Dans l'échange verbal entre plusieurs personnes, des termes en particulier sont souvent employés pour s'adresser à autrui : il s'agit des termes d'adresse. Ces termes peuvent être considérés comme créateurs de liens entre le langage et la société par le fait qu'ils fournissent des informations non sans intérêt sur la relation unissant les interlocuteurs. Il existe divers moyens de communiquer et de traduire une certaine forme de politesse, de familiarité, de distance, d'affection, de haine, etc., dont ces termes font partie. En plus de leur valeur sémantique, ils possèdent une valeur sociale et culturelle non négligeable.Les huit romans retenus dans cette étude, écrits par quatre grands écrivains de l'époque victorienne (Charlotte Brontë, Charles Dickens, George Eliot et Anthony Trollope), offrent au lecteur curieux un aperçu privilégié de la deuxième moitié du XIXème siècle. Outre l'aspect littéraire, les thèmes abordés en relation avec les événements de l'époque intéresseront le lecteur historien et le mode de vie et les mœurs décrits fourniront de précieux détails au lecteur sociologue, tous ces aspects étant également facilement accessibles au lecteur ordinaire. Cet examen synchronique des termes d'adresse permet, non seulement de montrer la pluralité des termes pouvant être utilisés en adresse directe, mais aussi de souligner l'importance des facteurs linguistiques, paralinguistiques et extra-linguistiques dans toute étude de cette nature. / In verbal exchange between several speakers, a particular category of linguistic sign is frequently used when naming the participants: these are known as terms of address. Insofar as they provide information about the nature of the relation that unite the members of the group, these terms can be regarded as a means of creating links between language and society. They are also among the main contributors to the various systems implemented in the expression and communication of courtesy, familiarity, distance, affection, loathing, etc. Apart from their semantic value, they are of an indubitable socio-cultural interest.The eight novels, written by four major Victorian authors (Charlotte Brontë, Charles Dickens, George Eliot and Anthony Trollope) that have been chosen for this study, provide, for the curious reader, a precious insight into the second half of the nineteenth century. Of great appeal to the lay reader, the themes developed in their historical context – apart from the purely literary aspect – cannot fail to interest the social historian and the customs and conventions described contain precious data for the sociologist. This synchronic study of terms of address, not only reveals the plurality of the terms that are available in verbal exchange, but also underlines the importance of the linguistic, paralinguistic and extra-linguistic factors that should be taken into account in any study of this nature.

This thesis examines romantic relationships between human and artificially intelligent characters in the science-fiction films Ex Machina (2014), Her (2013) and “Be Right Back” (2013) from anthology series Black Mirror. The purpose of the thesis is to examine these relationships in relation to norms concerning corporeality, gender, sexuality and romance, exploring how the portrayal of these relationships and the characters in them subvert and/or reinforce those norms. A descriptive coding method was used followed by analytical coding to determine which theoretical concepts would be applied to which scenes. The theoretical framework consists mainly of Judith Butler’s theories on gender-performativity and Donna Haraway’s cyborg-figuration, and other theoretical concepts that were not used as extensively. The analysis showed that the films occasionally reinforce the norms in question due to cis- and heteronormative tendencies within the romantic relationships and due to normative aspects within the construction of the characters. A few examples of this is depicting a heteronormative, vocalized femininity and sexualized, normatively female bodies as well as partly establishing stereotypical, gendered dynamics in the romantic relationships. However, the study also showed that these films construction of the characters and their romantic relationships manages to subvert the above-mentioned norms. They do so by highlighting how corporeality is integral to the social construction of gender and not separate from that process, by critiquing monogamy being the normative type of romantic relationship and by exposing the male characters’ objectifying gaze towards female characters’ bodies. Through these transgressive examples and several others like them, the films display the subversive potential of science-fiction.

[pt] Dentro do epistolário paulino a Carta aos Romanos é consagrada por vários estudiosos como o testemunho maior da missão do araldo Paulo. Composta por dezesseis capítulos, ela traz em seu bojo, entre outros, temas relevantes como a justificação pela fé, a Lei, a vida no Espírito e a filiação divina. O centro desta Epístola encontra-se aparentemente no capítulo 8 onde se desenvolve um tratado sobre o Pneuma. A presente pesquisa desenvolverá um estudo na unidade literária de Rm 8,14-17 sob a ótica do acolhimento da vida no Espírito que, consequentemente, gera filhos de Deus, tornando o homem herdeiro do Pai e co-herdeiro de Cristo. Todavia, vale salientar que o mistério da filiação divina não era estranho ao povo escolhido, pois Deus era considerado o Pai das Nações e de tudo que fora criado no céu e na terra conforme a TANAK (Gn 1,1-2,4a). Entretanto, com Cristo, é inaugurado uma nova perspectiva sem precedente na história da salvação. Por este viés, essa temática sempre será atual, haja vista que os textos neotestamentários têm como meta maior a epifania da pessoa de Jesus Cristo, Filho de Deus, que em si é a plenitude da revelação do Pai na vida do cristão (Jo 12,45; 14,6-11). Desta forma, em Cristo por intermédio do Espírito Santo, foi-nos dado a possibilidade de participar da vida divina, que no Batismo recebemos e nos permite a intimidade filial para gritarmos Abba Pai. Por fim, toda essa reflexão somente nos foi possível pela riqueza que encontramos nas ferramentas utilizadas, proporcionadas pelos métodos histórico-crítico, retórico e a vasta contribuição literária disposta em dicionários e comentários exegéticos. / [en] Within the Pauline epistolary the Letter to the Romans is consecrated by several scholars as the greatest testimony of the mission of Araldo Paul. Comprising sixteen chapters, it brings in its bulge, among others, relevant themes such as justification by faith, the Law, life in the Spirit and divine filiation. The center of this Epistle is apparently in chapter 8 where a treatise on spirit is developed. The present research will develop a study in the literary unit of Rm 8,14-17 from the viewpoint of the reception of the life in the Spirit that, consequently, generates children of God, making the man heir of the Father and co-heir of Christ. However, it is worth noting that the mystery of the divine sonship was not foreign to the chosen people, for God was considered to be the Father of Nations and everything created in heaven and on earth according to Tanak (Gen 1,1-2,4a). However, with Christ, an unprecedented new perspective is inaugurated in the history of salvation. By this bias, this theme will always be current, since the New Testament texts have as their main goal the epiphany of the person of Jesus Christ, the Son of God, who in himself is the fullness of the revelation of the Father in the life of the Christian (John 12,45; 14,6-11). In this way, in Christ through the Holy Spirit, we were given the possibility to participate in the divine life, which we received in Baptism and allow us the filial intimacy to shout Abba Father. Finally, all this reflection was only possible to us by wealth which we find in the tools used, provided by historical-critical, rhetorical methods and the vast literary contribution set forth in exegetical dictionaries and commentaries.

Des lettres trouvées dans des portefeuilles d'émigrés (1793) d'Isabelle de Charrière à Quatrevingt-Treize (1874) de Victor Hugo, qui engage une relecture de la période au miroir de la Commune, la Terreur a nourri l'imagination de nombreux romanciers. Déferlement inouï de violence ou expérience démocratique inédite ? La fécondité de ce moment révolutionnaire tient en partie à ses paradoxes et aux tensions que sa mémoire suscite. Au coeur de controverses historiques et idéologiques qui, aujourd'hui encore, ne se sont pas éteintes, la Terreur est pendant tout le XIXe siècle un sujet d'autant plus actuel que les secousses révolutionnaires de 1830 et de 1848, en particulier, en réveillent le souvenir. Excédant le seul genre du roman historique, qui en a fait l'un de ses sujets de prédilection, le traitement romanesque de la Terreur ne résulte pas d'une simple transposition fictionnelle de la réalité historique, mais peut être envisagé comme le fruit d'un système de relations complexes entre l'historiographie, la littérature mémoriale et d'autres genres littéraires. De la Révolution à la Commune, le genre romanesque a été l'un des lieux où s'est inventé ce que nous avons choisi d'appeler, en hommage au grand livre de Daniel Arasse, un« imaginaire de la Terreur» que n'épuise pas l'image de la guillotine. Regarder comment le roman a participé, en complémentarité ou en concurrence avec d' autres types d'écriture, à des constructions discursives et à l'élaboration de cet imaginaire, et comment ces entreprises de figuration romanesque ont pu s'articuler à des enjeux idéologiques et à des choix poétiques, tel est l'enjeu de cette nouvelle enquête. De Ducray-Duminil à Dumas, de Sénac de Meilhan à Barbey d ' Aurevilly, de Germaine de Staël à GeorgeSand, en passant par Ballanche, Nodier, Balzac ou encore Vigny, cet essai de généalogie romanesque prend appui sur un large corpus de textes et entend faire place à des oeuvres méconnues dont le rôle n'a pas été moindre que celui des oeuvres les plus canoniques dans la mise en fiction de la Terreur révolutionnaire. / From Isabelle de Charrière's lettres trouvées dans des portefeuilles d'émigrés ( 1793) to Victor Hugo's Quatrevingttreize(1874), which reinterprets the period in the mirror of the Commune, the Terror fed the imagination of manynovelists. Unprecedented surge of violence or unheard of democratic moment ? The fecundity of this revolutionary moment is in part due to its paradoxes and the tensions triggered by its memory. At the heart of the historical and ideological controversies that, to this day, have not been extinguished, the Terror was, throughout the 19th century, a subject even more topical than the revolutionary tremors of 1830 and 1848, particularly by reawakening the memory.Exceeding the historical nove! genre, the fictional treatment of the Terror is not the result of a simple fictional transposition of the historical reality, but can be envisaged as the fruit of a system of complex relationships between historiography, memorial literature and other literary genres.From the Revolution to the Commune, the fictional genre was one of the spaces where the invention of what we have chosen to call an "imagination of the Terror" - in homage to Daniel Arasse's great book - was not exhausted by the image of the guillotine. Looking at how the novel participated, in conjunction or competition with other types of writing, in discursive constructions and the development of this imagination, and how undertaking fictional figurationrevolved around ideological issues and political choices, is the challenge of this new investigation. From Ducray Duminilto Dumas, Sénac de Meilhan to Barbey d'Aurevilly, Germaine de Staël to George Sand, via Ballanche, Nodier, Balzac and even Vigny, this genealogy of fiction dissertation is supported by a large corpus oftexts and intends to makeway for little-known works, whose role was no less than that of the most canonical works in fictionalising the revolutionary Terror.

À partir d’un corpus d’ostraca démotiques largement inédits, cette thèse se propose d’étudier la fiscalité et la société de la ville d’Edfou, Apollonopolis Magna, capitale du IIème nome de Haute-Égypte, aux époques ptolémaïque et romaine (IIIème s. a.C. – Ier s. p.C.). Les documents rassemblés dans le corpus ont été en partie mis au jour lors des fouilles franco-polonaises effectuées sur le Tell Edfou à la fin des années 1930. Ces ostraca sont, pour la majorité d’entre eux, aujourd’hui conservés au service des Archives de l’Ifao, au Caire. Les principaux résultats de cette étude concernent la fiscalité. L’étude de riches dossiers fiscaux associée à certains outils conceptuels de la Nouvelle Histoire Fiscale ont permis de clarifier les modes de perception de certaines taxes (taxe de la nécropole notamment). Les documents étudiés apportent également un nouvel éclairage sur le débat historiographique concernant la capitation romaine comme création ex nihilo ou non d’Auguste. Le chapitre final de la synthèse s’intéresse à la composition de la société à Edfou : les différentes activités économiques dont témoignent les textes, ainsi que les différents groupes ethniques ou encore la place des femmes dans les documents y sont abordés. / This PhD dissertation, based on a corpus of mainly unpublished demotic ostraca, deals with taxes and the society in the town of Edfu, Apollinopolis Magna, capital of the IInd province of Upper Egypt, during Ptolemaic and Roman times (IIIrd c. BC – Ist c. AD). The texts gathered here have been excavated during the french-polish excavations in Tell Edfu at the end of the 1930s. This ostraca are nowadays, for the most part, kept within the Archives department of the Ifao (Cairo). The main results of this work deal with taxation. The study of the fiscal dossiers enriched by some tools of the New Fiscal History lead to a better understanding of the tax collect (concerning the necropolis tax in particular). The texts also bring new arguments in the debate regarding the roman capitation, laographia, and whether or not it was a purely Augustean innovation. The last chapter of the dissertation deals with the composition of the society. Several economic activities mentioned in the ostraca, as well as the different ethnic groups represented and the status of women will be dealt with

The present thesis aims to analyse the divine-human relationship in Paul's theology, focusing on Paul's portrayal of the relationship in Romans 1-8. The issue of the divine-human relationship has been treated by multiple Pauline studies with various foci, for instance, the issues of agency, the apocalyptic character of Paul's gospel, the concept of charis, and the covenantal relationship. Nevertheless, these approaches often do not pay sufficient attention to the fact that the divine-human relationship in Romans is not static but exhibits progression and development towards a goal. As a result of this, such studies cannot effectively address the significance of the human agent's role in the relationship, a role which changes at each stage of the relationship's development. In order to offer a different perspective, the present thesis utilises a social psychological theory, namely, interdependence theory (IT). IT offers a consistent analytic framework for diagnosing the interactions in a dyadic relationship in terms of the dependency created by each partner's expectations of outcomes. By deploying IT, we explore several key stages of the divine-human relationship and the direction in which the relationship develops throughout Romans 1-8 in order to highlight the significance of the human partners in the course of the development. The key stages include: betrayal (1.18-3.20), restoration (3.21-26; 5.1-11), the oppressive relationship with Sin (5.12-8.11), and the investment for the future (8.12-39). From our investigation, we conclude that although the foundation of the relationship rests on God's initiative, the divine outworking guides the relationship so that it facilitates mutual participation of the human partners in the restoration and development of the relationship toward the ultimate goal. Another contribution of the present study can be found in our attempt to introduce IT to the field of NT studies through our methodological considerations.

This thesis is an exploration of the extent to which Paul�s terminology of Inheritance [(...)] in Romans, and its associated imagery, logic and arguments, functioned to evoke socio-political expectations that were alternative to those which prevailed in contemporary Roman imperial discourse. There are two parts to this study. The first is to take seriously the context of Empire and the claims being made by the Roman Empire in the first century. In particular, what were some of the messages conveyed by the Roman Empire with regard to the structure and purpose, the hopes and expectations, of first-century society? The Christians in Rome were daily exposed to the images and message of Caesar and his successors and there is therefore a need to consider how Paul�s language of Inheritance would have sounded within this environment. Second, this study gives attention to the content of Paul�s use of the word "inheritance" as it occurs in Romans. In order to address this question, three interrelated ideas are explored. First, for Paul, what does the inheritance consist of? The traditional understanding is that the concept is an entirely spiritualised or transcendent reality. This study proposes a more this-worldly, geographical nature to the word. Second, there is the closely related question of the political nature of inheritance. If it is the case that the language of inheritance has to do with the renewal of the land, then who inherits this land? These two questions raise a third issue-how will the inheritance transpire? Paul�s inheritance language contributes to notions of lordship, authority and universal sovereignty for the people of God. Conceivably, the path to this dominion could mirror the hegemonic intentions of imperial Rome which envisages the triumph of one group of people (the strong) over another (the weak). Is this the case with Paul�s inheritance language, or does it somehow undermine all claims to power and control? There are five undisputed uses of [...] and its cognates in Romans-Rom 4:13, 14; Rom 8:17 (three times) and there is one textual variant in Rom 11:1 where the word [...] is used in place of [...]. This study finds that, to varying degrees in each of these texts, the inheritance concept is not only a direct confrontation to other claims to rule, it is also simultaneously a reversal of all other paths to lordship and rule. This study then considers the use of the concept in the two other undisputed Pauline letters where it occurs (Galatians and 1 Corinthians) and also in the disputed letter to the Colossians. The overriding impression is that there is nothing in Galatians, 1 Corinthians or Colossians which significantly challenges the this-worldly, political nature of the language of inheritance in Romans. In these epistles and in Romans Paul employs the language and politics of inheritance in order to subvert the message of Empire.

Thesis (M.Th. (New Testament))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006.

Le présent mémoire propose une analyse de la représentation du personnage du détective dans le roman policier. À l'aide de quatre protagonistes issus de la littérature anglaise, cette recherche traite principalement des différences entre les détectives féminins et masculins. Un panorama des différentes théories relatives au personnage et au roman policier est le point d'ancrage de ce présent projet. Les travaux de Vincent Jouve, Umberto Eco, Jacques Dubois et Yves Reuter sont résumés afin de bien comprendre les concepts qui sont utilisés dans les pages suivantes. L'étude débute avec l'analyse des représentations masculines du détective. Grâce aux personnages de Hercule Poirot et Adam Dalgliesh nous examinons les différents aspects qui les unissent et les séparent. Cette prospection se fait à trois niveaux soit autour de la première description (ou mise en texte) du protagoniste, les réactions et perceptions des autres habitants du roman et, finalement, le point de vue extérieur du lecteur. Les informations recueillies permettent de dresser un portrait sommaire de la représentation masculine du détective. Ensuite, l'analyse des représentations féminines est effectuée. Les personnages de Miss Jane Marple et Cordelia Gray permettent de faire ressortir les ressemblances et les différences existantes entre ces deux héroïnes anglaises. Tout comme pour leurs homonymes masculins, l'analyse des deux détectives se fait sur les trois mêmes niveaux de recherche. Toutefois, l'étude de la confrontation entre Dalgliesh et Gray vient compléter ce qui constitue le troisième chapitre de ce mémoire. En troisième lieu, une réévaluation de l'essai Les femmes et le roman policier d'Anne Lemonde s'impose. A la lumière des informations données dans les chapitres précédents, la désuétude de cet essai québécois sera démontrée. Finalement, une comparaison entre les quatre personnages constitue la conclusion de ce mémoire. Un portrait sommaire est alors esquissé afin de comprendre les ressemblances et les dissemblances entre les deux genres de détectives. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Roman policier, Personnage, Détective, Agatha Christie, P.D. James.

Inaug.-diss.--Greifswald. / Lebenslauf. At head of title: Englisch. "Literaturverzeichnis": p. 105-109.