Esta dissertação de mestrado apresenta um estudo do processo de formação de pelotões em rodovias de pista simples brasileiras e a dispersão desses pelotões nas faixas adicionais de subida. Este estudo foi realizado usando-se dados empíricos coletados na SP 255, uma rodovia de pista simples do estado de São Paulo. Um dos trechos estudados possuía faixas adicionais nos aclives e o outro era sem faixas adicionais. Para caracterizar a formação de pelotões, três aspectos foram estudados: a porcentagem de veículos em pelotões, o tamanho médio dos pelotões e a recomposição dos pelotões após o término de uma faixa adicional. Modelos matemáticos foram adaptados para representar o processo de formação de pelotões em rodovias brasileiras. Visando fornecer subsídios para futuros projetos de faixas adicionais, a dispersão dos pelotões nas faixas adicionais de subida foi analisada considerando-se as seguintes medidas de desempenho: taxa de ultrapassagem, velocidade média da corrente, porcentagem de veículos em pelotões e comprimento de faixa para a dispersão dos pelotões. Os resultados do estudo da dispersão dos pelotões mostram que as faixas adicionais melhoram o nível de serviço não apenas na direção onde são implantadas, mas também na direção do tráfego oposto uma vez que cerca de 70 a 75% do fluxo no sentido analisado divergem para as faixas adicionais, proporcionando uma porcentagem maior de gaps adequados para a dispersão dos pelotões do fluxo oposto. / This master thesis presents a study of the platoon formation process in the Brazilian two-lane roads and the dispersion of these platoons in the passing lanes. This study was developed using empirical data collected in the SP 255, a two-lane road of the state of São Paulo. One of the segments studied had passing lanes on upgrades and another was without passing lanes. In order to characterize the platoon formation, three aspects were studied: the percent of vehicle in platoon, the mean platoon size and the platoon recomposition after the end of a passing lane. Mathematical models were adapted to represent the platoon formation in the Brazilian roads. Aiming to aid future auxiliary lanes projects, the platoon dispersion in the climbing lanes was analyzed considering the following service measures: overtaking rate, mean speed, percent of vehicle traveling in platoons and lane length used to disperse the platoons. The results of the platoons dispersion study show that the auxiliary lanes improve the level of service not only in the direction of they are constructed, but also in the opposing flow. It\'s verified that around 70 to 75% of the flow in the analyzed direction diverge to auxiliary lanes, providing a greater percentage of gaps suitable to platoon dispersion in the opposing flow.

Submitted by Marilene Donadel (marilene.donadel@unioeste.br) on 2019-02-06T13:22:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Cristiano_Heinrich_2018.pdf: 2433405 bytes, checksum: edbe4e8f8c5665218ffdb55af2af8ee7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2019-02-06T13:22:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cristiano_Heinrich_2018.pdf: 2433405 bytes, checksum: edbe4e8f8c5665218ffdb55af2af8ee7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-09-06 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Brazilian agribusiness is a sector of the economy that has historically demonstrated strength and growth, with emphasis on the agricultural sector that has been presenting production volumes and increasing productivity rates. Despite this, the exceptional competitiveness of Brazilian primary production is gradually diluted as its products leave the rural property to the subsequent links of the productive chains. The logistical obstacles faced by the national agribusiness to transport its wealth are notable, with problems such as the imbalance of the freight transport matrix, depleted transport infrastructure, insufficient static storage capacity and "bottlenecks" in the best known ports. However, little is known about another fundamental component for the logistic efficiency of agribusiness: rural roads. From the moment that the agricultural and livestock production leaves the rural property, the rural road network is the first element with potential of impact to the competitiveness of agribusiness, and few researches were undertaken with this theme. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate and describe the criteria that make a rural road suitable for the transport of inputs and agricultural production. The research was geographically delimited to the municipality of Marechal Cândido Rondon, located in the western mesoregion of the state of Paraná, because this municipality presents its economic base based on agribusiness. The methodology used was the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), since it is able to measure mathematically subjective and objective attributes in a joint way, through comparisons made by individuals with knowledge of the subject matter. The methodological procedures were bibliographic research and non-systematized field survey for initial exploratory analysis, in addition to a survey to deepen the research. A total of 97 interviews were carried out with the application of a form with drivers who transport loads in the rural road network of the municipality. From the initial exploratory survey, 20 criteria potentially relevant to the adequacy of a rural road were related, and the results of the survey indicated a set of 7 priority criteria: integrity and conservation status under satisfactory conditions; track with surface coating that provides better conditions of support and trafficability, mainly asphalt paving; runway with low slope of cross section; full track without deformation; runway without loose / disaggregated materials; platform with adequate surface drainage and low intensity (volume) of traffic. It is concluded, therefore, that these are the attributes of rural roads of greater essentiality for the accomplishment of agribusiness cargo transport activities. / O agronegócio brasileiro é um setor da economia que historicamente tem demonstrado pujança e crescimento, com destaque para a agropecuária que vem apresentando volumes de produção e taxas de produtividade cada vez mais expressivos. Apesar disso, a excepcional competitividade da produção primária brasileira dilui-se gradualmente conforme seus produtos saem da propriedade rural com destino aos elos subsequentes das cadeias produtivas. São notáveis os obstáculos logísticos enfrentados pelo agronegócio nacional para transportar suas riquezas, sendo os problemas como o desbalanceamento da matriz de transporte de cargas, infraestrutura de transportes defasada, capacidade estática de armazenagem insuficiente e “gargalos” nos portos, os mais conhecidos. No entanto, pouco sabe-se a respeito de outro componente fundamental para a eficiência logística do agronegócio: as estradas rurais. A partir do momento que a produção agrícola e pecuária sai da propriedade rural, a malha viária rural constitui-se no primeiro elemento com potencial de impacto à competitividade do agronegócio, e poucas pesquisas foram empreendidas com essa temática. Assim, o presente estudo teve por objetivo investigar e descrever os critérios que tornam uma estrada rural adequada ao transporte de insumos e da produção agropecuária. A pesquisa foi geograficamente delimitada ao município de Marechal Cândido Rondon, localizado na mesorregião oeste do estado do Paraná, em razão deste município apresentar sua base econômica pautada no agronegócio. A metodologia utilizada foi o Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), pois a mesma consegue mensurar matematicamente atributos subjetivos e objetivos de maneira conjunta, por meio de comparações paritárias julgadas por indivíduos com conhecimento da temática investigada. Os procedimentos metodológicos foram pesquisa bibliográfica e levantamento de campo não sistematizado para análise exploratória inicial, além de survey para o aprofundamento da investigação. Foram realizadas 97 entrevistas com aplicação de formulário junto a motoristas que transportam cargas na malha viária rural do município. A partir do levantamento exploratório inicial, foram relacionados 20 critérios potencialmente relevantes à adequação de uma estrada rural, sendo que os resultados do survey apontaram um conjunto de 7 critérios prioritários: integridade e estado de conservação em condições satisfatórias; pista de rolamento com revestimento superficial que proporcione melhores condições de suporte e trafegabilidade, principalmente pavimentação asfáltica; pista de rolamento com pouca inclinação da seção transversal; pista de rolamento íntegra e sem deformações; pista de rolamento sem materiais soltos/desagregados; plataforma com drenagem superficial adequada e baixa intensidade (volume) de tráfego. Conclui-se portanto, que estes são os atributos das estradas rurais de maior essencialidade para a consecução das atividades de transporte de cargas do agronegócio.

This research is an evaluation of labour-based methods and techniques that are used in rural road construction and maintenance. The study places emphasis on the Zibambele rural road maintenance programme in Umbumbulu, which is based on a lengthmen (male or female) system. The research is an attempt to determine how strategies such as Zibambele can be used for the social and economic upliftment of impoverished rural areas as well as contribute to adequate road access for rural communities to address the legacy of apartheid, with special reference to the empowerment of women-headed households. Rural road networks in South Africa are underdeveloped and characterised by its poor state, lack of maintenance and lack of provision, thereby having little impact on the lives of the rural poor Black population. It is evident in the study that development and maintenance of physical infrastructure are keys to rapid economic growth and poverty reduction. The study examined the impacts of labour-based rural road maintenance on accessibility and poverty alleviation in the Umbumbulu community through the use of quantitative methods (specifically a questionnaire survey) and qualitative methods (specifically focus group discussions, ranking exercises, mental mapping and venn/ chapatti diagrams). The_findings of the study indicated that the Zibambele poverty alleviation and rural road maintenance programme impacted positively on the livelihoods of many women-headed households by providing an income, facilitating skills development, and improving their social environment. It was also determined that through the introduction of new programmes such as Zibambele, the transport infrastructure within a community and the quality of life immediately improves, thus alleviating many affects of poverty / Thesis (M.A.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2006.

This diploma thesis deals with historic development of field paths with the emphasis on South Bohemia region. The attention was put on development periods of land adjustment in connections with field paths. The main focus was put on the analysis of transformation of field paths during diverse historical periods. The changes in development of the field paths were appraised on particular areas of interest. Two locations of interest in South Bohemia region with diverse natural conditions were chosen for purpose of this thesis. Cadastral area Dynín in České Budějovice district and cadastral area Křenov near Kájov in Český Krumlov district. Individual historical periods with description of roads network were used to evaluate historical development. This network was subsequently compared and considered according to proposed criterions. A part of the thesis was evaluation and representation of changes in roads network in particular historical periods using historical maps by means of software program GIS.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-08-20Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:30:34Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 casarin_rd_me_botfca.pdf: 1894118 bytes, checksum: a79719f400dc5c1f108825800d1d028c (MD5) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / A erosão provocada pela água no leito e nas margens das estradas rurais de terra está intimamente relacionada à má drenagem, sendo um dos principais fatores para sua degradação. Para que o sistema de drenagem seja feito de forma adequada é necessário o conhecimento da erodibilidade, capacidade de infiltração de água no solo e adoção de práticas mecânicas de elevação do greide e interceptação de águas através de dispositivos de captação. O objetivo dessa pesquisa foi desenvolver um sistema de contenção de águas pluviais em trecho de estrada rural encaixada no terreno, em solo do tipo Argissolo Distrófico Abrúptico de textura arenosa, com base em técnicas de abatimento de taludes, elevação do greide da estrada com abaulamento transversal e desviador do fluxo das águas, seguido de segmentos de terraços embutidos associados a bacias de captação. A área de estudo é em contorno a um trecho da estrada Rural PLA 06 localizada na região Centro-Oeste do Estado de São Paulo com coordenadas geográficas no espigão: Latitude 22º 34’54”S e Longitude 49º 25’02”O e altitude 594 metros e, na parte baixa do trecho: Latitude 22º34‘53”S e longitude 49º24‘34”O e altitude 544 metros. 22º34‘53”S e longitude 49º24‘34”O e altitude 544 metros. As frações granulométricas... / The erosion caused by water in the roadbeds and at the margins of terrene roads in rural areas is closely related to poor drainage, one of the main factors to their degradation. For the drainage system is done in an appropriate manner, knowledge of the erosionability and of the ability of water infiltration into the soil is necessary as well as the adoption of practices of mechanical roadbed lifting and interception of water through reception devices. The goal of this research was to develop a system to contain rain water in a rural stretch of road seated on the ground in the soil type Abruptic Distrophic Argisol of sandy texture, based on techniques for abatement of embankments, raising the roadbeds across the road with bulging deflector and the flow of water, followed by segments of terraces built in association with the catchment basins. The study outline comprehends a stretch of the rural road PLA 06 located in the Central West of Sao Paulo State in the jetty with geographic coordinates: latitude 22 ° 34 '54” S and longitude 49 ° 25' 02”; the altitude is of 594 meters and, at the bottom of the extension: latitude 22 ° 34'53” S and longitude 49 ° 24'34”. The altitude in this stretch is 544 meters... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

As estradas rurais não pavimentadas são importantes geradoras de crescimento em países subdesenvolvidos, desempenhando papel essencial na produção e comercialização de produtos primários e no acesso a bens e serviços. Cerca de 78,6% do sistema de transporte brasileiro é composto por estradas não pavimentadas, sem contabilizar as estradas de uso privado de propriedades rurais. No âmbito florestal as estradas não pavimentadas tem sido o principal foco de estudos relacionados à erosão, pois são os agentes que mais contribuem para o escoamento superficial e geração de sedimentos. A aceleração dos processos erosivos proporcionada pelas estradas está vinculada às mudanças dos processos hidrológicos. A interceptação direta da chuva e do escoamento superficial e subsuperficial, a divergência e a concentração do fluxo d\'água nas estruturas das estradas são as principais mudanças ocorridas. Entre os danos ambientais causados pela introdução das estradas se destacam a redução da qualidade da água e o assoreamento dos cursos d\'água. Diante a necessidade de se entender as funções atribuídas às estradas nas relações entre o manejo florestal e a água, as estradas não pavimentadas da Estação Experimental de Ciências Florestais de Itatinga (EECFI) foram submetidas a duas análises. O trabalho foi dividido em duas partes, a primeira identificou os trechos de estradas suscetíveis à erosão (análise qualitativa) e a segunda parte estimou as taxas de produção de sedimentos e volume de enxurrada nas superfícies das estradas (análise quantitativa). Toda a malha viária da EECFI foi mapeada e digitalizada em plataformas de Sistema de Informações Geográficas (SIG). A partir do modelo digital do terreno e dos mapas de tipo e cobertura de solo foram calculados os quatro indicadores (hidrológicos e topográficos) utilizados na identificação dos trechos com maiores riscos de erosão. Por meio de métodos estatísticos multivariados, todos os indicadores de cada trecho de estrada, simultaneamente, foram divididos em grupos com características similares. A identificação dos grupos de trechos suscetíveis à erosão foi realizada pela interpretação da análise de variância (One Way ANOVA). Para a estimativa proposta na segunda parte do trabalho, foram instaladas 16 parcelas com diferentes declividades, com e sem realização de manutenção nas superfícies das estradas. As taxas de produção de sedimentos e de volume de enxurrada foram analisadas pela análise de covariância, sendo que os efeitos das variáveis e covariáveis foram analisados pelo modelo linear generalizado misto. Os resultados mostraram que tanto os indicadores quanto o método utilizado para a separação foram capazes de identificar dois grupos de trechos com características distintas quanto à suscetibilidade à erosão. Essas características foram proporcionadas pelo posicionamento das estradas em relação às curvas de nível do terreno. A declividade e a manutenção das superfícies das estradas aumentaram significativamente a produção de sedimentos, com maior destaque para as declividades. No que diz respeito ao aumento do volume de enxurrada, somente a realização da manutenção apresentou efeito significativo. A adequação das técnicas de manutenção, assim como a adoção de técnicas complementares em trechos de estradas considerados mais suscetíveis, reduzirão a perda de solo e água e os danos ambientais decorrentes. / Unpaved rural roads generate important growth in developing countries, they play an essential role in the production and marketing of primary products and access to goods and services. Approximately 78.6% of Brazil\'s transport system consists of unpaved roads, not counting the roads of private use of rural properties. In the forest sector the unpaved roads have been the main focus of studies related to erosion, as are the agents that contribute most to the runoff and sediment production. The erosion acceleration provided by roads are linked to changes in hydrological processes. The main changes are rainfall and surface and subsurface flow interception, and the divergence and the concentration of water flow on the roads\' structures. Among the environmental damage caused by the introduction of roads it\'s possible to emphasize the reduction of water quality and stream aggradation. In view of the need to understand the functions of roads in the relations between forest management and water, the unpaved roads of the Experimental Station of Forest Sciences Itatinga (EECFI) were subjected to two analyzes. The study was divided into two parts, the first identified road segments susceptible to erosion (qualitative analysis) and the second part estimated the sediments production rates and volume runoff on road surfaces (quantitative analysis). The entire road network of EECFI was mapped and digitalized using System Geographic Information (GIS) platforms. From the digital elevation model (DEM) and the soil type and land cover maps were calculated four indicators (hydrological and topographical) used in the identification of segments with greater erosion risks. Through multivariate statistical methods, all indicators of each road segment, simultaneously, were divided into groups with similar characteristics. The identification of segments groups susceptible to erosion was performed by the interpretation of the analysis of variance (one way ANOVA). For the estimative proposed in the second part, 16 plots were installed with different slopes, with and without carrying out maintenance on the surfaces of the roads. The sediment production rates and runoff volume were analyzed by analysis of covariance, and the effects of the variables and covariates were analyzed using generalized linear mixed model. The results showed that both the indicators and the method used for the separation were able to identify two segments groups with different characteristics for susceptibility to erosion. These characteristics were provided by the positioning of roads in relation to the terrain contour lines. The slope and the maintenance of road surfaces significantly increased the production of sediments, most notably the slopes. Regarding the increase of the runoff volume, only maintenance activities showed significant effect. The adjustment of maintenance techniques, as well as the adoption of complementary techniques in segments roads considered more susceptible, will reduce the soil and water losses and resulting environmental damages.

The problems associated with increased heavy grain truck traffic in rural regions were investigated. Both the short-run incremental costs of accelerated pavement replacement and the long-run incremental costs of upgrading low-volume highways were considered. A set of demand and traffic models was formulated which projects the annual flow of grain from each production zone in an impact region to each elevator, allocates the flows among truck-types, computes the annual trips, gross vehicle weights and axle weights, and assigns the truck trips to the highway network. A set of highway models was also formulated which computes the equivalent single axle loads for each highway section in an impact region and estimates the incremental costs associated with subterminal traffic. The impacts of a newly-formed subterminal-satellite elevator system in rural North Dakota were investigated. The results of the case study indicate that rural collector highways are likely to experience substantial localized impacts from subterminal development but the effects on principal arterials may be minimal. Altogether, $1.14 million in short-run costs and $8.41 million in long-run costs were projected for the impact region. However, the case study roads represent less than 2 percent of the rural arterial and collector highway mileage in the state. If the case-study network represents a microcosm of rural North Dakota, then the statewide short-run and long-run incremental costs may be in the vicinity of $57 million and $420 million respectively. However, regional variations within the state may result in either higher or lower costs for a given elevator system than those projected in the case study. / Ph. D.

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1985 M87 / Master of Science

Thesis (MDF)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / Rural development in most of the developing countries, Namibia included, entails making sure that every area is accessible in terms of road networks and telecommunications. Such infrastructure avoids the alienation of some areas or segregation and marginalisation of these same areas. Just as in many other African countries, a large portion of the Namibian population is located in the rural areas, yet development has not as of yet cascaded downstream to reach them. This research explores how rural road infrastructure development and facelift can transform the economic development of the rural folk. Most entrepreneurs in rural areas struggle to grow as they have challenges connecting to the markets, due to poor road infrastructure. The rural people in Tsandi and Opuwo constituencies in north-western Namibia desire to be easily connected to activity centres like schools, hospitals, etc. However, accessibility, especially during the rainy season, is a problem. The researcher used a quantitative data analysis method on data collected from rural residents and rural entrepreneurs via questionnaires, interviews and observation methods. These methods were combined in order to come up with a more reliable conclusion from the randomly selected sample, representing the population of the two constituencies in the north-western Namibia. Rural communities are prevented from accessing a number of resources because of poor road networks. For example, it is common that the rural residents get stale news with expiration dates ranging from one month up until three to four months. This report shall propagate various ways that can be employed to improve road infrastructure in the rural areas as well as unveil the benefits of such development to overall rural economic challenges. A large amount of literature was considered for review on this topic as well as field research in order to understand the findings on the topic and to come up with a sound conclusion containing worthwhile recommendations. It was observed that rural road infrastructure development plays a pivotal role in rural socio-economic development, which is usually measured by the Rural Access Index (RAI). As the road infrastructure improves, so too will the standard of living for rural people because they will have the convenience and ease of road travel to be able to access to hospitals, schools and other activity centres. In order to effectively unlock the full potential of rural road infrastructure and transport corridors, a new perspective for road infrastructure is required that takes into account lessons learnt and changes to the external environment.

Esta dissertaÃÃo de mestrado trata de uma proposta de composiÃÃo de custos unitÃrios para um sistema de alternativas relacionadas Ãs intervenÃÃes dos defeitos que possam atingir as vias nÃo pavimentadas. à realizada uma abordagem teÃrica destas, especialmente quanto aos tipos de defeitos possÃveis de afetar o desempenho das vias nÃo pavimentadas. Analisa-se a importÃncia da implantaÃÃo de um Sistema de GerÃncia de Pavimentos, especialmente quanto ao seu benefÃcio para o controle das condiÃÃes das vias em estudo. A descriÃÃo dos custos envolvidos nos serviÃos de intervenÃÃo de uma via nÃo pavimentada aborda um estudo financeiro que està envolvido neste processo, especificamente quanto aos custos diretos e indiretos referentes à composiÃÃo dos custos unitÃrios. Objetivando atingir a finalidade proposta neste trabalho, consideram-se os parÃmetros de serviÃos e preÃos de alguns ÃrgÃos que trabalham com atividades correlatas, em especial aqueles abordados pelo SICRO2. Foram analisadas propostas de intervenÃÃo e defeitos sugeridos em trabalhos anteriores, assim como realizadas outras sugestÃes para o saneamento dos defeitos passÃveis de acontecer em uma via nÃo pavimentada. Com as alternativas de soluÃÃo apresentadas nesta dissertaÃÃo, sugere-se uma proposta para a composiÃÃo de custos unitÃrios para aqueles serviÃos que podem ser realizados nos processos de intervenÃÃo de uma via nÃo pavimentada / This master paper is about a proposal of unit costs composition for a system of alternatives related to the interventions of the faults that might affect unpaved roads. It is carried out a theoretical approach on these roads, concerning specially to the kinds of possible faults that might affect unpaved roads performance. It is analyzed the importance of a Pavement Management System implementation, specially as for its benefit for controlling the roads conditions in study. The description of the costs which are involved in the intervention services of a unpaved road deals with a financial study that is involved in this process, specifically as for direct and indirect costs regarding the composition of unit ones. Planning to reach this paper objectives, it has been considered the parameters of services and prices from some organizations that have worked with related activities, specially those ones dealt by SICRO2. The intervention and faults proposals suggested by previous work were analysed as well as it was carried out other suggestions for solving these possible faults on unpaved roads. Through the alternatives of solutions which were presented in this paper, it is suggested a proposal for the composition of unit costs concerning those services that might be carried out within unpaved road intervention processes