Transactive Memory Systems, which have been challenging due to their importance with regard to virtual teams, have a positive impact on virtual team creativity. The findings extend both creativity and virtual team literature and provide important practical implications for virtual teams. Overall, the investigation of individual creativity is also useful for virtual team members at an individual level and managers’ creative behavior could also assess the creative behavior of virtual team managers. These four articles could in fact (1) provide the global view of employee creativity by proposing the fit approach; (2) examine the precise relations of risk-taking and employee creativity; (3) extend the creativity theory by integrating BAM and the dynamic capabilities theory to consider creativity as dynamic; (4) and reveal the critical roles of TMS in virtual team creativity.

Cette thèse s’intéresse à la gouvernance d’entreprises dans le secteur bancaire. Son objectif est de montrer que la relation linéaire entre le contrôle exercé par le conseil d’administration et la rentabilité des entreprises telle qu’elle est appréhendée dans la littérature peut être perturbée dans le contexte bancaire. La réglementation sur le capital et la prise de risque sont analysées comme variables modératrices et médiatrices de la relation entre l’indice de la qualité du conseil d’administration et la prise de risque d’une part, et entre l’indice de la qualité du conseil d’administration et la rentabilité bancaire d’autre part. L’analyse est menée suivant une démarche comparative internationale entre la France et le Cameroun. En effet, depuis la fin des années 1980, la littérature sur la gouvernance d’entreprises s’est développée dans le sens de trouver des meilleures pratiques de contrôle des dirigeants susceptibles de garantir la performance des entreprises. Or, une revue de cette littérature montre que les différences sectorielles et culturelles ne sont pas suffisamment considérées. Ce constat justifie le choix sectoriel et l’approche comparative de la présente recherche. En employant un système d’équations structurelles résolues par la méthode des moindres carrés partiels sur un échantillon de banques en France et au Cameroun sur la période 2006-2013, et en déterminant un indice composite du conseil d’administration, il s’est avéré qu’un bon score de conseil d’administration a une influence négative et significative sur la rentabilité sur les données françaises mais positive et significative sur les données camerounaises. Il est mis en évidence que la réglementation prudentielle joue le rôle de variable modératrice entre l’indice du contrôle exercé par le conseil d’administration et la prise de risque sur les données camerounaises mais pas sur les données françaises. Par ailleurs, la taille de la banque a un effet quasi-modérateur sur la relation entre l’indice de qualité du contrôle exercé par le conseil d’administration et la prise de risque au Cameroun mais pas en France et un effet quasi-modérateur sur la relation entre l’indice de qualité du conseil et la rentabilité en France et au Cameroun. / This thesis is interested in the governance of firms in the banking sector. Its objective is to show that the linear relationship between the board of directors control and the profitability of firms such as it is analyzed in the literature can be disrupted in the banking sector. The regulatory capital and the banking risk-taking are analyzed as playing a moderating and mediating role respectively on the relation between the board of directors quality index and the banking risk-taking, and between the board of directors quality index and the banking profitability. The analysis is led according to an international comparative approach between France and Cameroon. In fact, since the end of 1980s, the literature on governance of firms developed in the sense to find best practices of control of managers susceptible to guarantee the performance of companies. However, a review of this literature shows that the sectorial and cultural differences are not enough considered. The consideration of this state of thing justifies the sectorial choice and the comparative approach of the present research. We find by using a system of Structural Equations Models resolved by the Partial Least Squares regression method on a sample of banks in France and in Cameroon over the period 2006-2013, and employed and board of directors index that, a good index of board control has a negative and significant association with the profitability in France data but positive and significant impact on the Cameroonian data. It is highlighted that the prudential regulation plays a moderating role between the board control index and the risk-taking on the Cameroonian one but not on the French data. Besides, the size of the bank has a quasi-moderation effect on the relation between the board control index and the risk-taking in Cameroon but not in France and a quasi-moderation effect on the relation between the board control index and the profitability in France and in Cameroon.

The home is supposed to provide support and safety for children but can also be the place where children suffer abuse and other adverse treatment by their parents. Violence against children in homes has been banned in Sweden for more than 30 years but it is still a considerable problem in the society and a threat to public health. The overall aim of this thesis was to create comprehensive knowledge of the phenomenon Child Physical Abuse (CPA) in Sweden after the ban on corporal punishment. The focus has been on examining the characteristics of cases reported to the police as well as self-reported CPA, prevalence of CPA and finally associations between CPA and health-problems/risk-taking behaviors among adolescents. Two samples are used in this thesis. The first comprises cases reported to the police during 11 years (n=142) in a Swedish police-district and the second is a population-based youth survey of the total number of pupils in three different school grades (13, 15 and 17 years old) in Södermanland County, Sweden. Cases of severe abuse constituted 14 % of the total number of cases reported to the police. The main difference between the group of severe cases and the remaining was the higher occurrence of convictions in court in the severe cases and the pattern of reporting to the police. The severe cases were reported by agencies to a greater degree than minor cases. Cases of severe abuse were characterized by an accumulation of risk factors in different areas as perpetrator factors, stress- and strain factors, factors of insufficient social network and finally child-related factors. In the cross-sectional study a prevalence of 15 % was found for self-reported CPA (n=8 494). There were associations between risk factors in different areas and abuse and there was a dos-response relationship between risks and reported abuse. It was shown that children who reported parental intimate-partner violence were at considerably higher risk for CPA than other children and that only 7 % of the children exposed to violence had disclosed this to authorities. The study of associations between health and risk-taking behaviors, were performed among the 15 and 17 years old pupils (n=5 933). Associations with health-problems and risk-taking behaviors were shown and the associations became stronger when the pupils reported repeated abuse. Finally there was a cumulative effect of multiple abuse in the form of being exposed to child physical abuse plus other types of abuse (parental intimate partner violence, bullying and being forced to engage in sexual acts) and the associations increased with the number of concurrent abuse.

Previous studies have indicated an association between childhood sexual abuse (CSA) and an increased risk of engaging in unsafe behaviours during adulthood, including risky sexual practices. This study examined the relationship between CSA and adult HIV sexual risk behaviour among a sample of South African men who have sex with men (MSM). Potential pathological long-term mental health outcomes of CSA, including dissociation, sex-related substance abuse, depression, sexual compulsivity, impaired interpersonal communication, and over-reliance on submissive sexual scripts, were treated as variables mediating the relationship between CSA and sexual risk behaviour. Men frequenting a gay internet dating site were randomly selected to complete an electronic version of the anonymous survey. Results indicate that one-fourth of participants reported a history of CSA. Men with a history of unwanted sexual activity during childhood were more likely to report recreational substance abuse, sex-related substance abuse, sexual compulsivity, and adult revictimisation experiences. Men who were abused were also more likely to engage in unprotected anal intercourse compared to those who were not abused. Mediation analyses revealed that MSM who are survivors of CSA are particularly susceptible to drug abuse, sex-related drug abuse, and sexual compulsivity, and these sequelae in turn predict higher reported numbers of male sexual partners. The current data suggest that CSA is widespread among men at high risk for HIV infection, and that it may have a devastating influence on the quality of life and health risk behaviour of these men. These results also highlight the importance of mental health services and new approaches in HIV prevention for MSM who have been sexually abused as children. Further research is needed into the contextual factors of the childhood abuse experience which account for the variability in longterm negative mental health outcomes of CSA survivors.

By adopting a positive psychology framework, the aim of this study was to explore and describe the level of curiosity and exploration amongst psychologists-in-training, and how they dealt with uncertainty in the context of their professional development. A mixed-method exploratory-descriptive research design was employed to collect the quantitative data by means of the Curiosity and Exploratory Inventory. The qualitative data were collected using semistructured interviews to explore how psychologists-in-training have dealt with uncertainty. Purposive-availability sampling was used to select the participants at three South African universities. A total number of 50 participants completed the CEI and six participants were interviewed. The data were analysed using mixed-method data analysis. It was found that participants had moderate-to-high levels of curiosity and exploration, with higher levels of exploration than absorption. The majority of participants reported that they actively sought as much information as they could and frequently looked for new opportunities to grow as persons. The strategies used by the selected group of participants to deal with uncertainty included: reliance on clinical supervision; consultation with peers; self-enhancement; reliance on theory; learning from practical experience; using certain cognitive appraisals; and self-care. Certain conclusions and recommendations were made based on the findings of the study.

Abstract My objective with this master's thesis is to contribute development both to the education for art-teachers and to art education primary and secondary school.     This master thesis discusses three students’ different art-based processes in a visual project about sustainable site-specific design. The project is based on ethnographic documentation of a “non-place” chosen by students themselves. The students are working with visual ethnographic documentation, making pictures in different materials, process-documentations, process-dairy, reception-calls, portfolio-analysis and digital presentation. The project aims reflections over how students can transform their experiences and knowledge, and later, in their role as art teachers, using the visual methods learnt, and using the unexpected and uncertain as a potential, to organize education with primary school pupils. ‘     The purpose of the thesis is to study students learning in, about, and through visual processes in an art-project, where the design of the teaching includes risk-taking elements. To delineate the purpose, I will work on the following issues:  1. What is made visible in students' digital presentations regarding different learning processes, sub-results and final results at the denotative and connotative level?  2. What does the design of the teaching mean for the students’ learning, in relation to the following four problem areas: - Image production with materials, techniques and tools - Image, reception talk and image theory - Documentation, evaluation and assessment - The location, the drawing room and other conditions for picture teaching.  3. Will the unexpected and uncertain as a potential for learning, be made visible in the students' processes, partial and final results? If so, how?     This is a qualitative study of three teacher - students' digital presentations. The material in the study includes three teacher students' digital presentations from an exam in an art project; research notes from observations in four course elements; informal interviews with two of the students. All of the three students’ digital presentations start with ethnographic inspired documentations from their chosen “non-places”. These pictures is first analysed, through visual-semiotic analyse. With this result in mind the individual visual processes through different tasks combined with materials analyses with a semiotic gaze and results in three cases followed up with a process-analysis of the three cases.      The theoretical context of the study is based on constructionistic theoretical perspective and semiotics as a theory of analysis, problematising the four aspects of the learning-field of art-education, identified in the thesis’ systematic research overview. The aim is to discuss design of education and three students’ experiences of their process-oriented investigative artwork. A work based on divergent thinking, where processes and results are not predetermined and where neither students nor teachers can anticipate them and thus have to dare to let go, which is why the study wants to highlight the unexpected and uncertain potential in image education. The result shows three students’ different visual processes, both in what drove and inspired them, and how they worked in visual materials. It shows that the concept in the design of the task challenged the students to explore the unsecure and the unexpected.  Through their artwork and the studies four aspects design of education in teacher education and compulsory school were problematised and several new questions about education in art were raised.

Cette thèse étudie le secteur bancaire tunisien et pourquoi ce dernier se caractérise par des volumesimportants de prêts non performants. Sur un échantillon de 11 banques commerciales cotées durant lapériode 2009-2011, nous examinons l’impact de la structure de propriété et des caractéristiques duconseil d’administration sur le risque de crédit. Nos résultats des régressions sur données de panelrévèlent que ces mécanismes de gouvernance sont défaillants jusqu’à présent et qu’ils ont contribué àl’aggravation des prêts improductifs. A partir de l’apparition de nouvelles tentatives à expliquer lesdéfaillances bancaires par l’apport de la finance comportementale, nous concluons le rôle de l’excès deconfiance dans la gestion de risque de crédit imprudente des banques tunisiennes.Dans le but d’approfondir notre recherche, il nous semble intéressant de vérifier l’impact de l’excès deconfiance sur le comportement de prise de risque d’un responsable de crédits. Les régressionslogistiques multinomiales montrent que l’excès de confiance chez les responsables de crédit évolueavec l’expérience et influence négativement leurs prises de risque de crédit. / This thesis studies the Tunisian banking sector and why it is characterized by large volumes of nonperformantloans. Based on a sample of 11 commercial listed banks during 2009-2011, we examinethe impact of ownership structure and board characteristics on credit risk. Our results reveal thedeficiency of these governance mechanisms.From the appearance of new attempts to explain bank failures by the contribution of behavioralfinance, we try to identify the role of overconfidence in the reckless credit policy. Our results showthat overconfidence recent worsening Non Performants Loans of Tunisian banks.In order to deepen our research, it seems interesting to check the impact of overconfidence on bankers’risk-taking behavior. We extend our work with an experimental study to detect the impact ofoverconfidence on the banker’s risk-taking behavior. Our results of multinomial logistic regressionsshow that banker’s overconfidence evolves with experience and influences negatively his credit risktakingbehavior.

This thesis is concerned with the relation between bank regulation and the risk-taking behaviour of banks. Two major instruments of regulatory intervention are considered: bank levy and bank bailouts. The major objective of this thesis is to provide an answer to the following questions: Do bank levies increase the risk-taking of banks in a competitive environment? When do bank bailouts decrease banks` risk-taking? Does the international coordination of bank bailouts affect the relation between bailouts and the risk-taking behaviour of banks? Who should rescue subsidiaries of multinational banks? How could an efficient bailout policy be designed and implemented? The bank levy and cooperation between national regulators play an important role in the recently adopted Bank Recovery and Resolution Directive (BRRD). This directive is a cornerstone of bank regulation in Europe. Although the conversion of debt into equity (bail-in) in emergencies is the key component of the current regulation, bailouts, or at least the assistance to struggling banks, should not be excluded. As the ordinary resolution tools, for instance, bail-in, have not yet been tested in a real crisis, and due to the fact that it will take time to prepare global institutions for such a tool, it may be useful to have an adequately designed tool of last resort available, such as an adequate bailout policy, in order to avoid the disruption of critical economic functions. We show that a bank levy may decrease banks`risk-taking behaviour. Bank bailouts can also decrease the risk-taking of banks. This depends on the regulator`s ability to condition his bailout policy in accordance with the macroeconomic environment, which has an impact on the banks` probability of success, or on his ability to condition the bailout policy on the banks` systemic relevance. Coordination of bailouts through a multinational regulator can improve welfare. The desirability of internationally coordinated bailouts depends on the dimension of the crisis. If the crisis is severe, it may be more efficient to delegate bank bailouts to a multinational regulator. However, such a delegation is not always feasible. Therefore, a predefined burden sharing of bank bailouts is necessary in order to achieve an efficient resolution of banks in distress.

This dissertation examines how Black and Latino men who have sex with men (MSM) are making sense of the contemporary HIV/AIDS epidemic and their relation to it. Black and Latino MSM in the United States are disproportionately impacted by HIV. Interdisciplinary scholarship on the matter has conceptualized risk as an intrinsic facet of HIV. However, this research has paid little attention to the process by which Black and Latino MSM form their HIV risk perceptions. In this dissertation, I advance the “risk ecology framework” as a novel socioecological approach for understanding risk perception. This framework conceives of HIV risk perception as emerging from individuals’ relationship to HIV as shaped by the intersecting influences of the broader social environment. I base my analysis on 40 in-depth semi-structured interviews with HIV-negative Black and Latino MSM in New York City, as well as a year of participant-observation with a health advocacy group that serves this community. I find respondents form their risk perceptions by reflecting on HIV vis-à-vis their respective and distinctive social locations. The intersections of race, class, and sexuality come to be associated with HIV risk across the ecological levels of an individual’s lived experience, revealing a risk ecology, or a set of interrelated potential threats posed by HIV. I find this risk ecology to be reflected in Black and Latino MSM’s framing of HIV as a risk to their bodily health and social wellbeing, on the one hand. Or, its framing as personally irrelevant, on the other. Relationships and interactions with family, friends, and romantic/sexual partners inform what Black and Latino MSM understand HIV to potentially threaten. Respondents and the people in their lives draw upon culturally-available discourses, rhetoric, and beliefs concerning HIV that reflect how the institutionalization of racial, social, and sexual inequalities structure risk perception. With respect to health-relevant behaviors, I demonstrate how the analysis of risk perception formation clarifies the ways in which Black and Latino MSM make use of preventative tools and construct meanings about sex. I conclude with a discussion of the broader implications of the risk ecology framework for future health policy and further sociological research. By interrogating what it means to be at-risk, this dissertation lends crucial insight into the persistence of the HIV epidemic at a time when the means to end it are available, and also enriches sociological understandings of risk both within and beyond the public health domain.

Bakgrund: Långvarigt drogbruk leder till negativa fysiologiska och psykologiska konsekvenser. Samsjuklighet, stigmatisering och abstinens är några anledningar till att patientgruppen fortsätter sitt drogbruk. Droginjicering är en av orsakerna till att blodsmittor sprids i samhället. Sprututbytesprogrammet är riktat till personer med intravenöst drogberoende och erbjuder remittering, sprututbyte, samtalskontakt och antidotpreparat. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva patienters upplevelse av skadereduktion och påverkan påriskbeteende genom deltagande på sprututbytesprogrammet. Metod: En allmän litteraturstudie utgjordes av tio kvalitativa originalartiklar som analyserades tematiskt. Resultat: Tre huvudteman och sex subteman identifierades. Minskat riskbeteende med subtema egenvårdsförmåga och hjälp från flera håll. Ökad relationsbyggnad med subtema hälsofrämjande verksamhet och vårdmötet. Begränsade resurser med subtema fortsatt stigmatisering och när drogberoendet tar överhand. Slutsats: Sprututbytesprogrammet ökarkunskapen om riskbeteende, egenvårdsförmågan och hälsofrämjande livsstilsförändringar. Behandling, utbildning och en känsla av trygghet är viktiga komponenter för konsekvent deltagande på Sprututbytesprogrammet. Verksamheten ökar självkänslan hos patientgruppen till skillnad från annan hälso- och sjukvård och bidrar till att minska sociala klyftor mellan patientgruppen och övriga samhället. Fortsatt stigmatisering och strukturella hinder gör patientgruppen skör vilket belyser behovet av vidare forskning och utbildning för att kunna möta deras vårdbehov. / Background: Addictive disorders lead to negative physiological and psychological consequences. Comorbidity, stigmatization and abstinence are reasons for continued drug use. Intravenous drug use contributes to the spread of blood-borne diseases. The needle-exchange program targets intravenous drug users and offers referrals, needle-exchange, counselling and naloxone. Aim: The purpose was to describe patients' experience of harm reduction and the impact on risk behavior through participation in the syringe exchange program. Method: A literature study based on ten original qualitative articles that were thematically analysed. Result: Three main themes and six sub-themes were identified. Positive life-style change with sub-themes self-care ability and help from different directions. Relationship building with sub-themes health-promotion operations and care meeting. Limited resources with sub-themes continued stigmatization and when drug addiction takes over. Conclusion: Needle-exchange increase patients’ knowledge of risk behaviour, self-care, and positive life-style changes. Treatment, education, and safety are components for continued participation. The program increases self-esteem, and helps reduce the social divide between people with drug addiction and the rest of society. Our research revealed that there are obstacles to consider. Continued stigma and structural barriers make the patients fragile, which highlights the need for continued research and education to be able to meet their care needs.