[ES] Los estudios sobre los daños en el ADN se han incrementado en las últimas décadas con el fin de profundizar en su implicación en la aparición del cáncer. Entre el gran número de lesiones del ADN, los aductos de tipo eteno han sido objeto de interés debido a su presencia en los tejidos humanos crónicamente inflamados. Asimismo, su cuantificación es útil para su uso como potencial biomarcador del cáncer de colon, próstata, pulmón, etc. Además, estas lesiones presentan propiedades altamente mutagénicas e inducen transiciones de bases o transversiones en las células de mamíferos. Los aductos de tipo eteno se generan principalmente de forma endógena como resultado de la peroxidación lipídica. Este proceso bioquímico produce aldehídos reactivos como el malondialdehído, que pueden combinarse con las bases del ADN creando un anillo exocíclico.Este anillo exocíclico proporciona a la nucleobase un sistema extendido p-conjugado que puede conferirles propiedades ópticas diferentes a las de las bases canónicas, lo que puede suponer una amenaza para la fotoestabilidad del ADN. Las bases canónicas tienen la capacidad de disipar la mayor parte de la energía recibida a través de canales no radiativos eficientes que conducen de nuevo al estado fundamental. Por lo tanto, los estudios sobre las propiedades ópticas de estos aductos etenos son clave para establecer si estas lesiones pueden poner en peligro la relajación eficiente de los estados excitados de las bases y desencadenar una fotorreactividad indeseada del ADN. La primera parte de la tesis trata de evaluar la fotoactividad potencial de estas lesiones del ADN mediante un estudio espectroscópico. En el Capítulo 3 se combinan experimentos de upconversión de fluorescencia en la escala de femtosegundos y cálculos teóricos (en los niveles PCM-TD-DFT y CASPT2/CASSCF) para proporcionar una imagen completa de la relajación de los estados excitados del aducto mutagénico 3,N4-eteno-2'-desoxicitidina (edC). El Capítulo 4 aborda las propiedades fotofísicas de los aductos junto con su fotorreactividad en presencia de fotosensibilizadores comunes como la Rosa de Bengala (RB) y la 4-carboxibenzofenona (CBP), prestando especial atención a la interacción con el 1O2. En condiciones aeróbicas, se observa una interacción con 1O2 para los tres aductos estudiados. Curiosamente, se observan los mismos fotoproductos, las nucleobases originales, para la irradiación en condiciones anaeróbicas, abriendo la posibilidad de un mecanismo mixto de Tipo I y Tipo II cuando se utiliza Rosa de Bengala como fotosensibilizador, y de Tipo I para la 4-carboxibenzofenona. Finalmente, el último capítulo trata de unir todos los conocimientos adquiridos sobre la fotorreactividad de los e-aductos para elegir el mejor cromóforo tratando de optimizar el proceso de reparación observado en el Capítulo 4. Para ello se utilizan sistemas híbridos de nanopartículas metálicas de Ag como matriz de soporte para la Rosa de Bengala. Las NPs metálicas, como las Ag NPs, poseen una resonancia plasmónica superficial localizada (LSPR), este efecto amplifica una gran variedad de fenómenos ópticos que pueden mejorar las propiedades ópticas de la Rosa de Bengala. / [CA] Els estudis sobre els danys en l'ADN s'han incrementat en les últimes dècades amb la finalitat d'aprofundir en la seua implicació en l'aparició del càncer. Entre el gran nombre de lesions de l'ADN, els adductes de tipus eteno han sigut objecte d'interés degut a la seua presència en els teixits humans crònicament inflamats, la qual cosa fa que la seua quantificació siga útil com a potencials biomarcadors del càncer de còlon, pròstata, pulmó, etc. A més, aquestes lesions presenten propietats altament mutagèniques i indueixen transicions de bases o transversions en les cèl·lules dels mamífers. Els adductes de tipus eteno es formen principalment de manera endògena com a resultat de la peroxidació dels lípids. Aquest procés bioquímic produeix aldehids reactius com el malondialdehid, que poden combinar-se amb les bases de l'ADN creant un anell exocíclic. Aquest anell exocíclic proporciona a les nucleobases un sistema estés p-conjugat que pot conferir-les propietats òptiques diferents a les de les bases canòniques, i que poden suposar una amenaça per a la fotoestabilitat de l'ADN. Les bases canòniques tenen la capacitat de dissipar la major part de l'energia d'excitació a través de canals no radiatius eficients que condueixen de nou a l'estat bàsic. No obstant això, els estudis sobre les propietats òptiques d'aquests adductes de tipus eteno són fonamentals per a deixar clar si aquestes lesions poden posar en perill aquesta relaxació eficient i desencadenar una fotoreactivitat indesitjada de l'ADN. La primera part de la tesi tracta d'estimar el potencial fotoactiu d'aquestes lesions de l'ADN mitjançant un estudi espectroscòpic. En el Capítol 3 es combinen experiments de "upconversió" de fluorescència en una escala de femtosegons i càlculs teòrics (en els nivells PCM-TD-DFT i CASPT2/CASSCF) per a proporcionar una imatge completa de la relaxació dels estats excitats del adducte mutagènic 3,N4-eteno-2'-desoxicitidina (edC). El Capítol 4 aborda les propietats fotofísiques dels adductes restants juntament amb el seua fotoreactivitat en presència d'alguns fotosensibilitzadors comuns com la Rosa de Bengala (RB) i la 4-carboxibenzofenona (CBP), prestant especial atenció a la interacció amb el 1O2. S'observa la interacció amb 1O2 per als tres adductes estudiats. Curiosament, s'observa la mateixa formació de nucleobases per a la irradiació en condicions anaeròbiques, obrint la possibilitat d'un mecanisme mixt de Tipus I i Tipus II quan s'utilitza Rosa de Bengala com fotosensibilitzador i de Tipus I per a la 4-carboxibenzofenona. Finalment, l'últim capítol tracta d'unir tots els coneixements adquirits sobre la fotoreactivitat dels adductes de tipus eteno per a triar el millor cromòfor tractant d'optimitzar el procés de reparació observat en el Capítol 4. Per a això s'utilitzen sistemes híbrids de nanopartícules metàl·liques de Ag com a matriu de suport per a la Rosa de Bengala. Les NPs metàl·liques, com les de Ag, posseeixen ressonància plasmónica superficial localitzada (LSPR), aquest efecte amplifica una gran varietat de fenòmens òptics que poden millorar les propietats òptiques de la Rosa de Bengala. / [EN] Studies dealing with DNA damages have increased during the last decades in order to get more insight into their involvement in the appearance of cancer. Among the large number of DNA lesions, etheno adducts have been the matter of interest because of their presence in chronically inflamed human tissues, making their quantification useful as potential biomarkers for cancer of colon, prostate, lung, etc. Moreover, these lesions exhibit highly mutagenic properties and induce base transitions or transversion in mammal cells. Etheno adducts are mainly formed endogenously as a result of lipid peroxidation. This biochemical process produces reactive aldehydes such as malondialdehyde, which can combine with DNA bases creating the exocyclic ring. This exocyclic ring provides to the nucleobases an extended p- conjugated system that might confer them optical properties different from those of the canonical bases, and can pose a threat to the DNA photostability. Canonical bases have the ability to dissipate most of the excitation energy through efficient nonradiative channels leading back to the ground state. However, the studies about the optical properties of this etheno adducts are basics to make it clear whether these lesions can jeopardize this efficient relaxation and trigger undesired DNA photoreactivity. The first part of the thesis establishes the potential photoactivity of these DNA lesions through a spectroscopic study. Chapter 3 joints femtosecond fluorescence upconversion experiments and theoretical calculations (at the PCM-TD-DFT and CASPT2/CASSCF levels) to provide a comprehensive picture of the mutagenic etheno adduct 3,N4-etheno-2'-deoxycytidine (edC) excited states relaxation. Chapter 4 addresses the photophysical properties of the adducts together with its photoreactivity in the presence of some common photosensitizers as Rose Bengal and 4-carboxybenzophenone, paying a special attention to interaction with 1O2. Interaction with 1O2 is observed for the three studied e-adducts. Interestingly, the same nucleobase formation is detected for irradiation under anaerobic conditions, opening the possibility of a mixed Type I and Type II mechanism when Rose Bengal is used as photosensitizer, and Type I for 4-carboxybenzophenone. Finally, the last chapter takes advantage of all the gained knowledge about the photoreactivity of e-adducts to choose the best chromophore and optimize the repair process observed in Chapter 4. To achieve this, hybrid systems of Ag metal nanoparticles are used as a support matrix for the Rose Bengal. Metal NPs, such as Ag NP, possess localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR). This effect amplifies a wide variety of optical phenomena that can enhance the Rose Bengal optical properties. / Lizondo Aranda, P. (2022). Photoreactivity of DNA Etheno Adducts: Spectroscopic and Mechanistic Study [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/189688

Cette thèse explore le discours éditorial des féministes à travers trois revues phares du mouvement québécois, Québécoises deboutte!, Les têtes de pioche et La Vie en rose, afin de saisir les stratégies de positionnement des féministes. Ces dernières adaptent leur rhétorique de manière à définir un mouvement qui se construit à travers une prise de parole collective, laquelle se transforme à mesure que le champ sociopolitique québécois des années 1970 se configure lui aussi. Nous avons ainsi constaté trois tendances qui se dégagent des textes. Dans un premier temps, Québécoises deboutte! oriente sa rhétorique de manière à ratisser largement le terrain militant et à capter l’attention d’alliés potentiels entre les pôles marxiste et contre-culturel. La revue Les têtes de pioche a pour sa part opéré un retranchement vers la zone spécifiquement féministe afin de se distinguer des autres luttes présentes dans le champ et de travailler à expliquer et combattre, par la prise de parole, l’oppression spécifique des femmes. Finalement, La Vie en rose se présente comme porte-étendard d’un féminisme qui se veut pluriel, présentant à la fois les acquis du féminisme radical et les aspirations des féministes d’une génération nouvelle. L’émergence des revues féministes au Québec reste indissociable d’une perspective sociale en regard de la place qu’occupent les féministes dans les champs culturel, intellectuel et littéraire. Notre recherche se développe en deux parties complémentaires visant à mettre en lumière l’organisation du discours féministe à travers différentes revues et à analyser l’évolution de cette littérature d’idées de manière interne (discours) et externe (effets de champ). À travers vingt années de militantisme textuel, la démarche éditoriale globale des féministes forme aussi un tout cohérent. Les initiatives journalistiques du féminisme présentent en effet une logique interne qui se circonscrit au fil des ans pour, ultimement, constituer un système discursif – et rhétorique – singulier, où l’argumentation par l’éthos occupe une fonction prépondérante. La thèse se penche sur les caractéristiques littéraires des textes, nous étudions l’émergence de la presse féministe comme un phénomène plus large dépassant le cadre de la page, car elle concerne aussi l’histoire et la structure du champ littéraire, de même que les problématiques – tant formelles que sociales – qui lui sont reliées. / This thesis explores the feminist’s editorial speech among three well-known feminist magazines of Quebec which are Québécoises deboutte!, Les têtes de pioche and La Vie en rose in order to understand the strategies and the posture of the feminists. Feminists adapt their rhetorics in order to define a movement that builds itself through a collective speech which is evolving as the sociopolitical context of Quebec in the seventies is. We have been able to observe three major tendencies among the texts. First of all, Québécoises deboutte! builds a speech to wrap up the different forms of activism together and to obtain the attention of potential allies who may be between the marxist and the counter-cultural poles. Secondly, Les têtes de pioche orients its speech toward a specifically feminist zone in order to distinguish itself from the other social fights. That magazine also works to explain and fight by using words the specific oppression of women. And finally, La Vie en rose presents itself as the standard bearer of the plurality of the feminist voices, showing at the same time the wins of radical feminism and the hopes of a new generation of feminists. In Quebec, the rise of the feminist magazines is an integral part of a social perspective which shows us the implication of the feminists in the fields of culture, philosophy and literature. Our research develops in two complementary parts which try to show the mechanism of the feminist speech by analyzing the content of different magazines and the evolution of this literature of ideas in an internal way (speech) and an external (field effects) one. Through twenty years of textual activism, we see that the editorial approach of the feminists forms a consistent whole. The journalistic efforts of feminism reveal an internal cohesion that consolidates itself year after year to, ultimately, become a system of ideas – and rhetorical – which is unique and into which the argumentation is mainly based on the ethos. Our thesis particularly study the literary aspects of the texts, the rise of the feminist press as a phenomenon that goes beyond the paper – because it concerns the history and the constitution of the literary field – the social and the formal problematics that are related to it.

This thesis is a reception study of Susanne Ostens book, theatre play and children’s film Flickan, mamman och demonerna. The study aims to examine how proffesional crituiqe, published in daily press and journals, handles the crituiqes genre conventions with the theorie that if the cirtic averts from the crituiqes genre conventions that their/societys doxa on what we expect from children’s art will become more visible, and the inescapable follow up question: does this ecpectation mirror how we perceive children and their capabilities?  The theorie is an investigation of the professor and litterary scholar Anders Johansson’s essay Slitas itu publisched Critica Obscura: Litteraturkritiska essäer, where Johansson makes the claim that socitys doxa will become visible if the ciric does not follow the crituiqes genre conventions and that this will lead to an erosion of the crituiqes porpose. Johanssons theory is acompanied by, amongst others, Jaquline Rose’s The Case of Peter Pan, Or, The Impossibility of Children's Fiction, and Perry Nodelmans article “The Other: Orientalism, Colonialism, and Children’s Literature” pulished in Children’s Literature Association Quarterly17, no, chosen since the thesis as a whole practices a post colonial reading of the chosen crituiqe. The result of the investigation is that: where the critic averts from the crituiques genre conventions, and involves their own oppinions without porper motivation (E.g. where affective failures has occurred) in the text, a clear pattern of our conteporary doxa of how we perceive children and how the art made for them should behave/be. The pattern/tendancy found is that children’s art is expected to have a didactic value, that the piece of art should mirror the childs “reality”, have an indisputable and understandable point, and not evoke too many negative feelings. The thesis is woven, in a esseyistic style, with hard-to-grasp memories of the authors childhood and the academic form.

The study analyses the American neo-avantgarde as well as the narratives of Swedish post World War II art history, through a specific subject position. The Swedish painter Barbro Östlihn (1930-1995) lived in New York from 1961, where her work was exhibited and received on a new art scene. Despite the strong focus within Swedish Art History on the 1960’s and the American art scene, Östlihn seems to be marginalized in its narratives. Studies of selected corpora of American art criticism, and of segments in the Swedish art scene in the 1960’s are maintained. Discursive and field-related mechanisms, which help to explain what positions were available, are revealed. Transnational processes of avant-garde culture between Manhattan and Stockholm are discussed, e.g. through an analysis of the American pop art show at Moderna Museet in 1964. This becomes the backdrop for the final chapter’s discussion of the narratives in post World War II Art History in Sweden. In the interpretation of Östlihn’s work-process, her use of photography is understood as a strategy to connect her painterly work with urban space. The painterly and the photographic are merged, as in other artistic practices in a historical moment of crisis in painting. The studio, the site where modes of art production are constructed, is one point of departure in a spatial analysis of the art field. Another is the ongoing urban renewal on Lower Manhattan and its impact on artistic work and on how artists are positioned. Östlihn’s co-operation in the work of her husband Öyvind Fahlström, is understood as a merging of a traditional division of work between genders, and new co-operative modes of art-production. The study is the first academic work on Barbro Östlihn, and covers the time span 1960-1969. Feminist theory, Pierre Bourdieu’s field theory and Michel Foucault's discourse theory is used as its main framework.

Scholars and storytellers alike have deemed George MacDonald a great mythopoeic writer, an exemplar of the art. Examination of this accolade by those who first applied it to him proves it profoundly theological: for them a mythopoeic tale was a relational medium through which transformation might occur, transcending boundaries of time and space. The implications challenge much contemporary critical study of MacDonald, for they demand that his literary life and his theological life cannot be divorced if either is to be adequately assessed. Yet they prove consistent with the critical methodology MacDonald himself models and promotes. Utilizing MacDonald’s relational methodology evinces his intentional facilitating of Mythopoesis. It also reveals how oversights have impeded critical readings both of MacDonald’s writing and of his character. It evokes a redressing of MacDonald’s relationship with his Scottish cultural, theological, and familial environment – of how his writing is a response that rises out of these, rather than, as has so often been asserted, a mere reaction against them. Consequently it becomes evident that key relationships, both literary and personal, have been neglected in MacDonald scholarship – relationships that confirm MacDonald’s convictions and inform his writing, and the examination of which restores his identity as a literature scholar. Of particular relational import in this reassessment is A.J. Scott, a Scottish visionary intentionally chosen by MacDonald to mentor him in a holistic Weltanschauung. Little has been written on Scott, yet not only was he MacDonald’s prime influence in adulthood, but he forged the literary vocation that became MacDonald’s own. Previously unexamined personal and textual engagement with John Ruskin enables entirely new readings of standard MacDonald texts, as does the textual engagement with Matthew Arnold and F.D. Maurice. These close readings, informed by the established context, demonstrate MacDonald’s emergence, practice, and intent as a mythopoeic writer.

This study considers Thomas Hoccleve’s role, throughout his works, as a “religious” writer: as an individual who engages seriously with the dynamics of heresy and ecclesiastical reform, who contributes to traditions of vernacular devotional writing, and who raises the question of how Christianity manifests on personal as well as political levels – and in environments that are at once London-based, national, and international. The chapters focus, respectively, on the role of reading and moralization in the Series; the language of “vice and virtue” in the Epistle of Cupid; the moral version of Chaucer introduced in the Regiment of Princes; the construction of the Hoccleve persona in the Regiment; and the representation of the Eucharist throughout Hoccleve’s works. One main focus of the study is Hoccleve’s mediating influence in presenting a moral version of Chaucer in his Regiment. This study argues that Hoccleve’s Chaucer is not a pre-established artifact, but rather a Hocclevian invention, and it indicates the transnational literary, political, and religious contexts that align in Hoccleve’s presentation of his poetic predecessor. Rather than posit the Hoccleve-Chaucer relationship as one of Oedipal anxiety, as other critics have done, this study indicates the way in which Hoccleve’s Chaucer evolves in response to poetic anxiety not towards Chaucer himself, but rather towards an increasingly restrictive intellectual and ecclesiastical climate. This thesis contributes to the recently revitalized critical dialogue surrounding the role and function of fifteenth-century English literature, and the effect on poetry of heresy, the church’s response to heresy, and ecclesiastical reform both in England and in Europe. It also advances critical narratives regarding Hoccleve’s response to contemporary French poetry; the role of confession, sacramental discourse, and devotional images in Hoccleve’s work; and Hoccleve’s impact on literary tradition.