Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:35:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-03-09Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:46:08Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_vc_dr_araiq.pdf: 13565938 bytes, checksum: 40781d56bdd4b80d3af6595f349c7b5f (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Rubiaceae encontra-se amplamente distribuída nos principais ecossistemas brasileiros (Amazônia, Cerrado e Mata Atlântica). É bem conhecida devido à importância econômica e terapêutica de suas espécies, especialmente Coffea arabica e Cinchona ledgeriana. Relatos sobre os constituintes químicos de Rubiaceae mostram uma grande diversidade de metabólitos secundários, tais como iridóides, alcalóides, antraquninonas, flavonóides, derivados fenólicos, triterpenos e diterpenos. Poucos estudos químicos do gênero Alibertia têm sido relatados, apesar da evidência de que Rubiaceae representa uma fonte rica de micromoléculas. Este trabalho descreve o estudo químico dos extratos dos caules de três espécies de Alibertia (A. edulis, A. macrophylla e A. sessilis). Os extratos foram submetidos a várias técnicas cromatográficas e quando necessário CLAE preparativa foi empregada para purificar algumas frações. Estes fracionamentos resultaram no isolamento e elucidação/identificação estrutural de onze triterpenos, oito iridóides e sete derivados fenólicos, assim como um diterpeno, uma saponina e duas lignanas A elucidação/identificação estrutural foi realizada através de análise espectroscópica, tais como RMN de 1H (gCOSY, gHMQC, gHMBC, TOCSY), RMN de 13C e espectrometria de massas. Os dados obtidos também foram comparados aos valores da literatura. As substâncias éster metílico 6ß-hidroxi-7-epi-gardosideo (6), 2ß,?3a,?16a-triidroxi-ent-caurano (9), ácido 21-hidroxi-3,4-seco-cicloart-4(29), 24(31)-dien-3-óico (20), pomolato de 3ß-O-[a-Lramnopiranosil-(1?2)-O-ß-D-glicopiranosil-(1?2)-O-ß-D-glicopiranosideo 28-O-ß-Dglicopiranosideo (25) e 3,4,5-trimetoxifenil-1-O- ß-D-(5-O-siringoila)-apiofuranosil-(1®6)- glicopiranosideo (32) são inéditas. As lignanas (+)-lioniresinol 3a-O-ß-D-glicopiranosideo (33) e (-)-lioniresinol 3a-O-ß-D-glicopiranosideo (34) estão... / Rubiaceae is widely distributed in Brazilian main ecosystems (Amazon, Cerrado and Atlantic Forest. This family is well known due to economic and therapeutic importance of these species, specially Coffea arabica and Cinchona ledgeriana. Reported chemical constituents of Rubiaceae revealed a great diversity of secondary metabolites such as iridoids, alkaloids, anthraquinones, flavonoids, phenolics derivatives, triterpenes and diterpenes. Relatively few chemical studies on Alibertia genus have been reported, despite evidence that Rubiaceae represents a rich source of micromolecules. This work describes the chemical study on stems extracts from three Alibertia species (A. edulis, A. macrophylla and A. sessilis). The extracts were submitted to various chromatographic techniques, and preparative HPLC was employed to purify some fractions. The structural elucidation/identification was performed through the use of spectroscopic analyses, such as 1H NMR (gCOSY, gHMQC, gHMBC, TOCSY), 13C NMR and MS. The data obtained were compared to literature values. The results obtained showed the isolation and structural elucidation/identification of eleven triterpenes, eight iridoids and seven phenolic derivatives, as well as a diterpene, a saponin and two lignans. This is the first report of the substances 6ß-hydroxy-7-epi-gardoside methyl ester (6), 2a,3ß,16a -tri hydroxy-ent-kaurene (9), 21-hydroxy-3,4-seco-cycloart-4(29),24(31)-dien-3-oic acid (20), 3ß-O-[a-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1?2)-O-ß-D-glucopyranosyl-(1®2)-O-ß-Dglucopyranoside 28-O-ß-D-glucopyranoside pomolate (25) and 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl-1-O-ß-D-(5-O-syringoyl)-apiofuranosyl-(1?6)-glucopyranoside (32). The lignans (+)-lyoniresinol 3a-O-ß-glucopyranoside (33) and (-)-lyoniresinol 3a-O-ß-glucopyranoside (34) are being described for the first time in Rubiaceae. The new substance 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl-1-O-ß-D-(5-O-syringoyl)-apiofuranosy...(Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T15:04:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo4486_1.pdf: 1028314 bytes, checksum: 08ff6220abe4d1cca0b5cfbee6307373 (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2001 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Os estudos da biologia floral e polinização de Psychotria barbiflora foram realizados no período de abril/1999 a setembro/2000, no Parque Estadual de Dois Irmãos, Recife (PE), um remanescente de floresta Atlântica. Psychotria barbiflora é uma espécie subarbustiva (0,5-2,0 m de alt.), com período de floração entre abril e julho e frutificação de junho a setembro. A espécie apresenta heterostilia do tipo distílica, com flores em inflorescências terminais, pendentes, envoltas por brácteas, que apresentam coloração esverdeada durante a floração e tornam-se arroxeadas na fase de frutificação. A antese inicia por volta das 4:30h e as flores duram até 13:00h. O volume de néctar foi ca. 0,45 e 0,30μl e a concentração de açúcares, aproximadamente 22 e 24%, nas flores brevistilas e longistilas, respectivamente. Os morfos florais apresentaram semelhança em relação ao tamanho da corola, entretanto as flores brevistilas apresentaram grãos de pólen maiores e em menor quantidade quando comparado com as flores longistilas. Psychotria barbiflora é melitófila, sendo polinizada por três espécies de abelhas, as quais foram observadas coletando néctar e pólen, e por uma vespa, coletando apenas néctar, em ambos os morfos florais. Com base nos resultados dos testes de polinização manual e nas observações do crescimento do tubo polínico, pode-se concluir que esta espécie é auto-incompatível do tipo esporofítica, só havendo a formação de frutos nos cruzamentos intermorfos

M.Sc. / Pentanisia prunelloides belongs to the Rubiaceae family and is distributed in the grasslands of the eastern part of Southern Africa. The plant is an erect perennial herb that grows to be approximately 30 cm in height. It has stout hairy stems sprouting from a tuberous root. This plant produces pale purple flowers in early summer. P. prunelloides extracts are used in traditional medicine for a wide range of ailments such as colds, rheumatism, heartburn and sores. It is also incorporated in many multipurpose traditional medicines. The raw tuber is occasionally chewed to relief heartburn. The root decoctions were reported to have been used in the 1918 influenza pandemic with great success. The use of this plant in ethno-medicine suggests that it has bio-active principles which justify its continued use by different generations. It has shown to have anti-inflammatory, anti-viral and antibacterial properties. As far as the chemical composition is concerned, only palmitic acid was previously isolated. This compound can not account for all the chemotherapeutic properties of P. prunelloides. Thus this study was done to investigate the chemical constituents of P. prunelloides which may be responsible for its use as a medicinal plant. The plant material was collected from different areas in Swaziland and South Africa. Chemical variation screening was conducted using ether/hexane, methanol and boiling water extracts of the tuber and where possible the aerial parts of P. prunelloides. The methanol extracts were the only extracts used for TLC screening and the results showed the presence of terpenoids, saponins, amino acids, carbohydrates and phenolic compounds that were not identified previously. An attempt was made to quantify some of the compounds by means of HPLC and GC/MS. The compounds observed from all the tuber experiments demonstrated a limited level of variation both in quality and quantity within and between natural plant populations. The variation was found to be random and it was not correlated to the geographical distribution of this plant. This was concluded because variation was observed in plants which were from the same locality as well as different localities. iv The chemotypes observed between the tubers from Swaziland and South Africa were related. This means that there was no unique chemotype observed from plants from the two countries as chemotypes overlap. When considering the TLC of medium polarity compound and polar compounds of the aerial parts, three chemotypes were observed. Again these chemotypes were observed within and between natural plant populations. The occurrence of these chemotypes was random and was not correlated to the geographic distribution of the plants. The variations observed could be due to different developmental stages of the plants. The chemistry of P. angustifolia was also investigated and compared to that of P. prunelloides. This was done because these two species are used to treat the same ailments and could be physiologically mistaken for each other. It was established that the two species could be differentiated based on TLC as the two species contain different compounds. The methanol extract was used to isolate three of the major compounds from P. prunelloides. The compounds had different polarities with one compound being non-polar, another having medium polarity and the third one being polar. The structure of the compound with medium polarity was identified to be (–)-epicatechin, a flavanol, while the polar compound was sucrose. The structure of the non-polar compound could not be concluded due to the complex nature of this compound, but it was assumed to be a triterpenoid, or two stereoisomers of the same compound. The methanol extract was also fractionated to get three fractions which were non-polar, medium polar and polar extracts (containing the three isolated compounds respectively). These extracts together with the crude extract were subjected to antibacterial screening. Bioautographic tests did not show any specific zones from the separated compounds to have any significant antibacterial activity. However, the total extract and the non-polar fraction showed the highest activity with the non-polar fraction recording MIC values of not more than 1.25 mg/cm3. It was then assumed that the compounds from P. prunelloides worked additively or in synergy to produce the observed activity. In future more detailed chemical variation studies need to be done to investigate more specific factors such as soil type, age of the plant and seasonal variation. This would give better indications of when the plant has more of the active compounds thus giving a guide about the best harvesting time. Anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant tests may also prove to be interesting.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:59:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 parte1.pdf: 1844799 bytes, checksum: c45c18425ecd99744a816e6d2e894e3f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-11-13 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Richardia brasiliensis Gomes (Rubiaceae), a herbaceous plant known as "ervanço", "poaia" and "ipeca", is popularly used as emetic, anti-diabetic, worms and the treatment of eczema, burns, bronchitis, influenza, hemorrhoids and avian malaria. Pharmacological studies have shown antimicrobial and antioxidant activity and phytochemical previous investigations resulted in the isolation of terpenoids, flavonoids and coumarin. This study aimed to contribute to the knowledge of the Richardia genus and Rubiaceae family through the phytochemical and pharmacobotanical study of Richardia brasiliensis Gomes. For this, the plant material was collected in João Pessoa - Paraíba and deposited in the Herbarium Prof. Lauro Pires Xavier (JPB) with the code Tenorio-Souza 01. In the pharmacobotanical study, the external morphology of the plant was to the naked eye and with a stereomicroscope. The microscopical morphodiagnosis were performed paradermic and transverse sections of leaves (blade and petiole), as well as transverse sections of stems and roots, which were cleared, stained, mounted between slide and coverslip and examined under the light microscope. The macroscopic anatomy of all organs revealed aspects that are common to species belonging to the family Rubiaceae, such as simple opposite leaves, interpetiolar stipules, flowering tops, flowers bisexual and actinomorphic, aestivation valve and inferior ovary. Microscopically, the leaf presents presenting the upper and lower epidermis, stomata and simple trichomes. The main vein has collateral vascular bundle. The petiole has vascular bundle arc-shaped and four small lateral bundles. In cross section, the stem secondary growth is cylindrical and the vascular system provides continuous siphonostele ectophloic organization, already has a tap root cortical parenchyma with idioblasts containing raphides and system with vascular bundle organization protostele in lateral roots and protostele radiated in the main root. For phytochemical study, vegetable, dried and pulverized, was subjected to extraction processes, and partition chromatography to isolate the chemical constituents. The chemical structure has been assessed by spectroscopic methods such as IR, Mass and uni-dimensional 1H and 13C NMR and comparisons with literature data. The hexane phase was obtained a mixture of steroids (β-sitosterol and stigmasterol) and 151-hydroxy-(151- S)- porfirinolactone a; CHCl3 phase was isolated and identified four coumarins: cedrelopsin, norbraylin, braylin and 5,6 -dimethoxy-7,8-[2'-(prop-1-en-2-yl)-(2'-S)- 2',3'-dihydrofuran]coumarin (cumarineletefin), the latter being first reported the literature, and the AcOEt phase was obtained the flavonoid kaempferol, contributing therefore to the chemotaxonomy of the Richardia genus and Rubiaceae family. / Richardia brasiliensis Gomes (Rubiaceae), planta herbácea conhecida por ervanço , poaia e ipeca , é utilizada popularmente como emética, antidiabética, vermífuga e no tratamento de eczema, queimadura, bronquite, gripe, hemorróida e malária avícola. Estudos farmacológicos revelaram atividade antimicrobiana e antioxidante e investigações fitoquímicas anteriores resultaram no isolamento de terpenóides, flavonóide e cumarina. Este trabalho objetivou contribuir para o conhecimento do gênero Richardia e da família Rubiaceae por meio do estudo farmacobotânico e fitoquímico de Richardia brasiliensis Gomes. Para isto, o material vegetal foi coletado em João Pessoa Paraíba e depositado no Herbário Prof. Lauro Pires Xavier (JPB) com o código Tenório-Souza 01. No estudo farmacobotânico, a morfologia externa do vegetal foi analisada à vista desarmada e com auxílio de estereomicroscópio. Para as morfodiagnoses microscópicas, foram realizados secções paradérmicas e transversais das folhas (lâmina e pecíolo), bem como, secções transversais do caule e das raízes, que foram clarificadas, coradas, montadas entre lâmina e lamínula e analisadas ao microscópio óptico comum. A caracterização macroscópica de todos os órgãos evidenciou aspectos que são comuns às espécies pertencentes à família Rubiaceae, tais como, folhas simples opostas, estípulas interpeciolares, inflorescência cimosa, flores bissexuadas e actinomorfas, prefloração valvar e ovário ínfero. Microscopicamente, a folha é anfiestomática apresentando nas epidermes superior e inferior, estômatos paracíticos e tricomas tectores simples. A nervura principal apresenta feixe vascular colateral. O pecíolo possui feixe vascular em forma de arco e quatro pequenos feixes vasculares laterais. Em secção transversal, o caule em crescimento secundário é cilíndrico e o sistema vascular apresenta organização sifonostélica contínua ectoflóica, já a raiz principal apresenta parênquima cortical com idioblastos contendo ráfides e sistema vascular anficrival com organização protostélica nas raízes laterais e protostélica radiada na raiz principal. Para o estudo fitoquímico, o vegetal, após secagem e pulverização, foi submetido a processos de extração, partição e cromatografia para isolamento dos constituintes químicos. A estrutura química dos mesmos foi determinada por métodos espectroscópicos, tais como: Infravermelho, Massas e Ressonância Magnética Nuclear de 1H e 13C uni e bidimensionais e comparações com modelos da literatura. Da fase hexânica obtevese uma mistura de esteróides (β-sitosterol e estigmasterol) e 151-hidroxi-(151-S)- porfirinolactona a; da fase CHCl3 foi isolado e identificado quatro cumarinas: cedrelopsina, norbraylina, braylina e 5,6-dimetoxi-7,8-[2 -(prop-1-en-2-il)-(2 -S)-2 ,3 - diidrofurano]cumarina (cumarineletefina), sendo esta última relatada pela primeira vez na literatura; e da fase AcOEt obteve-se o flavonóide canferol, contribuindo, portanto para a quimiotaxonomia do gênero Richardia e da família Rubiaceae.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:12:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 pollyana laurindo de oliveira.pdf: 883784 bytes, checksum: 62a27aa449c1408018e983ffb1919feb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-06-05 / Amaioua guianensis Aulb is a shurb best known as marmelada-brava or marmelinho-vermelho belonging to Rubiaceae family. Amaioua genus comprise 10 species which are distributed through Floresta Amazônica, Cerrado, Pantanal and Mata Atlântica. No phytochemical work has been reported on the leaves and bark of A. guianensis. As part of our ongoing search for new compounds from higher plants we undertaken and investigation of the ethanolic extract of A. guianensis as well as their antioxidant na molluscicidal activity. In this study we describe the isolation and structural elucidacion of a new conpound, a cyclopeptide (2), and twelve known compounds: a coumarin (1), two pentacyclic triterpene (3 and 4), mannitol (5), ethylglucose (6), three chorogenic acids (7, 8 and 9), two proanthocyanidins (10 and 11) and two steroids (12 and 13). The crude ethanolic extract, its purified fractions soluble in n-hexane, ethylacetate and methanolic, besides compounds 10 and 11 promptly reacted with DPPH leading to a loss of 50% in the absorbance activity in the concentrations of 78, 25, 246 and 4 μg/mL, respectively. The results of the molluscicidal assays with the crude ethanolic extract and its fractions indicated that ethylacetate fractions is the most active fraction with LC100 100 ppm and LC50 42,5 ppm / Amaioua guianensis Aulb é um arbusto conhecido popularmente como marmelada-brava ou marmelinho-vermelho pertencente à família Rubiaceae. O gênero Amaioua compreende cerca de 10 espécies estando distribuídas enre a Floresta Amazônica, Cerrado, Pantanal e Mata Atlântica. Nenhum estudo fitoquímico foi reportado sobre as folhas e cascas de A. guianensis. Como parte de nossa pesquisa em busca de novos compostos de plantas superiores, nós investigamos o extrato etanólicos de A. guianensis bem como sua atividade antioxidante e moluscicida. No presente estudo nós descrevemos o isolamento e elucidação estrutural de um novo ciclopeptídeo (amaiouína, composto 2), e outros doze compostos já conhecidos: sendo uma cumarina (6,7-dimetóxi-cumarina, composto 1), dois triterpenos pentacíclicos (6β, 19α, 23-tetrahidroxiurs-12-en-28-oico e 6β, 19α, 23-tetrahidroxiolean-12-en-28-oico, compostos 3 e 4), dois açúcares (manitol e β-etil glicose, composto 5 e 6), dois ácidos clorogênicos (3,5-O-dicafeoil-quinato de metila e 3,5-O-dicafeoilquínico, compostos 7 e 8), duas proantocianidinas (10 e 11) e dois esteróides (β- sitosterol e estigmasterol, compostos 12 e 13) .O extrato etanólico bruto, suas partições em hexano, acetato de etila e metanol e ainda os compostos 10 e 11 reagiram com DPPH levando a uma perda de 50% na absorbância em concentrações de 78, 25, 246, 46 e 4 μg/mL, respectivamente. Os resultados dos ensaios moluscicidas com o extrato etanólico e suas partições indicaram que a fração acetato de etila foi a mais ativa com LC100 igual a 100 ppm e LC50 igual a 42,5 ppm

La Nouvelle-Calédonie est un archipel du Pacifique Sud-Ouest. Sa flore est riche, unique, et dysharmonique. L’origine temporelle et géographique de cette flore constitue une des problématiques majeures des botanistes. Une étude systématique a été menée sur le genre Psychotria (Rubiaceae), et ses genres alliés (clade Psychotrieae-Palicoureeae), afin de comprendre les modes d’établissement et de diversification des plantes dans l’archipel. Les deux tribus comportent 86 espèces néo-calédoniennes réparties entre les genres Geophila (une espèce), Margaritopsis (quatre espèces) et Psychotria (81 espèces). L’étude taxonomique a permis de déterminer pour chacun d’eux les noms d’espèces valides, et d’identifier 26 espèces nouvelles de Psychotria et Margaritopsis. Neuf combinaisons et noms spécifiques nouveaux sont proposés.La Nouvelle-Calédonie a été colonisée au moins quatre fois par les Psychotrieae-Palicoureeae. Bien que leurs arrivées soient simultanées durant le Néogène, ces quatre lignées ont des histoires évolutives différentes à mettre en lien avec leurs modes propres d’établissement et de diversification. Le genre Geophila n’a pas diversifié. Les Margaritopsis ont eu une diversification modeste, à l’image des autres espèces des îles du Pacifique. Les Psychotria clade NC1 constituent une lignée relique, ayant probablement subit une extinction, et qui se serait uniquement maintenue dans les maquis miniers. Les Psychotria cladeNC2 constituent la plus large, jeune et rapide radiation de plantes de la Nouvelle-Calédonie, probablement originaire des forêts humides d’Australie.Le clade NC2 est en pleine expansion évolutive. Il est constitué de 12 lignées internes. Sa capacité à tolérer les substrats ultramafiques, acquise avant son arrivée dans l’archipel, a favorisé son établissement local. Sa large diversité a probablement différentes origines : une labilité vis-à-vis de la nature des substrats géologiques, des changements éventuels de pollinisateurs, un changement de niche écologique amorcé, lié à l’acquisition d’adaptations à la sécheresse et à l’avènement d’un climat plus aride en Nouvelle-Calédonie durant le Pliocène. / New Caledonia is an archipelago in the Southwest Pacific. Its flora is rich, unique, and disharmonic. The spatio-temporal origin of this flora is one of the major topics of botanists. A systematic study was conducted on the genus Psychotria (Rubiaceae), and its allied genera (tribes Psychotrieae-Palicoureeae) to understand the patterns of establishment and diversification of plants in the archipelago. Both tribes have 86 New Caledonian species distributed between the genera Geophila (onespecies), Margaritopsis (four species) and Psychotria (81 species). The taxonomic study determined all valid species names for each of these latter genera, and identified 26 new species of Psychotria and Margaritopsis. Nine new specific combinations and names are proposed. New Caledonia was colonized at least four times by Psychotrieae-Palicoureeae. Although their arrivals were simultaneous during the Neogene, these four lineages have different evolutionary histories,linked with their own patterns of establishment and diversification. The genus Geophila has not diversified. Margaritopsis had a moderate diversification, as the other species of Pacific islands. Psychotria clade NC1is a relictual lineage, which probably underwent an extinction, and would have only been preserved inultramafic shrubby vegetations. Psychotria clade NC2 is the largest, youngest, and fastest plants radiation of New Caledonia, probably originated from Australian rainforests. The clade NC2 is expanding evolutionary. It consists of 12 internal lineages. Its ability to tolerate ultramafic substrates, acquired before its arrival in the archipelago, has promoted its local establishment. Its large diversity has probably different origins: a lability relative to the nature of geological substrates, likely changes of pollinators, an on going change of ecological niche, related to the acquisition of drought adaptations, and the onset of a more arid climate in New Caledonia during the Pliocene.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The Rubiaceae family is one of the main botanical families of Flowering Plants Dicotyledonous, being the fourth with the largest number of representatives and, even being cosmopolitan, their species are preferably the warmer regions. Since its original description, the family went through some taxonomic changes because of their significant morphological diversity. The study of species of the genus Calycophyllum A. DC. (C. spruceanum f. brasiliensis, C. candidissimum, C. multiflorum e C. spruceanum) aims to provide information about anatomical characters of taxonomic value, recognize the affinity of anatomical groups, comparing the species and investigate the relationship between anatomy and wood technology. The wood samples were gained from different scientific institutions, such as the Jodrell Laboratory (Kew Gardens, London), the Institute of Technological Research of the State of São Paulo (IPT) and the German University Black Forest Academy (BFA). The cutting blades and macerate were obtained by using the standard technique (BURGER; RICHTER, 1991) and the modified method of Franklin (KRAUS; ARDUIN, 1997), respectively. The wood descriptions were performed in the wood anatomy lab, Federal University of Santa Maria, and followed the recommendations of the IAWA Committee (1989). The cluster analysis included anatomical characters of the species described in this study and also those of other species of Rubiaceae described in the literature. Most anatomical characteristics agreed with the common pattern described in the Rubiaceae family, and allowed grouping them in the wood structure type II. These characteristics however, did not match with the anatomical pattern of the Ixoroideae subfamily. The cluster analysis recognized four main groups. The species of the genus Calycophyllum formed highly similar grouping with each other, which indicates a large structural homogeneity of their woods, more likely due to the high number of shared anatomical features. It is assumed that the anatomical characteristics of wood species investigated confer to the timber high specific gravity, resistance to mechanical stress, low shrinkage, permeability and good natural durability. / Rubiaceae é uma das principais famílias botânicas das Angiospermas Dicotiledôneas, sendo a quarta com o maior número de representantes e, ainda que cosmopolitas, suas espécies encontram-se, preferencialmente, nas regiões mais quentes do globo. Desde sua descrição original a família passou por algumas mudanças taxonômicas, em razão da expressiva diversidade morfológica de suas espécies. O estudo de espécies do gênero Calycophyllum A. DC. (C. spruceanum f. brasiliensis, C. candidissimum, C. multiflorum e C. spruceanum) visa a fornecer informações a respeito de caracteres anatômicos da madeira de valor taxonômico, formar grupos de afinidades anatômicas, comparar as espécies, bem como investigar a relação entre a anatomia e a tecnologia da madeira. O material analisado é proveniente de diferentes instituições científicas, tais como o Jodrell Laboratory (Kew Gardens, Londres), o Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas do estado de São Paulo (IPT) e a Universidade alemã Black Forest Academy (BFA). Para a obtenção de lâminas histológicas e de macerado utilizou-se respectivamente, a técnica padrão (BURGER; RICHTER, 1991) e o método de Franklin modificado (KRAUS; ARDUIN, 1997). As descrições anatômicas foram realizadas no Laboratório de Anatomia da Madeira da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria e seguiram as recomendações do IAWA Committee (1989). Na análise de agrupamento foram utilizados caracteres anatômicos do lenho das espécies descritas no presente estudo, e também os de outras espécies de Rubiaceae, descritas na literatura. A maior parte das características anatômicas concorda com o padrão típico das Rubiaceae, e permite agrupá-las na estrutura de lenho denominada tipo II, porém discorda do padrão anatômico referido para a subfamília Ixoroideae. Conforme análise de agrupamento, quatro grupos principais foram reconhecidos. As espécies do gênero Calycophyllum formaram agrupamentos altamente semelhantes entre si, o que remete a uma grande homogeneidade estrutural de suas madeiras, reflexo do elevado número de caracteres anatômicos compartilhados. É pressuposto que as características anatômicas do lenho das espécies investigadas, conferem à madeira uma alta massa específica, resistência a esforços mecânicos, baixa contração volumétrica, permeabilidade e boa durabilidade natural.

Résumé<p>Le genre Bertiera appartient à la tribu monogénérique des Bertiereae. Les espèces de ce genre sont constituées d’arbrisseaux, d’arbustes, quelques fois de lianes, rarement de plantes herbacées. Dans cette étude, les caractères morphologiques sont détaillés, une attention est portée sur la morphologie des pollens et de l’exotesta, caractères taxonomiques importants dans la systématique des Rubiaceae. Le genre Bertiera est morphologiquement assez polymorphe au niveau du type biologique, de la forme et la taille des stipules, de la forme et la base du limbe, de l’architecture des inflorescences, de la forme du calice, la forme et la couleur du fruit à maturité. Malgré ce grand polymorphisme, la combinaison des caractères des stipules, des feuilles, des inflorescences et des fruits permet de reconnaître les individus appartenant à ce genre.<p>L’étude sur la phylogénie du genre Bertiera est faite sur base du gène rbcL et des régions intergéniques psbA-trnH et trnC-ycf6. La position du genre Bertiera comme soeur de tous les autres genres de la tribu des Coffeeae est confirmé, il est maintenu au sein de la tribu monogénérique des Bertiereae. La monophylie du genre est fortement supportée par les données combinées. La monophylie des sous-genres est également fortement supportée. La faible résolution des arbres phylogéniques ne permet pas de déterminer les relations entre les espèces au sein des sous-genres. psbA-trnH et trnC-ycf6, bien qu’assez polymorphes, s’avèrent ne pas être de bons marqueurs pour la phylogénie des Bertiera.<p>L’analyse de la distribution du genre Bertiera en Afrique montre qu’il est distribué principalement dans toute la Région Guinéo-Congolaise. Le Domaine Bas-Guinéen constitue le principal centre de diversité de ce genre en Afrique. Le Domaine Haut-Guinéen et le Domaine Congolais associé à la zone de Transition Guinéo-Congolaise/Zambézienne et la Mosaïque Régionale du Lac Victoria constituent des centres de diversités secondaires. L’endémisme des espèces est marqué dans les îles, et dans la zone de Transition Régionale Guinéo-Congolaise/Zambézienne. D’après l’analyse parcimonieuse de l’endémicité et du taux d’endémisme élevé (25 %), le Domaine Bas-Guinéen constitue le principal centre d’endémisme et probablement le centre de diversification de ce genre en Afrique.<p>L’étude de l’écologie et de la phénologie des espèces du genre Bertiera montre que de manière générale, les espèces sont sympatriques et occupent les habitats variés. La période de floraison est liée au type biologique et à l’amplitude écologique. Les espèces à port arbuste de sous-bois ne fleurissent qu’une seule fois et à une période bien définie de l’année alors que les espèces à port arbuste à large amplitude écologique et les espèces à port arbrisseau fleurissent plusieurs fois au cours de l’année. Il n’existe pas de décalage de période de floraison et/ou de fructification entre les espèces.<p>Des analyses morphométriques ont été réalisées en vue de préciser la délimitation taxonomique au sein du complexe d’espèces formé par B. annobonensis, B. batesi, B. laxa, B. pedicellata et B. thollonii. Il en ressort que B. annobonensis doit être considéré comme un synonyme de B. pedicellata et que B. thollonii devient une variété de B. batesii.<p>La révision taxonomique des espèces du genre Bertiera est faite pour l’Afrique. Cette révision est exécutée suivant les méthodes de taxonomie classique. Deux sous-genres sont reconnus au sein du genre Bertiera. Au total 42 espèces sont acceptées. B. conferta, B. nimbae (non encore formellement publiés par leur auteurs) et B. lejolyana sont nouvelles pour la science. Une clé d’identification des espèces est donnée pour chaque sous-genre. Le traitement taxonomique complet de chaque espèce est donné (synonymie, description, habitat, distribution et carte de distribution, et enfin spécimens examinés).<p><p>Abstract<p>The genus Bertiera belongs to the monogeneric tribe Bertiereae. Species of this genus are shrubs, treelets, sometimes lianas, rarely herbaceous plants. In this study, morphological characters of the genus are reviewed, particularly those related to pollen and the seed-coat (exotesta), significant taxonomic characters in the systematics of the Rubiaceae. The genus Bertiera is morphologically rather polymorphic with regard to habit, form and size of the stipules, form and base on the limb, architecture of the inflorescences, shape and colour of the fruit in maturity. However, in spite of this great polymorphism, the combination of characters of stipules, leaves, inflorescences and fruits allows to recognize individuals to belong to this genus.<p>The study of the phylogeny of the genus Bertiera is made on the basis of the gene rbcL and intergenic-spacer psbA-trnH et trnC-ycf6. The position of the genus as sister of all the other genera of the tribe of Coffeeae is confirmed, and it’s maintained within the monogeneric tribe Bertiereae. The monophyly of the genus is strongly supported by combined data. The monophyly of the two the subgenera is also strongly supported. The weak resolution of the phylogenic trees does not make it possible to determine the relations between the species within the subgenera. psbA-trnH et trnC-ycf6, although enough polymorphic, are no good markers for the phylogeny of Bertiera.<p>The study of the distribution of the genus Bertiera in Africa shows that it’s distributed mainly in the Guineo-Congolian Region. The Lower-Guinea Domain constitutes the principal centre of diversity of this genus in Africa. The Upper-Guinea Domain and the Congolain Domain associated with the Guineo-Congolian/Zambezian Regional Transition zone and the Regional Mosaic of the Lake Victoria constitutes secondary centres of diversity. Endemism of the species is more appreciable in the islands, and in the Guineo-Congolian/Zambezian Regional Transition zone. According to the parsimonious analysis of the endemicity and the higher rate of endemism of species (25 %), the Lower-Guinea Domain constitutes the centre of endemism and probably the centre of diversification of this genus in Africa.<p>The study of the ecology and the phenology of the species of the genus Bertiera shows that species are sympatric and occupy a variety of habitats. The flowering time is related to the habit and the ecological variation of the species. Species having treelet habit and living under wood flowers only once and at one well defined period of the year whereas species having treelet habit with broad ecological variation and the species having shrub habit flower several times during the year. There is not time difference of flowering and/or fructification period between species.<p>Morphometrics analyses are carried out in order to specify the taxonomic delimitation within the complex of species formed by B. annobonensis, B. batesii B. lax B. pedicellata and B. thollonii. The results reveal that B. annobonensis must be regarded as a synonym of B. pedicellata and that B. thollonii becomes a variety of B. batesii.<p>The taxonomic revision of the species of the genus Bertiera is carried out for Africa. This revision is executed according to the traditional methods of taxonomy. Two subgenera are recognized within this genus Bertiera. At all, 42 species are accepted. B conferta, B nimbae (not yet formally published by their authors) and B lejolyana are new for science. A key to identification of the species is given for each subgenus. The complete taxonomic treatment of each species is given (synonymy, description, habitat, distribution and distribution map, and finally the list of specimens observed).<p><p> / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Submitted by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2014-09-09T16:25:00Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Pollyanna Laurindo - 2014.pdf: 14922225 bytes, checksum: b162a306a634e14a0c68ddcedd40af82 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-09-09T16:25:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Pollyanna Laurindo - 2014.pdf: 14922225 bytes, checksum: b162a306a634e14a0c68ddcedd40af82 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-07 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The Amaioua genus (Rubiaceae) is included in the subfamily Ixoroideae. The genus comprises 10 species, ranging from Panama to Peru, Venezuela and Brazil, and four of these species are found in Cerrado (DELPRET et al., 2004b). There are no records in the literature on the popular use of the Amaioua genus. Amaioua guianensis Aulb is a shrub up to 3 m or a 10-20 m tree, popularly known as marmelada-brava ou marmelinho-vermelho. Phytochemical studies of leaves and twigs of this species led to the isolation of several classes of secondary metabolites, such as coumarins, a cyclopeptide alkaloid, pentacyclic triterpenes, proanthocyanidins and chlorogenic acids (OLIVEIRA,2009). Amaioua intermedia Mart, popularly known as carvoeiro, pau-carvão, cinzeiro, canela-de-veado, guapeva-forte or marmelada-brava, presents itself as shrubs up to 3 m or 15 m trees. Until the moment there are no records in the literature about a phytochemical study of A. intermedia,. As part of our phytochemical research for new compounds from higher plants, we studied the ethanolic extracts of A. guianensis and A. intermedia, and evaluated the antioxidant activity of such extracts and fractions obtained from them. Herein we describe the isolation and structural elucidation of a new kaurane diterpene (compound 8), a new cyclopeptide alkaloid (compound 19), two new secologanin iridoid (compounds 24 and 25, and seventeen known compounds: a cyclopeptide alkaloid (compound 7), five iridoids (compounds 1, 13, 14, 15 and 16), a ent-kaurane diterpene (compound 22), two dimeric proanthocyanidins (compounds 11 and 12), three pentacyclic triterpenes (compounds 9, 20 and 21), a sugar (compound 10) and four steroids (compounds 3, 4, 5 and 6). The antioxidant activity analysis of the raw extracts obtained from fruits, roots, leaves and twigs of A. guianensis, as well as the raw extracts from the leaves and twigs of A. Intermedia, showed that they reacted to the DPPH radical, leading to a loss of 50% in its absorbance, on the following concentrations of 71.87, 7.55, 5.30, 7.48, 46.83 and 57.42 mg/mL. / O gênero Amaioua (Rubiaceae) é posicionado na subfamília Ixoroideae Ecompreende cerca de 10 espécies encontradas do Panamá até o Peru, Venezuela e Brasil, sendo que quatro destas espécies encontram-se no bioma Cerrado (DELPRET et al., 2004b). Não há registro na literatura do uso na medicina popular para as espécies do gênero. Amaioua guianensis Aulb é um arbusto de até 3 m ou árvore de 10-20 m de altura conhecido popularmente como marmelada-brava ou marmelinho-vermelho. O estudo fitoquímico das folhas e dos galhos dessa espécie levou ao isolamento de diversas classes de metabólitos secundários tais como: cumarinas, alcalóide ciclopeptídeo, triterpenos pentacíclicos, proantocianidinas, e ácidos clorogênicos, (OLIVEIRA, 2009). Amaioua intermedia Mart conhecida popularmente como carvoeiro, pau-carvão, cinzeiro, canela-de-veado, guapeva-forte ou marmelada-brava, apresenta-se como arbustos de até 3 m ou árvores de até 15 m de altura. Até o presente momento, não há relatos na literatura sobre o estudo fitoquímico da espécie A. intermedia. Como parte de nossa pesquisa fitoquímica em busca de novos metabólitos de espécies da família Rubiaceae, nós investigamos os extratos etanólicos de A. guianensis e A. intermedia, bem como a atividade antioxidante desses extratos e das frações obtidas dos mesmos. No presente estudo descrevemos o isolamento e a elucidação estrutural de um novo diterpeno kaurano (composto 8), um novo alcalóide ciclopeptídeo (composto 19), dois novos iridóides secologanínicos (compostos 24 e 25), além de outros dezessete compostos já conhecidos: sendo um alcalóide ciclopeptídeo (composto 7), cinco iridóides (compostos 1, 13, 14, 15 e 16), um diterpeno ent-kaurano (composto 22), duas proantocianidinas diméricas (composto 11 e 12), três triterpenos pentacíclicos (compostos 9, 20 e 21), um açúcar (composto 10), além de quatro esteróides (compostos 3, 4, 5 e 6). A análise da atividade antioxidante dos extratos brutos dos frutos, raízes, folhas e galhos da espécie A. guianensis, bem como dos extratos brutos das folhas e galhos da espécie A. intermedia, mostrou que os mesmos reagiram com o radica DPPH levando a uma perda de 50% na absorbância do mesmo em concentrações de 71,87; 7,55; 5,30; 7,48; 46,83 e 57,42 μg/mL, respectivamente.

The flora of New Zealand has evolved largely in the absence of terrestrial mammals, the predominant frugivore guilds being birds and reptiles. The evolution of divergent fruit traits in New Zealand may be a consequence of different selection pressure by these two guilds, and two contrasting putative dispersal syndromes have been proposed for New Zealand fleshy fruited plants. Coprosma (Rubiaceae: subtribe Coprosminae) is a speciose and morphologically diverse genus, which is distributed throughout the South Pacific and which also produces variably coloured drupes. It was selected as a model genus to investigate the evolution of fruit traits within this context. For this purpose, a molecular phylogeny for the subtribe Coprosminae and Coprosma was inferred using parsimony, likelihood and split decomposition analysis on sequences from the 16rps intron of cpDNA and ETS and ITS region of nrDNA. Up to 32 species were included in the subtribal analyses, whilst 53 species of Coprosma were used in subgeneric studies. The basis for the variety of fruit colours seen in New Zealand was determined using histology and pigment extractions. To test the assumption that fruit traits among species evolved in concert under selection from frugivore guilds, fruit shape, size and nutrient composition were determined in order to test predictions that these would co-vary with fruit colour. In the Coprosminae, fleshy drupes have arisen from dry fruited schizocarps and with two possible reversals to semi-dry drupes. Within Coprosma, fruit colour was found to be evolutionarily labile and varied both among and within lineages, particularly within two main groups where fruit colour had shifted from orange to blue and white, or red, pink and black colours respectively. The evolution of novel (non-orange) fruit colours was restricted to New Zealand, as was the small-leaved, divaricate growth form, the combination of which has been associated with a putative reptile dispersal syndrome. Several trans-oceanic dispersals out of New Zealand were also inferred from the phylogeny, these extending into Australia, New Guinea and Hawai�i. In these instances, fruit colour did not appear change markedly after establishment in a new country. Within New Zealand, fruit sizes were found to vary with colour as predicted, although the majority of species produced small (< 8 mm), elliptical fruits. There was no clear association between fruit colour and fruit nutrient composition. It would appear that these small, succulent, carbohydrate-rich and lipid-poor fruits cater to a wide range of generalist frugivores. The variety of fruit colours in Coprosma stemmed from qualitative and quantitative differences in carotenoid and anthocyanin composition. The genetic basis for the control of these pathways is currently unknown, but it is assumed that a few regulatory genes can control a substantial amount of phenotypic variation. Considering the evolutionary history of Coprosma, it would appear that a history of recent and rapid speciation, hybridisation and reticulate evolution may have increased the tempo of fruit colour evolution in the genus.