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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
131

Biogenèse et fonctions de petits ARN non-codants dérivant d'ARN de transfert, les tRF, chez les plantes / Biogenesis and functions of tRNA-derived small non-coding RNAs, tRFs, in plants

Lalande, Stéphanie 12 December 2017 (has links)
Des petits ARN non codants dérivant d'ARN de transfert (tRF) ont été identifiés dans tous les domaines de la vie, et de plus en plus de fonctions importantes leur sont attribuées chez de nombreux organismes. Dans ce travail mené sur la plante modèle Arabidopsis, nous avons d’abord montré que la population en tRF varie en fonction des tissus et des conditions de stress. Concernant leur biogenèse, les endoribonucléases responsables du clivage des ARNt ont été identifiées, il s'agit des RNases T2, RNS1, 2 et 3. Afin de réaliser une étude structure/fonction, une approche d’expression en système de levure a été initiée pour permettre l’obtention de quantité suffisante de RNS1 purifiée. L’étude des fonctions des tRF montre que certains d’entre eux sont associés à AGO1, qu'ils semblent cibler entre-autres des éléments transposables et qu’ils pourraient avoir une localisation nucléaire. Enfin, deux tRF, le tRF-5D (Ala) et le tRF-5D (Asn) inhibent efficacement la traduction in vitro. Une association de tRF-5D (Ala) aux polyribosomes de plantules d'Arabidopsis a pu être visualisée, suggérant que certains tRF puissent agir en tant que régulateur global de la traduction. / Small non-coding RNAs derived from transfer RNAs (tRFs) have been identified in all domains of life, and more and more important functions are attributed to them in many organisms. In this work on the model plant Arabidopsis, we first showed that the tRF population varies according to tissues and stress conditions. With regard to their biogenesis, the endoribonucleases responsible for tRNA cleavage were identified, it is the RNases T2, RNS1, 2 and 3. In order to carry out a structure / function analysis, heterologous expression in yeast has been developed with the hope to get sufficient amount of purified RNS1. The question of tRF functions has also been studied. It has been shown that some tRFs are associated with AGO1, that they often seem to target transposable elements and could have a nuclear localization. Finally, the study of the involvement of the tRFs in the regulation of translation was tackled. Two tRFs, tRF-5D (Ala) and tRF-5D (Asn) efficiently inhibit translation in vitro. An association of tRF-5D (Ala) with polyribosomes of Arabidopsis seedlings could be visualized suggesting that some plant tRFs could as global regulator of the translation process.
132

Long non-coding RNAs in cancer : the role of HOTAIR in Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition / Longs ARN non-codants et cancer : le rôle de HOTAIR dans la transition épithélio-mésenchymateuse

Bertrand, Claire 27 October 2014 (has links)
Le génome humain est largement transcrit en milliers d’ARN non traduits en protéines. Les longs ARN non-codants (ARNlnc) ont un rôle majeur dans la régulation du génome, au cours du développement et lors de la progression de nombreuses maladies, dont les cancers. La transition épithélio-mésenchymateuse (TEM), donnant à une cellule la capacité de former des métastases, semble être un processus crucial transformant une tumeur bénigne en maladie mortelle. Certains ARNlnc ont été associés à ce phénomène, mais leur fonction reste à définir.Un modèle in vitro de TEM et des approches de séquençage d’ARN à très haut débit, nous ont permis de définir un catalogue d’ARNlnc dérégulés entre cellules épithéliales et mésenchymateuses. Parmi eux, nous avons identifié HOTAIR, étudié pour son expression aberrante dans les tumeurs métastasées et son interaction avec les complexes PRC2 et LSD1/CoREST/REST. Par des approches de perte et de gain de fonction, nous avons montré que HOTAIR n’est pas impliqué dans l’initiation de la TEM mais est un régulateur majeur de la prolifération cellulaire ainsi que des capacités de migration et d’invasion des cellules. Nous avons généré des lignées cellulaires sur-exprimant HOTAIR privé de son domaine d’interaction avec PRC2 ou LSD1. L’étude de leur phénotype et l’établissement de leur transcriptome ont permis de montrer que le domaine d’interaction avec le complexe LSD1/CoREST/REST est crucial pour la régulation de nombreux gènes par HOTAIR. Ces résultats permettent une meilleure compréhension du rôle des ARNlnc dans la TEM, et de la fonction cruciale de HOTAIR dans l’acquisition d’un phénotype métastatique par des cellules cancéreuses épithéliales. / The human genome is pervasively transcribed into thousands of non-coding transcripts. Numerous studies underline the diversity and importance of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in genome regulation and their impact on development and diseases. Processes of cancer progression are extensively studied, in particular the Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) that enables epithelial cancer cells to invade other tissues to form metastases. If several lncRNAs have been associated with EMT, their molecular function is not clearly defined. Using a well-established in vitro cell model of EMT and high-throughput RNA sequencing approaches, we defined a catalogue of annotated and novel lncRNAs significantly deregulated between epithelial and mesenchymal states of HEK cells. Among them, we identified HOTAIR, linked to cancer metastasis and described as a scaffold RNA guiding chromatin-modifying complexes PRC2 and LSD1/CoREST/REST. Using loss- and gain-of-function approaches, we showed that HOTAIR is not an inducer of the EMT per se but a major regulator of cell proliferation rate, migratory and invasive capacities. We generated stable cell-lines over expressing HOTAIR transcripts lacking PRC2- or LSD1-interacting domains. Transcriptome analysis and phenotypic studies showed that LSD1-binding domain is crucial for HOTAIR-mediated gene regulation. Altogether, our results give new insights into lncRNAs role in EMT, with a better understanding of HOTAIR-mediated gene regulation mechanism and its role in the acquisition of a metastatic phenotype by cancer cells. Further studies will be performed to deeper investigate lncRNAs role in EMT, particularly for previously unannotated lncRNAs.
133

Non-coding RNA annotation of the genome of Trichoplax adhaerens

Hertel, Jana, de Jong, Danielle, Marz, Manja, Rose, Dominic, Tafer, Hakim, Tanzer, Andrea, Schierwater, Bernd, Stadler, Peter F. 04 February 2019 (has links)
A detailed annotation of non-protein coding RNAs is typically missing in initial releases of newly sequenced genomes. Here we report on a comprehensive ncRNA annotation of the genome of Trichoplax adhaerens, the presumably most basal metazoan whose genome has been published to-date. Since blast identified only a small fraction of the best-conserved ncRNAs—in particular rRNAs, tRNAs and some snRNAs—we developed a semi-global dynamic programming tool, GotohScan, to increase the sensitivity of the homology search. It successfully identified the full complement of major and minor spliceosomal snRNAs, the genes for RNase P and MRP RNAs, the SRP RNA, as well as several small nucleolar RNAs. We did not find any microRNA candidates homologous to known eumetazoan sequences. Interestingly, most ncRNAs, including the pol-III transcripts, appear as single-copy genes or with very small copy numbers in the Trichoplax genome.
134

Effects of Transcription Factors phox2 on Expression of Norepinephrine Transporter and Dopamine β-Hydroxylase in SK-N-Be(2)C Cells

Fan, Yan, Huang, Jingjing, Kieran, Niamh, Zhu, Meng Yang 01 September 2009 (has links)
Phox2a and Phox2b are two homeodomain proteins that control the differentiation of noradrenergic neurons during embryogenesis. In the present study, we examined the possible effect of Phox2a/2b on the in vitro expression of the norepinephrine transporter (NET) and dopamine β-hydroxylase (DBH), two important markers of the noradrenergic system. SK-N-BE(2)C cells were transfected with cDNAs or short hairpin RNAs specific to the human Phox2a and Phox2b genes. Transfection of 0.1 to 5 μg of cDNAs of Phox2a or Phox2b significantly increased mRNA and protein levels of NET and DBH in a concentration-dependent manner. As a consequence of the enhanced expression of NET after transfection, there was a parallel increase in the uptake of [ 3H]norepinephrine. Co-transfection of Phox2a and Phox2b did not further increase the expression of noradrenergic markers when compared with transfection of either Phox2a or Phox2b alone. Transfection of shRNAs specific to Phox2a or Phox2b genes significantly reduced mRNA and protein levels of NET and DBH after shutdown of endogenous Phox2, which was accompanied by a decreased [3H]norepinephrine uptake. Furthermore, there was an additive effect after cotransfection with both shRNAs specific to Phox2a or Phox2b genes on NET mRNA levels. Finally, the reduced DBH expression caused by the shRNA specific to Phox2a could be reversed by transfection with Phox2b cDNA and vice versa. The present findings verify the determinant role of Phox2a and Phox2b on the expression and function of NET and DBH in vitro. Further clarifying the regulatory role of these two transcription factors on key proteins of the noradrenergic system may open a new avenue for therapeutics of aging-caused dysfunction of the noradrenergic system.
135

Understanding the Production and Stability of Mouse PIWI-Interacting RNAs

Colpan, Cansu 14 January 2020 (has links)
PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs unique to animals that guard the germline genome integrity by regulating transposons, viruses, and genes. In mice, piRNAs are highly expressed in testis and guide one of the three PIWI proteins to regulate their targets. The purpose of the 3′ end 2′-O-methyl modification in piRNAs is unknown. It has been speculated that the modification increases stability and facilitates the function of piRNAs, but the direct evidence is lacking. My dissertation addresses two unanswered questions about mouse piRNAs: (1) how are piRNAs produced and how conserved is the piRNA pathway in all animals, and (2) why are mouse piRNAs 2′-O-methylated at their 3′ ends? How piRNAs are generated is still poorly characterized in several model organisms. Studies of these model organisms imply the mechanisms that produce piRNAs differ among animals, tissues and cell types. Here, we demonstrate that a single unified mechanism can explain piRNA production in most animals, from human to the non-bilateral animal hydra. Our analysis elucidated that, in male mouse and female fly germlines, PIWI proteins guided by the initiator piRNA slice long piRNA precursor transcripts, and this PIWI-guided slicing action starts the piRNA biogenesis. PIWI proteins also position the endonuclease to further fragment long piRNA precursor transcripts into a string of tail-to-head, phased trailing piRNAs in a stepwise manner. Our discovery shows the central role of PIWI proteins in the piRNA pathway: both initiating and sustaining the production of piRNAs. For the second question, we discovered that pre-piRNA trimming and piRNA 2′-O-methylation protect piRNAs from separate decay mechanisms. We showed that in the absence of 2′-O-methylation, mouse piRNAs with extensive complementarity to long RNAs are destabilized and destroyed by a mechanism similar to target-directed microRNA degradation (TDMD). On the other hand, untrimmed pre-piRNAs are destroyed by a different mechanism, independent of their extensive complementarity to long RNAs. In the absence of both 2′-O-methylation and trimming, the piRNA pathway collapses which supports the idea of piRNA trimming and methylation collaborating to stabilize piRNAs. Our work suggests that 2′-O-methylation and trimming are important for maintaining the steady-state abundance of piRNAs which is necessary for their function in either transposon silencing or gene regulation.
136

Unresolved Issues in RNA Therapeutics in Vascular Diseases With a Focus on Aneurysm Disease

Schellinger, Isabel N., Dannert, Angelika R., Mattern, Karin, Raaz, Uwe, Tsao, Philip S. 04 April 2023 (has links)
New technologies have greatly shaped the scientific and medical landscape within the last years. The unprecedented expansion of data and information on RNA biology has led to the discovery of new RNA classes with unique functions and unexpected modifications. Today, the biggest challenge is to transfer the large number of findings in basic RNA biology into corresponding clinical RNA-based therapeutics. Lately, this research begins to yield positive outcomes. RNA drugs advance to the final phases of clinical trials or even receive FDA approval. Furthermore, the introduction of the RNA-guided gene-editing technology CRISPR and advances in the delivery ofmessenger RNAs have triggered a major progression in the field of RNA-therapeutics. Especially short interfering RNAs and antisense oligonucleotides are promising examples for novel categories of therapeutics. However, several issues need to be addressed including intracellular delivery, toxicity, and immune responses before utilizing RNAs in a clinical setting. In this review, we provide an overview on opportunities and challenges for clinical translation of RNA-based therapeutics, with an emphasis on advances in novel delivery technologies and abdominal aortic aneurysm disease where non-coding RNAs have been shown to play a crucial regulatory role.
137

Transposable element RNAi goes beyond post-transcriptional silencing: mRNA-derived small RNAs both regulate genes and initiate DNA methylation

McCue, Andrea D. 02 October 2015 (has links)
No description available.
138

Actividad antiviral de pequeños RNAs endógenos y supresión de silenciamiento génico por la proteína 16K del virus del cascabeleo del tabaco (TRV)

Martínez Priego, Lucía 07 March 2016 (has links)
[EN] During viral infections, the outcome of the infective process is a net balance between the compatible and defence interactions. When a virus infects the eukaryotic cell, it must deal with different host defence mechanisms among which RNA silencing is part of the initial plant innate defence response. RNA silencing in plants has the role of restraining viral proliferation in the infected cell and therefore regulates the equilibrium between viral load and plant cell integrity that is key for the plant-virus compatibility. The virus itself is inductor, target and suppressor of the RNA silencing in plants. Viral silencing suppressor proteins (VSR) counteract host antiviral silencing and modify the host gene expression programme to generate a permissive environment for compatible infections. In this PhD thesis we have studied the interface between viral and plant RNA silencing in the context of a compatible infection. Using Tobacco rattle virus (TRV) as a model viral system and Nicotiana benthamiana and Arabidopsis thaliana as host model systems, we have dissected the role of endogenous small RNAs to promote gene silencing responses to viral sequences. Our results point to possible functional interactions between miRNAs and complementary sequences in viral genomes even though the role of those interactions as a viral proliferation controls mechanisms is not part of this thesis. We have found that TRV 16K silencing suppressor protein effects play a central role to dictate the way the TRV and plant RNA silencing interact. The 16K protein avoids, partially, the assembly of silencing effectors complexes and thus compromises the impact of antiviral vsiRNAs-mediated and endogenous small RNAs-mediated RNA silencing. The suppressor effect of TRV does not have a significant impact on the miRNAs content, relative composition and activity although we cannot discard an effect on the metabolisms of some particular miRNA species. / [ES] En las infecciones por virus, el desenlace del proceso infectivo debe entenderse como el resultado neto de las interacciones compatibles y de defensa entre el virus y la planta hospedadora. Cuando un virus entra en una célula eucariota debe lidiar con la activación de diferentes mecanismos de defensa del huésped. El silenciamiento génico mediado por RNA constituye una primera línea de defensa innata de la planta, siendo los propios virus inductores, dianas y supresores de este sistema de defensa. Las plantas a través del silenciamiento génico son capaces de limitar la proliferación viral en las células infectadas permitiendo un delicado equilibrio entre la multiplicación del virus y la integridad celular. Sobre este equilibrio se fundamenta la relación de compatibilidad en la interacción planta-virus. En este escenario, los virus utilizan sus proteínas supresoras de silenciamiento (VSR) para modular los efectos antivirales del silenciamiento y reprogramar la expresión génica del huésped proporcionando un entorno favorable para el desarrollo de la infección compatible Con este trabajo hemos abordado el modo en que los virus interaccionan con el silenciamiento génico en el contexto de una infección compatible. Empleando el virus del cascabeleo del tabaco (TRV) como sistema viral y Nicotiana. benthamiana y Arabidopsis thaliana como modelos de huésped, hemos indagado en el potencial de los pequeños RNAs (sRNAs) endógenos para guiar procesos de silenciamiento sobre secuencias virales. Nuestros resultados suLa manera en que TRV interacciona con la ruta de silenciamiento está condicionada gieren la posibilidad de interacciones funcionales entre microRNAs (miRNAs) y secuencias complementarias en el genoma del virus, si bien su relevancia como mecanismo de control de la proliferación viral no se ha estudiado en este trabajo. por el efecto supresor de la proteína 16K. Esta proteína impide, al menos parcialmente, el ensamblaje de los complejos efectores de silenciamiento y puede por tanto comprometer el efecto del silenciamiento antiviral dependiente de sRNAs tanto virales (vsiRNAs) como endógenos. El efecto supresor de TRV no parece perturbar globalmente el contenido, composición relativa y actividad de los miRNAs, si bien no es descartable que induzca alteraciones en el metabolismo de especies concretas. / [CA] En les infeccions per virus, el desenllaç del procés infectiu ha d'entendre's com el resultat net de les interaccions compatibles i de defensa entre el virus i la planta hoste. Quan un virus entra a una cèl·lula eucariota ha de lluitar amb l'activació de diferents mecanisme de defensa de l'hoste. El silenciament gènic per RNA constitueix una primera línia de defensa innata de la planta, i els propis virus son inductors, dianes i supressors d'aquest sistema de defensa. Les plantes a través d'aquest silenciament, són capaces de limitar la proliferació viral a les cèl·lules infectades, permetent un delicat equilibri entre la multiplicació del virus i la integritat cel·lular. En aquest equilibri es fonamenta la relació de compatibilitat existent a la interacció planta-virus. En aquest escenari, els virus utilitzen les seues proteïnes supressores de silenciament (VSR) per tal de modular els efectes antivirals del silenciament i reprogramar l'expressió gènica de l'hoste, proporcionant un entorn favorable per al desenvolupament de la infecció compatible. Amb aquest treball hem abordat la manera en la que els virus interaccionen amb el silenciament gènic en el context d'una infecció compatible. Emprant el virus del cascavelleig del tabac (TRV) com a sistema viral i Nicotiana. benthamiana i Arabidopsis thaliana com a hostes models, hem indagat en el potencial dels RNAs endògens curts de doble cadena (sRNAs) per guiar processos de silenciament sobre seqüències virals. Els nostres resultats suggereixen la possibilitat de interaccions funcionals entre microRNAs (miRNAs) i seqüències complementàries al genoma del virus, tot i que la seua rellevància com a mecanisme de control de la proliferació viral no ha estat tractat en aquest treball. La manera en la que TRV interacciona amb les rutes de silenciament es troba condicionada per l'efecte supressor de la proteïna 16K. Aquesta proteïna impedeix, al menys parcialment, l'acoblament dels complexos efectors del silenciament i pot llavors comprometre l'efecte del silenciament antiviral depenent de sRNAs, tant virals (vsiRNAs) com endògens. L'efecte supressor de TRV no sembla pertorbar globalment el contingut, composició relativa i activitat dels miRNAs, tot i que no es pot descartar que induïsca alteracions en el metabolisme d'espècies concretes. / Martínez Priego, L. (2016). Actividad antiviral de pequeños RNAs endógenos y supresión de silenciamiento génico por la proteína 16K del virus del cascabeleo del tabaco (TRV) [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/61464
139

Análisis de procesos de transcripción, traducción y degradación del virus del arabesco del Pelargonium

Blanco Pérez, Marta 08 February 2017 (has links)
Tesis por compendio / [EN] Pelargonium line pattern virus (PLPV) is one of the most frequent viral agents in geranium. It's an icosahedral virus, with a monopartite, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA genome, lacking a cap structure at the 5' end and poly(A) tail at its 3' end. Its genomic RNA (gRNA) contains five genes that encode two proteins involved in replication, two proteins involved in movement, (MP1 and MP2), and a coat protein (CP) that also acts as viral suppressor of RNA silencing. The first two genes are translated from the gRNA whereas the remaining three are translated from the single subgenomic RNA (sgRNA) that the virus produces during infection. The PLPV belongs to the family Tombusviridae and presents unique characteristics such as: i) production of a sole sgRNA that is structural and functionally tricistronic, ii) presence of a non-AUG start codon (CUG or GUG) initiating the MP2 ORF, iii) absence of AUG codons in any frame between the AUG initiation codons of MP1 and CP genes, and iv) sequence-based phylogenetic clustering of all encoded proteins in separate clades from those of other family members. In this doctoral thesis we have tried, on the one hand, to further study the regulation of PLPV gene expression and, on the other hand, to obtain information on degradation processes to which its genome is subjected, particularly on those related to the mechanism of RNA silencing. The first objective in this work was to determine the mechanism and the viral RNA elements involved in the generation of the sgRNA of PLPV. An RNA-RNA interaction involving distant segments of the gRNA of plus polarity has been identified. Such long-range interaction seems to act in cis and specifically mediates the production of the negative strand of the sgRNA, a type of molecule easily detectable in infected tissue. These results together with the possibility of uncoupling the synthesis of negative and positive strands of the sgRNA and with the observation of sequence similarity between the 5' ends of the gRNA and the sgRNA (with promoter function in their complementary strands), suggest that PLPV follows a model of premature termination for the formation of its unique sgRNA. The second objective of this work was to identify the elements of the viral genome that are involved in its translation through a cap-independent mechanism. Transfection of N. benthamiana protoplasts with PLPV-based reporter constructs has allowed us to corroborate the functionality of the CITE in the context of both the gRNA and the sgRNA. Additionally, it has been shown that this element establishes a long-distance RNA-RNA interaction with the 5'-region of the corresponding RNA which is essential for its activity. Moreover, data that support the relevance of the CITE during the infectious cycle of the virus have been obtained. Finally, in order to gain information on the role of PLPV as inducer and target of RNA silencing that the plant triggers as a defense against the virus, we have characterized the viral small RNAs (vsRNAs) present in PLPV-infected N. benthamiana plants. High-throughput sequencing, computational analysis and molecular hybridization assays have shown that: i) vsRNAs of the PLPV accumulate in extraordinarily high proportions in infected tissue, ii) 21 and 22 nt vsRNAs are the most frequent ones, iii) the vsRNAs of positive and negative polarities are in similar proportions, and, iv) there is variability in the vsRNAs 5'-proximal nucleotide. These results have provided clues on the viral molecules that must act as substrates for the formation of the vsRNAs and, also, about the components of the silencing machinery of the host that are likely involved in the response against the virus. / [ES] El virus del arabesco del Pelargonium (PLPV) es uno de los agentes virales más frecuentes en geranio. Se trata de un virus icosaédrico, con un genoma monopartito de RNA de simple cadena y de polaridad positiva que carece de estructura cap en su extremo 5' y de cola poli(A) en su extremo 3'. Su RNA genómico (gRNA) contiene 5 genes que codifican dos proteínas implicadas en replicación, dos proteínas implicadas en movimiento, (MP1 y MP2), y una proteína de cubierta (CP) que funciona además como supresor del silenciamiento por RNA. Las dos primeras se traducen a partir del gRNA y las tres restantes lo hacen a partir de un único RNA subgenómico (sgRNA) que el virus produce en el curso de la infección. El PLPV pertenece a la familia Tombusviridae y presenta características peculiares como son: a) la generación de un solo sgRNA estructural y funcionalmente tricistrónico, b) la presencia de un codón de iniciación no canónico (CUG o GUG) en el gen de la MP2, c) la ausencia de codones AUG en cualquier pauta de lectura entre los codones de inicio AUG de los genes MP1 y CP, y d) la agrupación filogenética en un clado separado de otros miembros de la familia Tombusviridae. En esta tesis se ha pretendido, por una parte, profundizar en el estudio de las estrategias de regulación de la expresión génica del PLPV y, por otra, recabar información sobre los procesos de degradación a los que se encuentra sometido su genoma, particularmente sobre aquellos relacionados con el mecanismo de silenciamiento por RNA. El primer objetivo abordado en este trabajo ha sido determinar el mecanismo y los elementos del RNA viral implicados en la generación del sgRNA del PLPV. Se ha identificado una interacción entre segmentos alejados del gRNA de polaridad positiva, que actúa en cis y que media la producción de la cadena negativa del sgRNA, un tipo de molécula fácilmente detectable en tejido infectado. Estos resultados junto con la posibilidad de desacoplar la síntesis de cadenas negativas y positivas del sgRNA y con la observación de similitud de secuencia entre el extremo 5' del gRNA y del sgRNA (con una función promotora en las cadenas complementarias), sugieren que el PLPV sigue un modelo de terminación prematura para la formación de su único sgRNA. El segundo objetivo de este trabajo ha sido identificar los elementos del genoma viral que están implicados en su traducción a través de un mecanismo independiente de cap. Mediante trasfección de protoplastos de N. benthamiana con construcciones delatoras, se ha corroborado la presencia de un estimulador traduccional (CITE) tanto en el contexto del gRNA como del sgRNA. Adicionalmente, se ha constatado que este elemento establece una interacción RNA-RNA a larga distancia con la región 5' del RNA correspondiente que es esencial para su actividad. Asimismo, se han obtenido datos que apoyan la relevancia del CITE durante el ciclo infeccioso del virus. Por último, para intentar recabar información sobre el papel del PLPV como inductor y diana de mecanismos de silenciamiento por RNA disparados por la planta como defensa frente al virus, se han caracterizado los pequeños RNAs virales (vsRNAs) presentes en plantas de N. benthamiana infectadas. Mediante secuenciación masiva, análisis computacionales e hibridación molecular, se ha podido determinar que: a) los vsRNAs del PLPV se acumulan en proporciones extraordinariamente elevadas en tejido infectado, b) los vsRNAs de 21 y 22 nt son los mayoritarios, c) los vsRNAs de polaridad positiva y negativa están en proporciones similares, y d) existe variabilidad en el nucleótido 5'-proximal de los vsRNAs. Estos resultados han permitido obtener pistas acerca de las moléculas virales que deben actuar cómo sustratos para la formación de los vsRNAs y, también, acerca de los componentes de la maquinaria de silenciamiento del huésped que deben participar en la respuesta del mismo frente al virus. / [CA] El virus de l'arabesc del Pelargonium (PLPV) és un dels agents virals més freqüents en gerani. Es tracta d'un virus icosaèdric, amb un genoma monopartit de RNA de simple cadena i de polaritat positiva que manca d'estructura cap en el seu extrem 5', i de cua poli(A) en el seu extrem 3'. La seua RNA genòmic (gRNA) conté 5 gens que codifiquen dues proteïnes implicades en replicació, dues proteïnes implicades en moviment, (MP1 i MP2), i una proteïna de coberta (CP) que funciona a més com supresor del silenciamiento per RNA. Les dues primeres es tradueixen a partir del gRNA i les tres restants ho fan a partir d'un únic RNA subgenómico (sgRNA) que el virus produeix en el curs de la infecció. El PLPV pertany a la família Tombusviridae, i presenta característiques peculiars com són: a) la generació d'un sol sgRNA estructural i funcionalment tricistrònic, b) la presència d'un codó d'iniciació no canònic (CUG o GUG) en el gen de la MP2, c) l'absència de codons AUG en qualsevol pauta de lectura entre els codons d'inici AUG dels gens MP1 i CP, i d) l'agrupació filogenètica en un clade separat d'altres membres de la família Tombusviridae. En aquesta tesi s'ha pretès, d'una banda, aprofundir en l'estudi de les estratègies de regulació de l'expressió gènica del PLPV i, per una altra, recopilar informació sobre els processos de degradació als quals es troba sotmès el seu genoma, particularment sobre aquells relacionats amb el mecanisme de silenciament per RNA. El primer objectiu abordat en aquest treball ha sigut determinar el mecanisme i els elements del RNA viral implicats en la generació del sgRNA del PLPV. S'ha identificat una interacció entre segments allunyats del gRNA de polaritat positiva, que actua en cis i que intervé en la producció de la cadena negativa del sgRNA, un tipus de molècula fàcilment detectable en teixit infectat. Aquests resultats juntament amb la possibilitat de desacoblar la síntesi de cadenes negatives i positives del sgRNA i amb l'observació de similitud de seqüència entre l'extrem 5' del gRNA i del sgRNA (amb una funció promotora en les cadenes complementàries), suggereixen que el PLPV segueix un model de terminació prematura per a la formació del seu únic sgRNA. El segon objectiu d'aquest treball ha sigut identificar els elements del genoma viral que estan implicats en la seua traducció a través d'un mecanisme independent de cap. Mitjançant trasfección de protoplastos de N. benthamiana amb construccions delatores, s'ha corroborat la presència d'un estimulador traduccional (CITE) tant en el context del gRNA com del sgRNA. Addicionalment, s'ha constatat que aquest element estableix una interacció RNA-RNA a llarga distància amb la regió 5' del RNA corresponent que és essencial per a la seua activitat. Així mateix, s'han obtingut dades que recolzen la rellevància del CITE durant el cicle infecciós del virus. Finalment, per intentar recopilar informació sobre el paper del PLPV com inductor i diana de mecanismes de silenciament per RNA disparats per la planta com a defensa davant del virus, s'han caracteritzat els xicotets RNAs virals (vsRNAs) presents en plantes de N. benthamiana infectades. Mitjançant seqüenciació massiva, anàlisis computacionals i hibridació molecular, s'ha pogut determinar que: a) els vsRNAs del PLPV s'acumulen en proporcions extraordinàriament elevades en teixit infectat, b) els vsRNAs de 21 i 22 nt són els majoritaris, c) els vsRNAs de polaritat positiva i negativa estan en proporcions similars, i d) existeix variabilitat en el nucleòtid 5'-proximal dels vsRNAs. Aquests resultats han permès obtenir pistes sobre les molècules virals que han d'actuar com substrats per a la formació dels vsRNAs i, també, sobre els components de la maquinària de silenciament de l'hoste que han de participar en la resposta del mateix enfront del virus. / Blanco Pérez, M. (2016). Análisis de procesos de transcripción, traducción y degradación del virus del arabesco del Pelargonium [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/63452 / Compendio
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Réponse des agents non codants du génome – éléments transposables et petits ARN – à un événement d'allopolyploïdie : le génome du colza (Brassica napus) comme modèle d'étude / Response of non-coding components of the genome – transposable elements and small non-coding RNAs – to a new allopolyploidisation event : the genome of oilseed rape (Brassica napus) as a model of study

Martinez Palacios, Paulina 28 March 2014 (has links)
Le succès évolutif de la polyploïdie, notamment de l’allopolyploïdie (où la duplication de génome complet est associée à une hybridation entre génomes différenciés) est en partie lié au fait que cet événement s’accompagne de nombreux changements dans l'organisation du génome et la régulation de l'expression des gènes. On parle du « choc génomique » de l’hybridation interspécifique et de l’allopolyploïdie. Ces sources de diversité génétique, à la fois structurale et fonctionnelle, apparaissent utiles et nécessaires à l'adaptation et l’évolution des espèces. Alors que de nombreuses études portant sur la compréhension des mécanismes moléculaires à l’origine du succès des allopolyploïdes ont concerné les modifications de l’expression des gènes, mes travaux de thèse ont porté sur les agents non codants du génome que sont les éléments transposables et les petits ARN non codants. Le modèle d'étude est le colza (Brassica napus, AACC), espèce allotétraploïde issue de l'hybridation entre les espèces diploïdes navette (B. rapa, AA) et chou (B. oleracea, CC). Nous disposions de colzas néo-synthétisés, étudiés à différentes générations d’autofécondation, permettant de caractériser les changements génomiques accompagnant la formation puis l’évolution du génome néo-allopolyploïde. Une étude a tout d’abord été menée sur un élément transposable (ET) spécifique du génome C, Bot1, en vue d’identifier de nouvelles transpositions survenant chez les colzas néo-synthétisés par rapport aux parents diploïdes, par une approche SSAP. Quelques rares événements de transposition ont été identifiés. Ces résultats, confrontés à ceux obtenus sur deux autres ET, ont permis de mettre en évidence un impact modéré de l’allopolyploïdie sur la transposition de ces différents ET. Par contre, il est apparu que des changements de méthylation auraient accompagné cette allopolyploïdisation, sans doute à l’origine de la réactivation et la transposition de quelques copies de Bot1. Les petits ARN non codants ont été suggérés comme impliqués dans les différents événements génomiques accompagnant la formation d’un génome allopolyploïde. Pour étudier la dynamique d’expression des petits ARN chez des colzas néo-synthétisés pris à deux générations d’autofécondation (S1, S5) en comparaison de leurs parents diploïdes, j’ai exploité des données de séquençage haut débit obtenues pour 11 banques construites à partir des tiges de ces différents génotypes. J’ai ainsi démontré, qu’à une échelle globale, les petits ARN présentaient une réponse immédiate mais transitoire à l’événement d’allopolyploïdie. Les fractions particulièrement affectées par l’allopolyploïdie se sont révélées correspondre (1) à des petits ARN interférents dérivés d’éléments transposables avec une baisse de leur abondance en génération précoce S1, et (2) à des populations de petits ARN de 21 nucléotides exprimées uniquement de manière très précoce, de l’hybride F1 à la génération S1. Nous avons notamment identifié des transcrits de type viral correspondant à ces petits ARN de 21-nt, et présentant les mêmes profils d’expression (de l’hybride F1 à la génération S1), suggérant une réactivation d’éléments viraux endogènes (EVE) en réponse à l’hybridation et l’allopolyploïdie. L’ensemble de mon étude a démontré la mise en place d’une succession des voies de régulation par petits ARN où ET et EVE, réactivés au niveau transcriptionnel, sont immédiatement soumis à une répression post-transcriptionnelle (PTGS), renforcée ensuite par une répression de leur transcription (TGS). L’hypothèse d’une absence de cette régulation par petits ARN lors des phénomènes de nécrose et létalité hybride, amène à envisager ces populations de petits ARN comme les clés de la réussite de la formation d’un génome hybride, où la répression immédiate et efficace des ET et autres endovirus, réactivés suite au choc génomique, se révèle être une nécessité. / The evolutionary success of polyploid species is partly due to the dynamic changes in genome organization and gene expression patterns that occur at the onset of the polyploid formation. These changes are promoted by the merging of divergent genomes into a single nucleus (i.e. allopolyploidy) that causes a “genomic shock”; they are thought to provide a rich source of new genetic material upon which selection can act to promote adaptation and evolution. Many studies have thus aimed to uncover molecular mechanisms that are responsible for the evolutionary success of allopolyploid species, most of them focusing on gene expression changes. In the present PhD thesis, my interest has been concentrated on the non-coding components of the genome: transposable elements and small non-coding RNAs. My study involves oilseed rape (Brassica napus, AACC), a relatively young allopolyploid species that originated from hybridizations between B. rapa (AA) and B. oleracea (CC). Specifically, I have used resynthesized B. napus polyploids advanced by self-pollination of single plants for several generations; I have analyzed these plants at different generations for genomic changes accompanying polyploid formation and subsequent evolution. In a first part, sequence-specific amplification polymorphism (SSAP) targeting the C genome-specific transposable element Bot1, was used to evaluate transposition rate of Bot1 in resynthesized B. napus in comparison with the diploid parents. Only a few transposition events were identified. When combined with the results obtained for two other TEs, this work suggests that allopolyploidy has only a moderate impact on TE transposition and restructuring. The changes observed in SSAP profiles led us to hypothesize that some of them resulted from changes in DNA methylation, resulting in rare but highly specific TE activation and transposition. In a second part, I have concentrated on small non-coding RNAs (sRNAs), which are thought to mediate different aspects of the response to the “genomic shock” induced by allopolyploid formation. Comprehensive analyses of sRNA expression in resynthesized B. napus allopolyploids have been carried out by deep sequencing sRNAs from 11 libraries prepared from stems of three allotetraploids (surveyed at the two generations S1 and S5) and the two diploid parents. Characterization of sRNA distributions in these plants indicates that sRNAs show an immediate but transient response to allopolyploidy. The sRNAs derived from transposable elements (down-regulated in the S1) or targeting unknown sequences (no Blast hit against any available public database) were particularly affected. The use of B. napus mRNAseq data revealed that these latest unknown candidates, which are 21-nt long and over-expressed in the earliest generations (F1, S0, S1) were derived from endogenous viral elements (EVE). We confirmed that these EVEs showed the same expression patterns as the 21-nt long sRNAs that specifically target them (over-expression in the F1, S0 and S1). These results suggest that (at least) some EVEs might be reactivated as a response to the merging of divergent genomes (in interspecific hybrids and newly formed allopolyploids). Altogether, our results have demonstrated a succession of sRNA pathways that counteract the reactivation of some specific TEs and/or EVEs at the onset of polyploid formation; reactivated TEs and/or EVEs being immediately repressed at the post-transcriptional level (PTGS), and then fully repressed by transcriptional gene silencing (TGS) in the subsequent generations. Such data lead to hypothesize that sRNAs are essential to overcome interspecific hybrid incompatibilities due to the uncontrolled and deleterious reactivation of TEs / EVEs. Therefore, sRNAs should be considered as the guardians of genome integrity even in newly-formed allopolyploids.

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