A research report submitted to the Faculty of Health Sciences of the University of the Witwatersrand in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Medicine in the branch of Community Health (Public Health Medicine). May 2014 / Background Occupational stress represents a substantial public health challenge. Although there has been an extensive focus on this form of stress within the international setting, there appears to be a paucity of relevant evidence within South Africa. Specifically, within the local context, there are relatively few: (1) reliability testing studies of screening and assessment instruments, (2) prevalence analyses of occupational stress and (3) work-related stress management intervention designs. Methods A cross-sectional descriptive and analytical study was undertaken in a large tertiary hospital in Johannesburg. Primary data were collected between February 2013 and September 2013 using the Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire (COPSOQ). A sample (n=166) of administrative staff was selected, stratified into front line staff (n=54), back office staff (n=90) and managers (n=22). Data analysis included reliability testing of the COPSOQ using the Cronbach‘s alpha statistic. Prevalence measurement was also undertaken to describe the distribution of stress and other variables across the study sample. Finally, logistic regression was used to estimate associations between the exposure variables and the stress outcome (at the p < 0.05 level of significance). Results The Cronbach‘s alpha range for the COPSOQ was 0.31 to 0.85. Two out of 24 scales of the instrument fell below the unacceptability threshold of 0.5. In terms of prevalence, the stress mean for the study sample (on a scale from 0 to 100) was 38.8 (SD 19.8). Furthermore, 68.1% (n=113) of the study sample had a stress value above the reference mean. There were also significant differences in the stress values by job category, with managers having the highest mean at 51.2 (SD 24.2). Adjusting for job category, risk factors significantly associated with occupational stress in the main logistic model were offensive behaviour (OR 3.38, 95% CI: 1.54 – 7.43), quantitative demands (OR 2.83, 95% CI: 1.35 – 5.92) and emotional demands (OR 2.32, 95% CI: 1.08 – 4.96), while quality of leadership (OR 0.32, 95% CI: 0.15 – 0.67) was a protective factor. Further analysis showed that the most harmful risk factor for females was work-family conflict (OR 4.03; 95% CI: 1.45 - 11.21), and for males was exposure to offensive behaviour (OR 4.63; 95% CI: 1.15 - 18.63). Finally, ordinal regression found offensive behaviour (OR 3.60; 95% CI: 1.92 - 6.75) and quantitative demands (OR: 2.38; 95% CI: 1.27 - 4.46) to be significant risks for moving from low stress to high stress, while a commitment to workplace (OR 0.46; 95% CI: 0.24 - 0.86) could help to prevent this. Conclusions The level of occupational stress in the study sample was high relative to reference values. An occupational stress intervention is recommended, which should include primary, secondary and tertiary prevention strategies (according to identified risks). Further development of the instrument is also recommended, so as to improve its reliability in the local context. Finally, future research into occupational stress should explore the impact of factors such as resource constraints and HIV/AIDS, and should include an expansion into other settings and occupational categories. Key words Occupational stress, questionnaire reliability, psychosocial risks, intervention design.

Risks are an inevitable consequence of human action, as well as of technology. Even everyday routines and familiar technologies are not without risk, but they are accepted. Innovative technology, however, is viewed as risky. This is often only an expression of a lack of confidence arising from a corresponding lack of experience in dealing with technology. Estimations of potential use become the subject of scientific-technological, internal (quantifying) discussion, as well as of an external ethical-sociological debate including also consideration of the affected parties, i.e. customers, consumers and (professional) users. Alongside the internal (professional) evaluation, an external evaluation (acceptability and acceptance) is becoming ever more important. The necessity for reflection on modern technology leads to the establishment of a &amp;quot;technology reflection culture&amp;quot;. / Risiken sind eine unvermeidliche Folge von menschlichem Handeln, auch von Technik. Alltagsroutine und vertraute Technik sind zwar auch nicht ohne Risiko, aber akzeptiert. Innovative Technik wird als riskant eingeschätzt. Dies ist oft nur fehlendes Vertrauen aufgrung mangelnder Erfahrung im Umgang mit Technik. Die Abschätzung potentiellen Gebrauchs wird Gegenstand der wissenschaftlich-technisch internen (quantifizierenden) Diskussion wie der externen ethisch-sozialwissenschaftlichen Diskussion inklusive der Berücksichtigung von Betroffenen, d.h. Kunden, Konsumenten und (professionellen) Anwendern. Neben der internen (standesmäßigen und berufsmäßigen Bewertung) wird die externe Bewertung (Akzeptabilität und Akzeptanz) immer wichtiger. Die Notwendigkeit einer Reflexion auf moderne Technologie führt zur Etablierung einer „Technologie-Abwägungs-Kultur“.

I takt med den ökande digitaliseringen ökar även antalet uppkopplade IoT-enheter. Inom B2B-företag används  IoT-enheter i allt större utsträckning för att effektivisera verksamheten och skapa konkurrensfördelar. Den digitala utvecklingen och det ökade antalet IoT-enheter har emellertid medfört säkerhetsrisker och att företag har svårt att skydda sig mot cyberangrepp via IoT-enheterna. Denna studie undersöker hur B2B-företag påverkas av säkerhetsriskerna med IoT-enheter och hur de kan arbeta för att hindra dem. Insamlingen av empiriskt material skedde genom sju semistrukturerade intervjuer och teorin består av vetenskapliga artiklar. Resultatet är att om IoT-enheter skulle bli angripna hade det lett till samhälleliga och ekonomiska konsekvenser och det finns en del åtgärder B2B-företag behöver vidta för att skydda sina enheter. De vanligaste säkerhetsriskerna hos IoT-enheterna var olika fysiska risker samt okrypterad datatrafik. Slutsatsen är att det är avgörande för B2B-företag att skapa en helhetsstrategi för cybersäkerhet hos sina IoT-enheter för att skydda sig mot de befintliga säkerhetsriskerna hos IoT-enheterna. Denna uppsats bidrar till informatik ämnets utveckling genom att ge insikter i hur B2B-företag påverkas av digitaliseringen och de säkerhetsrisker för IoT-enheter medför. / As digitalization increases, the number of connected IoT devices also grows. Within B2B companies, IoT devices are increasingly used to streamline operations and gain competitive advantages. However, the digital development and the increased number of IoT devices have also brought about security risks, making it challenging for companies to protect themselves against cyber attacks through these devices. This study examines how B2B companies are affected by the security risks associated with IoT devices and explores ways in which they can work to prevent them. Empirical data for this study was collected through seven semi-structured interviews, and the theoretical framework draws from scientific articles. The findings indicate that if IoT devices were to be compromised, it would have societal and economic consequences, necessitating certain measures that B2B companies need to take to safeguard their devices. The most common security risks with the IoT devices were various physical risks and unencrypted data traffic. The conclusion is that it is crucial for B2B companies to develop a comprehensive cybersecurity strategy for their IoT devices in order to protect themselves against the existing security risks posed by IoT devices. This paper contributes to the advancement of the field of informatics by providing insights into how B2B companies are affected by digitalization and the security risks associated with IoT devices.

This study is looking at “the changed” world for employees that were lucky and could continue their work from places other than the office since the Covid-19 pandemic outbreak using teleworking tools. Their numbers grew exponentially and while they still had to perform their duties as usual, they could not rely on the security infrastructure built at the office. The attackers saw this immediately and took the opportunity to unleash various techniques with malicious intent. Now the time is right to find out whether the coronavirus pandemic did at least some good and to what extent the remote workers are aware of information security guidelines. This quantitative study begins with the formation of the research question and first thoughts about the research model. Then the search thru the literature thoroughly finds mostly used attacks as well as the best way how to protect against them and the review of theory builds a research model that fits the aim of the study. Thru a quantitative online survey via snowballing method answers from users from all over the world are collected and analyzed and the hypotheses drawn from the model are verified. Lastly, results are discussed, and a conclusion is provided. The study findings are that the teleworkers are quite highly aware of information security awareness or ISA, thanks to sufficient knowledge and attitude towards information security, and in turn, this awareness leads to correct behavior in information security. More specifically, knowledge is more strongly associated with ISA of telework risks than recommendations, attitude, on the other hand, is more strongly related to telework recommendations than the risks, also ISA of telework risks has a greater influence on behavior than ISA of telework recommendations. The contribution of this study is the revelation that the impact of telework and the coronavirus pandemic did not change the course of information security awareness perception in comparison to pre-pandemic studies. Also, thanks to the subcategorization of ISA to risks and recommendations it was revealed that awareness of teleworking risk is quite higher than awareness of recommendations after the Covid-19 period.

The purpose of this study was to identify important factors to secure an effective climate adaptation in real estate companies. This was done through a case study of the real estate company Förbo in which we carried out a workshop, risk analyzes and interviews. The study illustrates examples of important priority bases such as vulnerable groups, previous damage and buildings with a vulnerable design, all of which real estate companies should take into account when prioritizing buildings for climate adaptation. Finally, the study showed there are a number of difficulties and opportunities for effective climate adaptation work in real estate companies. / Studien syftade till att identifiera viktiga faktorer för ett effektivt klimatanpassningsarbete i fastighetsbolag, vilket gjordes genom en fallstudie av fastighetsbolaget Förbo. Vi genomförde en workshop, riskanalyser och intervjuer som visade att det finns några viktiga prioriteringsgrunder, såsom sårbara grupper, tidigare skador och byggnader med en sårbar utformning, som fastighetsbolag bör ta hänsyn till vid prioritering av byggnader för klimatanpassning. Slutligen visade studien att det finns ett antal hinder och möjligheter för ett effektivt klimatanpassningsarbete i fastighetsbolag.

This study explores the potential benefits, limitations and drawbacks of usingLoRa with unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and autonomous mobile robots (AMRs)together for warehouse management. Three research concerns are looked at in order toprovide a full analysis of the topic. First, the benefits, limitations and drawbacks of utilizingLoRa with UAVs and AMRs are discussed along with suggestions for how to get over thechallenges within warehouse management. Second, potential security risks with the usage ofLoRa in conjunction with UAVs and AMRs for warehouse management are recognized, andmitigation strategies are recommended. The study's last portion considers how warehousemanagement company Proton Finishing AB may utilize LoRa in combination with UAVs andAMRs to promote environmental sustainability.

Pharmacists' attitudes towards direct anticoagulants Author: Tereza Mertová Supervisor: doc. PharmDr. Josef Malý, Ph.D. Consultant: PharmDr. Kateřina Malá, Ph.D. Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Social and Clinical Pharmacy Introduction and Objective: Pharmacists are involved in providing of professional information about direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC) treatment during DOAC dispensation to patients. Their attitudes and knowledge about DOAC treatment are therefore crucial for optimisation of pharmaceutical care of patients taking DOAC. The objective of this thesis was to analyze attitudes, experience, habits and opinions of pharmacists regarding the DOAC treatment. Methodology: Pharmacists from three District Pharmacists' Associations (OSL) were addressed to participate in an electronic anonymous questionnaire between March and May 2021. Questionnaire consisted of 32 items focusing on the frequency of DOAC dispensation, pharmacist self-confidence about DOAC, information provided to patients during DOAC dispensation, benefits and limits of DOAC treatment compared to treatment with warfarin, and patient adherence to DOAC treatment. The results were processed using descriptive statistics and further analyzed by parametric and nonparametric tests. Results: A...

This diploma thesis deals with one of the most frequently used addictive stuffs - alcohol. The theoretical part contains the characteristics of the addiction and the syndrom of risky behaviour in the adolescent age, it deals with the topic of drugs and drug addiction. Later, it investigates alcohol - its characteristics, metabolism and intake, its effects on single organ systems, the levels and types of alcohol addiction. It focuses on the prevention of using addictive stuffs and alcohol and on the treatment of alcohol addiction. The practical part of the thesis settles the targets and the questions of the research. The main goal of the practical part, eventually of the whole thesis, was to analyze the basic school students' (sixth grade and higher) awareness of alcohol, its effects and the risk of it being consumed. As well as this, the aim was to find out whether the pupils have any experience with preventive programs and where they get in touch with these. The method of quantity research was used to hit these targets - semi-structured questionnaires for the pupils of basic schools (sixth grade and higher), followingly, school prevention methodologists were asked written questions. The questionnaries were filled in by 120 pupils of the 6th up to the 9th class of chosen basic schools. The results...

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The last few years have brought about a series of substantial changes for mobility on two wheels, especially if the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic is considered as a relevant fact for transportation dynamics [1,2]. Social distancing recommendations have promoted the use of individual transportation systems instead of massive transportations means. Consequently, riding a bike for urban trips has become increasingly prevalent in many countries [3-5]. Besides an opportunity to make urban mobility more active and sustainable, this panorama poses the challenge to prevent that, along with its growing use, bicycle crashes ---and their consequences-might continue to increase. In this regard, recent studies have emphasized the role of individual differences and personality-related factors as potential issues influencing both cycling behaviors and traffic crashes suffered while riding [6,7].