As the world puts increasing demands on sustainability, each organization has a responsibility to act, not only for its business to stay relevant but also for the world. It is possible to work towards sustainable development by replacing fossil-based materials with renewable and recyclable materials. Being able to match the customer requirements with new developments is important for companies, but before they can do that, manufacturing companies need to test that the developments they supply fulfill the performance requirements. Trial runs enable companies to internally test developments, usually through a considerable number of iterations, before supplying them to customers. The objective of this thesis has been to gain a larger understanding of the role of trial runs in productdevelopment as well as to investigate the economic effects of trial runs. The objective has been fulfilled by conducting a case study at a packaging company. The studied case is a production line where the production of paperboards with both dispersion and extrusion technology is performed. Dispersion technology, which enables a protecting layer for liquid and food packaging is a relatively new technology enabling better recycling opportunities than substitute technologies. The production line can produce paperboard with either dispersion or extrusion technology as the company aims to combine the two technologies in the future. Research question A aimed to investigate the role of trial runs from three different internal viewpoints: sustainability, strategic, and operational. Research question B aimed at investigating the economic effects of trial runs. Research question A was answered through a literature and interview study while research question B has been answered through a literature study, unstructured interviews, and a quantitative cost analysis. Quantitative data from Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems were collected to perform a cost analysis on trial runsas well as a comparison of time utilization between trial runs and ordinary production. For research question A, the results from the interview study show that trial runs are an important tool for a company to stay competitive. Analysis has shown that trial runs help a company fulfill the needs of the future, act as a driver for innovation, and help actualize business strategies by testing new developments in production facilities. There are thus many aspects motivating trial runs, but there are however also many challenges affecting the role of trial runs within a packaging company. The most prominent challenges are different depending on the viewpoint of the interviewee. From thesustainability viewpoint, one of the most mentioned challenges was the balancing of customer requirements with the technical feasibility of the products. The most prominent challenges mentioned by the strategic viewpoint were the efficiency of the facility while performing trial runs as well as the need to work in different time horizons simultaneously. Lastly, the most prominent challenges for the operational viewpoint was communicative misunderstandings and challenges as well as the high degree of manual work when performing trial runs. For research question B, the value adding activities constitute 78% of the total cost per produced ton for trial runs, while set-up, ramping up, and stop constitute 12%, 1%, and 9%, respectively. Theanalysis shows that trial runs cause significantly more set-up and stop time than ordinary production.For trial runs, value adding activities are taking place 57% of the time while for ordinary production, value is added 86% of the time, which confirms the result from the interview study about trial runs resulting in efficiency challenges for the facility.

The purpose of this longitudinal, descriptive study was to observe changes in maximal strength measured via isometric clean grip mid-thigh pull and home runs (total and home runs per game) across three years of training and three competitive seasons for four National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division 1 baseball players. A one-way repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed, revealing significant univariate effects of time for peak force (PF) (p = 0.003) and peak force allometrically scaled (PFa) (p = 0.002). Increases in PF were noted from season 1 to season 2 (p = 0.031) and season 3 (p = 0.004), but season 2 was not significantly different than season 3 (p = 0.232). Additionally, increases in PFa were noted from season 1 to season 2 (p = 0.010) and season 3 (p < 0.001), but season 2 was not significantly different than season 3 (p = 0.052). Home runs per game rose from the 2009 (0.32) to 2010 season (1.35) and dropped during the 2011 season (1.07). A unique aspect of the study involves 2010 being the season in which ball-bat coefficient of restitution (BBCOR) bats were introduced to the NCAA competition.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(経済学) / 甲第21439号 / 経博第586号 / 新制||経||287(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院経済学研究科経済学専攻 / (主査)教授 柴田 章久, 教授 小佐野 広, 准教授 高橋 修平 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Economics / Kyoto University / DGAM

No description available.

In my diploma I analyzed the USA capital market. I concentrated on 5 representative branches of this market - the biotechnology, the food industry, the car industry, the mining and the finances. 12 companies, which quote their share of stocks in the american capital market, were choosed. I tested the efficiency of this capital market and tried to establish the rate of this market´s efficiency. Later the best strategy was added to the rate of capital market´s efficiency. I counted the average decree, the standard deviation, the variation coefficient, the {$\alpha$} coefficient and {$\beta$} coefficient at the choosed share of stocks. I accomplished the correlative and the runs testing, which were supposed to certify the efficiency of market. The certain anomalies as The Day of the Week Effect, The January Effect and The Size Effect were investigated in more detail. Further I was considering if either the active or the passive strategy should have been used. I concluded that the active strategy is better for investors in times of the financial crisis. I also analyzed P/E ratio at choosed companies. The performated testing shows that the american market of shares is effective, it has the form of low efficiency peak-form efficient markets hypothesis.

How do bi/multilinguals switch between languages so effectively that there is no obvious intrusion from the alternatives? One can examine this by comparing language selection with task selection, or language switching with task switching. This is the approach adopted in the first of two strands of research presented in this thesis. In task switching, providing advance warning of the task typically leads to a reduction in the performance ‘switch cost’, suggesting top-down biasing of task selection. It is not clear whether the language switch cost also reduces with preparation, partly because there have been very few attempts to examine preparation for a language switch, and partly because these attempts suffered from non-trivial methodological drawbacks. In Experiments 1-3 I used an optimised picture naming paradigm in which language changed unpredictably and was specified by a language cue presented at different intervals before the picture. Experiment 1, conducted on ‘unbalanced’ bilinguals, revealed some evidence of reduction in the language switch cost for naming times with preparation, but only when cue duration was short. In an attempt to further optimise the paradigm, in Experiment 2 the cue-stimulus interval (which was varied from trial to trial in Experiment 1), was varied over blocks instead. Visual cues were replaced with auditory cues – the latter also enabled a comparison between semantically transparent word cues (the spoken names of the languages) and less transparent cues (fragments of national anthems). Experiment 2 revealed a reduction in switch cost with preparation for naming latencies, but only in the second language; the first language showed the reverse. To examine whether the increase in switch cost with preparation in the first language could be due to unbalanced bilinguals biasing processing towards L2, balanced bilinguals were tested in Experiment 3. This revealed a robust reduction in switch cost in naming latencies for both languages, which was driven primarily by the trials with the anthem cues. However, in the error rates the switch cost increased with preparation interval, thus complicating the interpretation of the reduction observed for response times. Experiment 4 investigated whether preparation for a language switch elicits the electrophysiological patterns commonly found during preparation for a task switch – a switch-induced positive polarity Event-Related Potential (ERP) with a posterior scalp distribution. Contrary to a recent report of the absence of the posterior positivity in language switching, it was clearly present in the present EEG data. As in task switching, the amplitude of the posterior positivity predicted performance. The electrophysiological data suggest that preparation for a language switch and preparation for a task switch rely on highly overlapping control mechanisms. The behavioural data suggest that advance control can be effective in language switching, but perhaps not as effective as in task switching. Experiments 1-3 also examined the effect of stimulus associative history – whether the language used on the previous encounter with a given stimulus influenced performance on the current trial). Having previously named a given picture in the same language benefited overall performance, but did not do so more for switches than repeats. Thus, stimulus associative history does not seem to contribute to the language switch cost. The second strand of my research asked whether bilinguals can set themselves independently for speech vs. comprehension. Previous research has examined the cost of switching the language in output tasks and in input tasks. But, it is not clear whether one can apply separate control settings for input and output selection. To investigate this, I used a paradigm that combined switching languages for speech production and comprehension. My reasoning was that, if there is cross-talk between the control settings for input vs. output, performance in one pathway should benefit if the language selected for the other pathway is the same relative to when it is different: a ‘language match effect’. Conversely, if there is no cross-talk, there should not be a language match effect. In Experiment 5 bilinguals alternated predictably between naming numbers in their first and second language (in runs of 3 trials), whilst also having to semantically categorise spoken words which occasionally (and unpredictably) replaced the numbers. The language of the categorisation ‘probes’ varied over blocks of ~17 naming runs, but was constant within a block. The results showed a clear match effect in the input task (categorisation), but not the output task (naming). To examine the potential role of proficiency, Experiment 6 used the same paradigm to test unbalanced and balanced bilinguals. The pattern of results was qualitatively similar in both groups to that observed in Experiment 5: a language match effect confined to the input task. These results suggest ‘leakage’ from the output control settings into the input control settings.

Transportsektorn står idag för cirka en tredjedel av Sveriges totala utsläpp av växthusgaser och tillsammans med den Europeiska Unionens (EU) politik finns målsättningen att genom en gemensam lagstiftning minska klimatpåverkan utifrån 2 gradersmålet. Utifrån FN:s ramkonvention, Europeiska unionen och övergripande mål för Sveriges miljöpolitik har Västra Götaland sammanställt energi- och klimatmål som framför att år 2030 ska ett oberoende av fossil energi för den västsvenska ekonomin mynna ut i ett hållbart näringsliv. Orust kommun planerar att förhålla sig till målen genom att öka andelen fossilfria bränslen, öka antalet kollektivresor men även minska totala antalet transporter. I många fall kan dessa mål uppnås genom en effektivisering av befintliga resurser och det är ur detta som examensarbetet får sin aktualitet. Genom att se hur och varför busstrafiken kan samordnas för att likväl transportera paket och mindre gods som individer lyfts fram som målsättning.   För att undersöka möjligheten med implementering av busskonsolidering har en omfattande litteraturstudie utförts, som grundas i att se hur olika distributionsstrategier påverkar effektivitetsvariablerna kostnad, tid och fyllnadsgrad. Effektivitetsvariabler beaktas indirekt genom studien men uppfyller en viktig roll, då resultatet baseras på hur väl dessa uppfylls. För att vidare se möjligheten med införandet av busskonsolidering kompletteras studien med kvalitativa intervjuer som syftar till att undersöka intresset med konsolidering hos diverse företag och transportörer i landsbygden. För att ge ytterligare en dimension på konsolidering med busstrafik genomfördes också en enkätundersökning för att studera skolungdomars attityd och beteende till ämnet.   Skribenterna har med hjälp av det teoretiska ramverket sammankopplat företagens och aktörernas påvisade positiva inställning till konsolidering med busstrafik, i form utav ett samdistributionsprojekt. Därigenom kan alla deltagande aktörer nyttja bussgods som ett effektivt sätt att frakta frekventa leveranser av inkommande och utgående gods. Utifrån det teoretiska ramverket formades tre olika distributionsstrategier som är möjliga att implementera på landsbygdsskommuner. Mjölkrunda med enterminalsystem presenterades som en möjlig lösning i dagsläget, då den är tidtabellstyrd och kan utföras medan bussar inte används till andra planerade rutter. Studien påvisar dock att ifall resurser kan tillsättas och fler företag visar intresse för busskonsolidering är ett mer lämpat transportupplägg, navdistribution med mjölkrunda. Ett mer skräddarsytt transportupplägg i form av ett hybrid navsystem med mjölkrunda presenteras som det optimala transportsystemet för att optimalt dra nytta av bussarnas utnyttjandegrad. Detta system kräver en en mer komplex informationsdelning mellan olika aktörer och är betydligt mer kostsam, men kan i framtiden bidra till att frakt av paket och mindre gods kan ske på ett hållbart och effektivt sätt. / The transport sector currently accounts for about one third of Sweden's total greenhouse gas emissions and together with the European Union's policy, the goal is to reduce the climate impact from a 2-degree target, through a common legislation. Västra Götaland has compiled energy and climate targets, starting in 2030, independence of fossil energy for the western Swedish economy will arise in a sustainable trade and industry. Orust municipality plans to monitor the targets by increasing the proportion of fossil free fuels, increasing the number of public transports, but also reducing the total amount of transport. In many cases, these goals can be achieved through an efficientization of existing resources, and this is what the bachelor thesis gets its actuality. By seeing how and why bus traffic can be coordinated to transport packages and smaller goods with individuals are the objectives of this thesis. In order to investigate the possibility of implementing bus consolidation, extensive literature studies have been carried out, which are based on how different distribution strategies affect the efficiency variables cost, time and load factor. The efficiency variables are considered indirectly through the study but fulfill an important role, as the result is based on how well they are met. In order to further see the possibility of introducing bus consolidation, the study is complemented with qualitative interviews which are aimed at investigating the interest with consolidation at various companies and transporters in the rural area. In order to provide a further dimension of consolidation with bus traffic, a survey was also conducted to study the pupils attitude and behavior towards the subject. Through the theoretical framework, the writers have stated the positive attitude of the companies and operators towards consolidation by bus traffic, in the form of a co-distribution project. By doing this, all participants can make use of bus consolidation as an effective way of shipping frequent deliveries of incoming and outgoing goods. Based on the theoretical framework, three different distribution strategies were formed that are possible to implement in rural areas. Milkrun with oneterminal, was presented as a possible solution in the current situation, since it is timebased and can be performed while buses are not used for other planned routes. However, the study shows that if resources can be added and more companies show interest in bus consolidation, a more suitable transport structure is hub &amp; spoke distribution with milk runs. A more tailor-made transport structure in the form of a hybrid hub &amp; spoke system with milk runs is presented as the most favorable transport system to optimally benefit from the utilization rate of buses. This system requires a more complex information sharing between different actors and is significantly more costly, but in the future it can contribute to the shipment of packages and smaller goods in a sustainable and efficient manner.

Στην παρούσα διατριβή επεκτείνουμε και γενικεύουμε γνωστές κατανομές ροών. Για το σκοπό αυτό μελετούμε κατανομές απλών σχηματισμών χρησιμοποιώντας τη μέθοδο εμφύτευσης σε Μαρκοβιανή αλυσίδα. Με την ίδια μεθοδολογική προσέγγιση μελετούμε τόσο τις μεταβλητές διωνυμικού τύπου, όσο και τις αντίστοιχες χρόνου αναμονής. Στο Πρώτο Κεφάλαιο παρουσιάζουμε μια ανασκόπηση της ερευνητικής δουλειάς των τελευταίων δεκαετιών σε κατανομές ροών. Στο Δεύτερο Κεφάλαιο μελετούμε κατανομές απλών σχηματισμών, οι οποίες αποτελούν επεκτάσεις και γενικεύσεις κατανομές ροών. Η μελέτη αυτή γίνεται στην περίπτωση που οι δοκιμές είναι ανεξάρτητες. Η υπόθεση αυτή αντικαθίσταται στο Τρίτο Κεφάλαιο από τη γενικότερη υπόθεση δοκιμών που παρουσιάζουν Μαρκοβιανή εξάρτηση πρώτης τάξης και κάτω από αυτό το νέο πλαίσιο μελετούνται κατανομές χρόνου αναμονής. Στο Τέταρτο Κεφάλαιο παρουσιάζεται μια ανασκόπηση των συνεχόμενων συστημάτων στη Θεωρία Αξιοπιστίας. Στη συνέχεια εισάγονται και μελετούνται δύο νέα συστήματα, τα αποία οποία επεκτείνουν και γενικεύουν γνωστά συνεχόμενα συστήματα. Στο Πέμπτο Κεφάλαιο γενικεύεται ένα κλασικό πρόβλημα περιορισμένης χωρητικότητας, το οποίο αναφέρεται συχνά στη Θεωρία Ροών και μας απασχολεί συχνά στο Πρώτο Κεφάλαιο. Νέα αποτελέσματα της διατριβής αυτής δημοσιεύονται στις εργασίες των Dafnis et al. (2007), Dafnis and Philippou (2010), Dafnis et al. (2010a), Dafnis et al. (2010b) και Dafnis et al. (2010c). / In the present Ph.D. thesis we extend and generalize well-known runs' distributions. For this purpose, we study exact distributions of simple patterns using the Markov chain embedding technique. Both binomial-type and waiting-time random variables are treated. In Chapter 1, we review known results on distributions of runs presented over the last decades. In Chapter 2, we study distributions of simple patterns, which extend and generalize distributions of runs. The trials are considered to be independent. This assumption is replaced by the more general one of first order dependence. Under this new framework, waiting time distributions are studied in chapter 3. In Chapter 4, we first review the research on consecutive systems in Reliability Theory. Then, we introduce and study two new systems which are generalizations of consecutive systems extensively studied in literature. Finally, in Chapter 5, a well-known restricted occupancy problem, applicable to the Theory of Runs and often met in Chapter 1, is generalized. New results of the thesis are published in the papers of Dafnis et al. (2007), Dafnis and Philippou (2010), Dafnis et al. (2010a), Dafnis et al. (2010b) and Dafnis et al. (2010c).

Submitted by LETÍCIA BORGES JOAQUIM null (leticiajoaquim@gmail.com) on 2016-03-18T19:56:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissertaçãoLeticia.pdf: 1246720 bytes, checksum: 72c61040420200f71667f56d8d424fec (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-03-22T12:39:49Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 joaquim_lb_me_jabo.pdf: 1246720 bytes, checksum: 72c61040420200f71667f56d8d424fec (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-22T12:39:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 joaquim_lb_me_jabo.pdf: 1246720 bytes, checksum: 72c61040420200f71667f56d8d424fec (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-22 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Os painéis de marcadores de alta densidade têm demonstrado a sua funcionalidade nos estudos de estrutura da população e conservação genética. Esses painéis permitem avaliar similaridades no padrão do desequilíbrio de ligação em toda população, assim como informações sobre parentesco da população. Segmentos de homozigose são utilizados como indicativo da estrutura da população e fornecem informações sobre o histórico demográfico e eventos de endogamia da mesma. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a estrutura genômica de uma linhagem sintética base Landrace por meio de (i) análises de desequilíbrio de ligação; (ii) estimação do coeficiente de endogamia utilizando dados genômicos e de pedigree; (iii) análise do número e tamanho de segmentos de homozigose e (iv) determinação da estratificação da população. Foram utilizados registros de 300 fêmeas e 25 machos de uma linhagem fêmea sintética base Landrace genotipados com o painel Illumina PorcineSNP60 v2 BeadChip. A edição dos dados foi realizada no programa PLINK v.1.9 para remoção de marcadores SNPs (“Single Nucleotide Polymorphism”) que falharam em mais de 10% das amostras (“call rate”) e amostras que falharam em mais de 10% dos marcadores. A extensão do desequilíbrio de ligação foi avaliada entre todos os pares SNPs adjacentes presentes nos cromossomos autossômicos por meio da medida r2. O coeficiente de endogamia foi calculado usando registros de pedigree e de dados genômicos. Os segmentos de homozigose foram detectados para os cromossomos autossômicos com o programa computacional PLINK v.1.9, considerando pelo menos 50 SNPs homozigotos dentro de tamanho mínimo de 1.000 Kb por animal, permitindo um SNP heterozigoto e um SNP faltante/perdido dentro de uma janela de 50 SNPs. Os segmentos de homozigose detectados foram utilizados para cálculo do coeficiente de endogamia genômica e como indicativo do histórico da população. A estratificação da população foi avaliada utilizando análises de componentes principais e pelo modelo de ancestralidade por metodologia bayesiana aplicado no programa STRUCTURE. Na análise de ancestralidade foram testados valores de K (número de “clusters”) variando de um a oito usando período de burn-in de 1.000 iterações e Cadeia de Markov e Monte Carlo de 10.000 iterações. As análises foram repetidas dez vezes para cada K e a determinação do melhor número para K foi estimada utilizando a estatística Delta K. O valor médio de r² encontrado para todos os SNPs adjacentes que estão a uma distância menor que 100 Kb foi de 0,291 ± 0,312. Os coeficientes de endogamia médios obtidos a partir dos segmentos de homozigose e de registros de pedigree foram de 0,119 e 0,00011, respectivamente. A baixa correlação (r<0,04) encontrada entre os coeficientes de endogamia pode ser explicada pelo efeito de recombinação gênica sobre aqueles estimados a partir dos segmentos de homozigose que não é considerada nas estimativas obtidas à partir de registros de pedigree e devido aos erros de identificação dos animais no pedigree. A identificação de um grande número de longos segmentos de homozigose pode ser indicativa de endogamia recente na população estudada. O estudo da estratificação da amostra indicou que a mesma estaria dividida em duas populações (k=2), sendo que a separação pode ser explicada pelo cruzamento entre as raças ocidentais e orientais utilizadas na formação da linhagem. Os dados de genotipagem permitiram concluir que a população estudada possui endogamia recente, sugerindo-se que seja priorizado acasalamento entre indivíduos menos aparentados para assegurar a manutenção da diversidade genética. / High-density single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) panels have been used in genomic studies, such as population structure and conservation genetic studies. These panels allow to assess similarities in the patterns of linkage disequilibrium across populations and to estimate relatedness between populations. Runs of homozygosity are used as indicative of population structure and it provides information about demographic history and recent inbreeding. The aim of this study was to describe the genomic structure of a synthetic Landrace line by (i) linkage disequilibrium (LD) analyses; (ii) inbreeding estimates through pedigree and genomic data; (iii) analysing the number and length of runs of homozygosity (ROH); and (iv) determination of population structure. A total of 300 females and 25 males from synthetic Landrace line were genotyped using Illumina PorcineSNP60 v2 BeadChip. Data editing was performed using PLINK v.1.9. The SNPs and samples with a call rate lower than 0.90 were excluded from the data set. Only the autosomal chromosomes were considered for LD an ROH analyses. The LD between all pairs of SNPs were measured by the means of the genotype correlation coefficient (r²) and it determined the decay of LD with physical distance. The coefficient of inbreeding was calculated using genomic and pedigree data. ROH were detected using PLINK v.1.9 considering the follow parameters: a minimum ROH of 50 SNPs with a minimum length of 1000 (Kb), one heterozygous SNP and one missing SNP were allowed within the sliding window of 50 SNPs. The individual genomic inbreeding and population history were identified from estimated ROH. The population structure was evaluated using principal component analysis and Bayesian admixture model. The number of clusters (K) was tested from two to eight considering a burning period of 1,000 followed by 10,000 Markov chain Monte Carlo repetitions and replicated ten times for each K. The best K was estimated using the Delta K statistic. For all SNPs adjacent less than 100 kilobase (kb) apart, the average r2 was 0.291 ± 0.312. The average inbreeding coefficient, calculated by ROH and pedigree analyses, were 0.119 and 0.00011, respectively. The low correlation between the inbreeding coefficients can be justified by the genetic recombination effect over those estimated from runs of homozygosity that were no considered on the estimates from the traditional pedigree. The high number of long ROH is an evidence of recent inbreeding in this population. The population structure analysis revealed K=2 was the best number of clusters and separation. This result can be explained by the crossbreeding between the Eastern and Western breeds used in the formation of the line. The genotyping data helped confirm that the inbreeding in the studied population is recent, which suggests that mating between individuals less related occurred to ensure the maintenance of genetic diversity.

Att kartlägga hur ett företags olika processer ser ut är en viktig del ur ett kontinuerligtförbättringsarbete. Uppdraget för denna studie består av att kartlägga dagliga mjölkrundor påen del av fabriken, som därmed skall bidra till att eventuella problem synliggörs. Studienbehandlar logistik och materialhantering med fokus på transport och ergonomiska arbetsplatsersom bör följa riktlinjer för Lean. Att följa de olika ergonomiska riktlinjerna på ett framgångsriktsätt kan skapa goda förutsättningar som därmed kan gynna ekonomin. Utgångspunkten har varitatt med hjälp av intervjuer samt observationer skapa en god förståelse för hur de nuvarandemjölkrundorna ser ut, då det i nuläget inte finns något standardiserat arbetssätt på det studeradeområdet basmodulen.I studien presenteras de faktorer i produktionen som har en påverkan på ergonomin samt defaktorer som bidrar till förbättringsmöjligheter. Resultatet av studien baseras på litteraturstudieroch de tre intervjuer som genomförts med berörda truckförare. En jämförelse gjordes mellanLean och Volvos egna Leanarbete, Volvo Production System där vikten belystes i detstandardiserade arbetssättet och att företaget standardiserar de olika arbetsmomenten för attlättare kunna implementera förbättringsförslagen. Studien avslutas med att utforma förslag påhur mjölkrundorna bör se ut för att möjliggöra besparingar inom effektivitetssynvinkeln samtövriga förbättringsförslag som skall gynna företaget i helhet. Författarnas slutsats avexamensarbetet är att det finns goda möjligheter och förutsättningar för att positivt införastandardiserade körrundor för basmodulen som därmed underlättar implementering avresterande förbättringsförslag. / To identify how a company's different processes look is an important part of continuousimprovement work. The assignment for this study consists of mapping the daily in-plant milkrunsin one part of the factory, with the goal to make any problems visible. The study deals withlogistics and materials management with a focus on transport and ergonomic aspects that shouldbe in line with Lean thinking. The starting point in this study has been information frominterviews and observations, to provide a good understanding for the in-plant milk-runs. Thestudy includes a brief literature review, onsite observations as well as three in-depth interviews.A comparison was made between the strategy Lean and Volvo's own interpretation of Lean, theVolvo Production System, where the emphasis was highlighted in the standardized approachand that the company standardizes the different workflows to facilitate implementation of theimprovement proposals. The study concludes by formulating proposals on how milk-runsshould look to enable savings in the efficiency perspective and other improvement proposalsthat will benefit the whole company. The author’s conclusion of the thesis work is that there aregood opportunities to positively introduce standardized milk runs for the studied area calledbasmodulen, which will help the company when implementing the improvements.