Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:39:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 466511 bytes, checksum: f3030460e9ee9f5dba51df5d32e2b05b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-09-19 / Hahnemann in his book The Organon , on the basis of a long time experimentation, reported that in human organisms similar medicines are antagonist to each other and so they loose effectivity. This statement is supported by experimentation in human body but there is no experimental data in plants. The objective of this research was to test the opposing actions of some homeopathic medicines and to obtain conceptual bases of the antagonism in order to develop homeopathic technologies for plants. The trials were conducted in the greenhouse and the Homeopathy Laboratory of Plant Science Department at Federal University of Viçosa, from august to December of 2005. The experiments follow the split plot model being the treatment in the plots and in the subplot was the determination time (10 minutes) and with 4 replicates. It was evaluated the effect of homeopathic preparations on CO2 assimilations of Ruta graveolens L. plants. Test solutions were the dilution of 4 mL of each homeopathic preparation per 1 L of distilled water being poured 1 mL over the soil at 1 cm around the plant. Along the trial, from 7 to 11 a.m. and after pouring the test solution CO2, assimilation data were taken each minute for 10 consecutive minutes by an Infrared Gas Analyzer (IRGA). Data were submitted to analysis of variance, mean test and regression through SAEG Statistical Analysis System which detected treatment influence on CO2 assimilation. The homeopathic treatment Apis mellifica 6CH did counteract pathogenesy effects caused previously in the same plant by Cantharis 4CH meaning that antagonism action did happen. The energy differences resulted from dynamization process of Ruta graveolens 3CH to 12CH homeopathic preparations were detected by plants as shown by CO2 assimilation rate. / Hahnemann no seu livro O Organon , com base em extensa experimentação, relata que medicamentos semelhantes inseridos no organismo têm comportamento antagônico e perdem efetividade. Essa afirmativa tem base na experimentação em seres humanos, mas não tem base experimental em plantas. O trabalho teve como objetivo gerar dados sobre a atuação conflitante de alguns medicamentos homeopáticos e elaborar a base dos conceitos de antagonismo destinada a futuros procedimentos tecnológicos do uso de homeopatia em plantas. Os experimentos foram conduzidos na casa de vegetação e no Laboratório de Homeopatia do Departamento de Fitotecnia da Universidade Federal de Viçosa-MG, no período de agosto a dezembro de 2005. Utilizou-se o esquema de parcela subdividida, tendo nas parcelas os tratamentos e nas subparcelas os tempos de avaliação (10 minutos) com quatro repetições. Foi avaliada a ação dos preparados homeopáticos sobre a planta Ruta graveolens (L.) quantificada pela assimilação de CO2. Os preparados homeopáticos foram aplicados via água destilada na diluição de 4 mL por litro de água destilada e vertido 1 mL da solução a 1 cm do caule e sobre o solo. Durante o ensaio (7 às 11 horas) após verter as soluções foram coletados os dados de assimilação de CO2 em 10 tempos de minuto a minuto no decorrer de 10 minutos consecutivos por tratamento após cada aplicação. A taxa de assimilação de CO2 foi determinada pelo equipamento IRGA (Analisador de Gás no Infravermelho). Os dados foram interpretados por meio da análise de variância, teste de médias e regressão utilizando o programa SAEG (Sistema para Análises Estatísticas). Os preparados homeopáticos provocaram efeito na assimilação de CO2 da planta Ruta graveolens (L.). O preparado homeopático Apis mellifica 6CH anulou a patogenesia causada por Cantharis 4CH significando antagonismo aos efeitos de Cantharis. As diferenças de energia causadas pelo processo físico de dinamização dos preparados homeopáticos Ruta graveolens 3CH a 12CH foram detectadas pelas plantas Ruta graveolens (L.) e retratadas na taxa de assimilação de CO2.

Ingeniero Civil / En elecciones discretas, el conjunto de consideración contiene las alternativas entre las cuales un tomador de decisión realiza una elección. Uno de los supuestos fundamentales al modelar elecciones discretas es que el analista conoce dicho conjunto. Este supuesto es fácilmente cuestionable, sobre todo cuando el conjunto universal de alternativas es muy grande, como es en elección de rutas. Manski (1977) dio una solución a este problema desde el punto de vista teórico, proponiendo un enfoque donde se utiliza el conjunto de consideración como latente. Prato (2009) revisa una serie de métodos que han intentado resolver este problema de forma práctica. Entre estos enfoques, destacan aquellos en los que se eligen funciones de costo generalizado y se calculan las mejores \textit{K} rutas para generar el conjunto. Sin embargo, independiente del método utilizado, si se viola algún supuesto el modelo no será capaz de representar la realidad, entregando estimadores inconsistentes y errores en la predicción. Esta memoria realiza tres contribuciones orientadas a entender el proceso de generación del conjunto de consideración. La primera se basa en la utilización de una simulación de Monte Carlo para explorar la robustez de varios métodos prácticos utilizados para construir el conjunto de consideración. La segunda consiste en el análisis de tres métodos para recolectar datos sobre el conjunto de consideración: datos pasivos, encuesta online y encuesta sobre mapa. Finalmente, la tercera contribución desarrolla un experimento práctico de preferencias declaradas donde los participantes se ven enfrentados a una imitación del proceso de generación del conjunto de consideración. Esto permite estudiar características del conjunto y probar la robustez de algunos posibles métodos utilizados para construirlo. En el capítulo basado en simulación de Monte Carlo se muestra primero que los métodos tradicionales generan grandes sesgos en la estimación. Además, se prueba un nuevo método generador del conjunto que utiliza una serie de elecciones experimentadas, resultando en buenas estimaciones y mostrando cierto potencial práctico, dada la disponibilidad de datos de hoy en día mediante datos pasivos. En el capítulo referido a la recolección de datos, se muestra evidencia preliminar que sugiere que los datos pasivos, si bien son atractivos debido a que muestran las preferencias reveladas de las personas, tienen la limitación de requerir de mucho procesamiento para dar cuenta de errores de medición. Por otro lado, los datos obtenidos a partir de encuestas mostraron ser factibles para utilizarse en un contexto exploratorio. Estos datos permitieron describir el tamaño del conjunto de consideración, estudiar las heurísticas que la gente dice utilizar para generar el conjunto, modelar el proceso de consideración e identificar las variables que afectan dicho proceso. Finalmente, se utilizan estos datos para estudiar el sesgo que causan los distintos métodos para generar el conjunto de consideración, corroborando que los métodos deterministas generan sesgos muy grandes, estimando incluso parámetros con signo contrario a los verdaderos. / Este trabajo ha sido parcialmente financiado por el proyecto Fondecyt-Chile N° 1150590

DGICYT (proyectos PB88-0287 y PB91-0751); Asac Pharmaceutical International

Submitted by Reginaldo Soares de Freitas (reginaldo.freitas@ufv.br) on 2016-09-12T17:30:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 3868424 bytes, checksum: 30daced885012273e80d7d570fd52b59 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-12T17:30:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 3868424 bytes, checksum: 30daced885012273e80d7d570fd52b59 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-17 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / A crescente demanda por plantas medicinais, como Ruta graveolens L. (Rutaceae), para o isolamento e síntese de compostos de interesse farmacológico levou à superexploração de determinadas culturas, podendo levá-las à extinção e exigindo novas metodologias, como a cultura in vitro, para conservar seu germoplasma e induzir simultaneamente a produção de metabólitos secundários de interesse farmacológico e agroindustrial. No presente estudo avaliou-se o efeito na produção de biomassa e na síntese de metabólitos secundários, como alcaloides e cumarinas em tecidos in vitro de Ruta graveolens, de fitorreguladores como o 2,4-diclorofenoxiacético (2,4-D), ácido naftalenacético (ANA), meta-topolina (m-TP) e cinetina (Kin); e de condições fotoheterotróficas, fotoautotróficas e fotomixotróficas, com ventilação forçada e atmosfera enriquecida com CO2. Estabeleceu-se o efeito de diferentes níveis de trocas gasosas e da irradiância na germinação de sementes, no desenvolvimento, na morfologia e na biossíntese de metabólitos de plântulas de R. graveolens. Diferentes tipos de explantes de R. graveolens induziram alta quantidade de biomassa quando cultivados em meio MS suplementado com ANA, 2,4-D e m-TP. As condições fotoheterotróficas favoreceram a formação de brotos, enquanto que as fotomixotróficas estimularam seu alongamento e a diminuição da hiperidricidade. Tanto a variação dos níveis de trocas gasosas, como da irradiância acarretaram diferenças no desenvolvimento das plântulas, no conteúdo de pigmentos fotossintéticos e mudanças morfológicas nas plantas, principalmente na distribuição das células do mesofilo e na epiderme das folhas. Em todos os tecidos cultivados in vitro foram detectados alcaloides, cumarinas, compostos antracênicos, terpenóides, saponinas e flavonoides. Neste trabalho são reportados pela primeira vez para R. graveolens: o efeito da m-TP na indução de calos e brotos; o crescimento de brotos sob condições fotomixotróficas e fotoautotróficas com ventilação forçada e atmosfera enriquecida com CO2; a influencia dos níveis de trocas gasosas e de luminosidade na morfofisiología de plântulas in vitro de R. graveolens. Contribuindo ao conhecimento sobre o efeito destas variáveis na micropropagação e na produção in vitro de metabólitos secundários de interesse em esta planta medicinal. / The increasing demand for medicinal plants such as Ruta graveolens L. (Rutaceae), for the isolation and synthesis of compounds of pharmacological interest led to overexploitation of certain crops, which can lead them to extinction, requiring new methodologies, such as in vitro culture to conserve their germplasm and simultaneously induce the production of secondary metabolites of pharmacological and agribusiness interest. In the present study was evaluated the effect on biomass production and the synthesis of secondary metabolites, such as alkaloids and coumarins, in in vitro culture of Ruta graveolens, of growth regulators such as 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4- D), naphthalene acetic acid (ANA), meta-topolina (m-TP) and kinetin (Kin); and photoheterotrophic, photomixotrophic and photoautotrophic conditions with forced ventilation and CO2-enriched atmosphere. Established the effect of different levels of gas exchange and irradiance on seed germination, development, morphology and biosynthesis of metabolites of seedlings of R. graveolens. Different types of explants of R. graveolens induced high amounts of biomass when grown on MS medium supplemented with NAA, 2,4-D and m- TP. The photoheterotrophic conditions favored the formation of buds, while photomixotrophic stimulated elongation and decreased vitrification. Variations in the levels of gas exchange, as the irradiance led to differences in seedling development in photosynthetic pigments contents and morphological changes in plants, especially in the distribution of cells in the epidermis and mesophyll of leaves. In all R. graveolens tissues cultured, alkaloids, coumarins, antracenic compounds, terpenoids, saponins and flavonoids were detected. This paper first reported for R. graveolens: effect of m-TP on callus induction and shoots; growth of shoots under photomixotrophic and photoautotrophic conditions with forced ventilation and CO2-enriched atmosphere; influences the levels of gas exchange and light in morphophysiology seedling in vitro of R. graveolens. Contributing to knowledge about the effect of these variables in micropropagation and in vitro production of secondary metabolites of interest in this medicinal plant.

Magister Pharmaceuticae - MPharm / Evaluation of the antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities of Ruta graveolens L. in mice and rats FIRDOWS LOONAT M. Pharm. Pharmaceutical Sciences thesis: School of Pharmacy, University of the Western Cape Ruta graveolens (Rutaceae) L. is a medicinal plant that is commonly used to manage and treat essential events such as pain, inflammation and fever. Despite its popularity, particularly as a medicinal plant in the Calvinia district and Bredasdorp region of South Africa, scientific data to substantiate its widespread traditional use and the possible mechanisms of action for this plant species is lacking. Therefore, the objectives of this study were: to scientifically evaluate and validate the antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities of Ruta graveolens using the acetic-acid writhing test and hot-plate test, the carrageenan rat paw oedema test, and the E. coli-induced pyrexia test, respectively; to investigate the possible mechanisms of the antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities of the plant using interaction studies; to determine some secondary metabolites present in the plant species using standard phytochemical analytical procedures; to characterise the plant species using HPLC techniques; and to determine the safety profile of the plant species using an acute toxicity study.Three percent (3 %) acetic acid (0.25 ml, i.p.) produced a substantial number of writhes in mice. The leaf methanol extract of Ruta graveolens (100 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly reduced the number of writhes induced by 3 % acetic acid (0.25 ml, i.p.). R. graveolens (100 mg/kg,i.p.) produced 54 % inhibition of 3 % acetic acid-induced writhes. Indomethacin (20 mg/kg,i.p.) and paracetamol (500 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly reduced the number of 3 % acetic acidinduced writhes. Indomethacin (20 mg/kg, i.p.) and paracetamol (500 mg/kg, i.p.) produced 57 % and 80 % inhibition of 3 % acetic acid-induced writhes, respectively. R. graveolens (25– 50 mg/kg, i.p. and 200 – 400 mg/kg, i.p.) and indomethacin (10 mg/kg, i.p.) did not significantly reduce the number of writhes induced by 3 % acetic acid. However, combined therapy of the leaf methanol extract of R. graveolens (25 mg/kg, i.p.) and indomethacin (10 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly reduced the number of 3 % acetic acid-induced writhes. The combined therapy of the lowest and sub-effective doses of the leaf methanol extract of R. graveolens (25 mg/kg, i.p.) and indomethacin (10 mg/kg, i.p.) produced 59 % inhibition of the writhes elicited by 3 % acetic acid. The leaf methanol extract of R. graveolens (50 – 400 mg/kg, i.p.) greatly delayed the reaction time in mice to thermal stimulation produced with hot-plate. 50 – 400 mg/kg (i.p.) of the leaf methanol extract of R. graveolens significantly antagonised rat paw oedema induced by 1 % carrageenan (0.1 ml, subplantar) over the 4 h period of testing. In addition, indomethacin (10 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly antagonised 1 % carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema. R. graveolens (25 mg/kg, i.p.) and indomethacin (2mg/kg, i.p.) given separately did not significantly alter rat paw oedema induced by 1 % carrageenan. However, combined therapy of the leaf methanol extract of R. graveolens (25 mg/kg, i.p.) and indomethacin (2 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly reduced 1 % carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema. The leaf methanol extract of R. graveolens (400 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly reduced the mean rectal temperature of normothermic rats. Ruta graveolens (100 – 400 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly reduced pyrexia induced by E. coli (50 μg/kg, i.m.) over the 5 h period of testing. In addition, pentoxifylline (50 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly reduced E. coliinduced pyrexia. Ruta graveolens (25 – 50 mg/kg, i.p.), paracetamol (500 mg/kg, i.p.) and pentoxifylline (10 mg/kg, i.p.) did not significantly reduce pyrexia induced by E. coli.However, combined therapy of the leaf methanol extract of R. graveolens (25 mg/kg, i.p.)and pentoxifylline (10 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly reduced E. coli (50 μg/kg, i.m.)-induced pyrexia.The phytochemical studies of the powdered leaves of Ruta graveolens indicated the presence of alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, saponins, tannins and triterpene steroids. The HPLC fingerprint indicated characteristic peaks at the following retention times; 1.654 min,2.271 min, 2.403 min, 4.705 min and 7.691 min. The LD50 obtained for Ruta graveolens after oral administration was probably greater than 4000 mg/kg which shows that the plant extract is non-toxic to mice.In conclusion, the data obtained indicate that Ruta graveolens possesses antinociceptive, antiinflammatory and antipyretic activities. Since prostaglandins have been shown to mediate acetic acid-induced writhes, prostaglandins, histamine, serotonin, capsaicin and bradykinin implicated in carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) implicated in E.coli-induced pyrexia, it is possible that R. graveolens may be producing its antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities by affecting these chemical mediators. The data obtained also justify the use of the plant species by traditional medicine practitioners for the treatment of painful and inflammatory conditions, and pyrexia.

Para que se puedan construir rumbos de acción en ambientes reales, se debe considerar que las acciones pueden tener efectos distintos en el mundo (no determinismo) y ponderar el potencial de algún plan alternativo para alcanzar las metas del problema, considerando sus costes y recompensas (metas extendidas). Al respecto, la planificación basada en teoría de decisiones ha permitido solucionar problemas estocásticos, estableciendo rumbos de acción que involucran cantidades de información difíciles de procesar por el ser humano, evaluando sus fortalezas y debilidades con base en las teorías de probabilidad y de utilidad. Esta metodología ha incrementado últimamente su investigación debido al éxito de los procesos de decisión de Markov (MDPs) en problemas de investigación de operaciones, teoría de control, economía e inteligencia artificial, entre otros. Sin embargo, el problema de resolver los MDPs de considerables dimensiones con precisión y rapidez ha conducido a un reto computacional. Dado que el esfuerzo computacional es significativo, la investigación actual se centra en la búsqueda de técnicas superiores de aceleración. Por ejemplo, las propiedades de convergencia de sus métodos de solución actuales dependen, en gran medida, del orden de las operaciones de actualización. Por un lado, algoritmos tales como el de ordenamiento topológico han sido capaces de encontrar buenos ordenamientos, pero sus costes de inicio han sido usualmente altos. Por otro lado, los métodos de ruta más corta tales como el clásico algoritmo de Dijkstra, que está basado en colas de prioridad, han sido aplicados exitosamente a la solución de procesos de decisión de Markov de ruta determinística más corta. En esta tesis se propone un nuevo algoritmo de iteración de valor basado en el algoritmo de Dijkstra para resolver MDPs de ruta estocástica más corta. A diferencia de otros enfoques priorizados tales como el barrido priorizado mejorado, el enfoque aquí propuesto es capaz de tratar con múltiples estados meta y de inicio y, puesto que sucesivamente se actualiza cada estado utilizando la ecuación de Bellman, este enfoque garantiza la convergencia a la solución óptima. Además este algoritmo utiliza la función de valor actual como métrica de prioridad, puesto que el algoritmo de Dijkstra sugiere que un orden de actualización más adecuado está dado por el valor de la programación dinámica funcional. Los resultados experimentales obtenidos en una tarea de estrategias de navegación marítima en bote de vela muestran la factibilidad del enfoque propuesto. Se comprobó que el algoritmo propuesto reduce considerablemente el tiempo de solución requerido por el algoritmo de iteración de valor, desde un crecimiento de orden cuadrático -en función del número de estados- hasta uno de orden cercano a la linealidad. / García Hernández, MDG. (2013). Simplificación de los procesos de decisión de Markov mediante reglamentación de acciones y priorización de estados [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/18467 / Palancia

La actividad turística es reconocida como motor del desarrollo en un territorio y una de las actividades que mayor impacto ha tenido en los últimos tiempos, en especial la práctica de turismo alternativo, más precisamente el termalismo. Surge de esta manera, la posibilidad de revalorizar el turismo en los distintos espacios e incorporarlo entre sus actividades. En la región objeto de estudio existen recursos tanto actuales como potenciales que posibilitan plantear la realización de una ruta turística termal en sudoeste de la provincia de Buenos Aires. El objetivo general de la investigación consiste en analizar posibles estrategias de desarrollo territorial en el sudoeste bonaerense a partir del turismo termal como instrumento de valorización local y regional. La propuesta vincula tres localidades: Pedro Luro, Médanos y Bahía Blanca; las dos primeras ya poseen centros termales en funcionamiento, mientras que Bahía Blanca, cuenta con los recursos apropiados así como la posibilidad de implementar un proyecto de inversión para desarrollar un complejo termal. Metodológicamente se aborda una estrategia tanto cualitativa como cuantitativa y la investigación se estructuró en instancias diferentes. Primero, se realizó una revisión bibliográfica de los conceptos relevantes, a los fines de que la propuesta sea sustentable y sostenible en el tiempo, buscando potenciar las capacidades internas de la región y las comunidades locales. Se realizaron relevamientos y trabajos de campo en cada nodo que conformaría la ruta termal con el fin de conformar un inventario de los recursos turísticos actuales y potenciales; se analizaron los componentes de la oferta y demanda turística; se realizaron entrevistas en las localidades de Médanos y Pedro Luro a los responsables o propietarios de los respectivos centros termales que posee cada una, así como a las autoridades de la municipalidad de cada distrito. Con los datos obtenidos se elaboró un índice de potencialidad turística en el área de análisis siguiendo la metodología propuesta por la Secretaría de Turismo de México (2010), así como un diagnóstico integral del espacio de estudio a través de un análisis FODA el cual permitió considerar las fortalezas, oportunidades, debilidades y amenazas de la incorporación del producto al mercado. Seguidamente se detectaron estrategias necesarias que se deberán adoptar para acentuar o atenuar los puntos fuertes y débiles, respectivamente. Finalmente, se realizó la conformación y diagramación de la ruta turística termal del sudoeste bonaerense y se aplicó la metodología de evaluación propuesta por la Consultora Desarrollo Turístico Sostenible (DTS), LTDA (2007). Los resultados obtenidos permitieron comprobar las hipótesis planteadas y, por lo tanto, se constata que las localidades de Bahía Blanca, Médanos y Pedro Luro, poseen recursos turísticos asociados al termalismo, culturales, naturales, urbanos, que permitirían conformar una ruta turística temática termal y diversificada. Por consiguiente, es posible afirmar que la creación de una ruta termal posibilitará alcanzar un mayor desarrollo socioeconómico en las localidades objeto de análisis, a partir de la valoración integral del territorio y de su patrimonio. / The tourist activity is recognized as an engine of development in a territory and one of the activities that has had the greatest impact in recent times, especially the practice of alternative tourism, more precisely thermalism. In this way, the possibility arises of enhancing tourism in the different spaces and incorporating it among their activities. In the region under study there are both current and potential resources that make possible the realization of a thermal tourist route in southwest of the province of Buenos Aires. The general objective of the research is to analyze possible strategies of territorial development in the southwest of Buenos Aires starting from the thermal tourism as instrument of local and regional valorization. The proposal links three localities: Pedro Luro, Médanos and Bahía Blanca; the first two already have thermal centers in operation, while Bahía Blanca, has the appropriate resources as well as the possibility to implement an investment project to develop a thermal complex. Methodologically, a qualitative and quantitative strategy is addressed and the research was structured in different instances. First, a bibliographical review of the relevant concepts was carried out in order to make the proposal sustainable and sustainable over time, with the aim of enhancing the internal capacities of the region and local communities. Surveys and field work were carried out on each node that would form the thermal route in order to form an inventory of current and potential tourist resources; the components of tourism supply and demand were analyzed; interviews were carried out in the localities of Médanos and Pedro Luro with the responsible persons or owners of the respective thermal centers that each has, as well as with the authorities of the municipality of each district. With the data obtained, an index of potential tourism in the area of analysis was prepared following the methodology proposed by the Ministry of Tourism of Mexico (2010), as well as an integral diagnosis of the study space through an SWOT analysis which allowed to consider the strengths, opportunities, weaknesses and threats of product incorporation to the market. Subsequently, necessary strategies were identified to be adopted to accentuate or mitigate strengths and weaknesses, respectively. Finally, the formation and diagramming of the thermal tourist route of southwest Buenos Aires was carried out and the evaluation methodology proposed by the Sustainable Tourism Development Consultancy (DTS), LTDA (2007) was applied. The results obtained allowed us to verify the hypotheses raised and, therefore, it is found that the localities of Bahía Blanca, Médanos and Pedro Luro, possess tourist resources associated with thermal, cultural, natural, urban, that would allow to form a thermal and diversified thematic tourist route. Therefore, it is possible to affirm that the creation of a thermal route will allow to reach a greater development.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:40:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 812287 bytes, checksum: 02a407733b8a2eb36cdd62e92d1990ff (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-02-05 / The bioeletrography detects in the eletromagnetic field, diameter and color alterations related with physiological/energetic variations of living organism. With the aim of interpreting bioeletrography of plants treated with homeopatia, an experiment was conducted with subdivided plots in factorial arrangement 2x3: homeopatic medicines (Arnica and Camphora), dinamizations (5, 12 and 30 CH), in subparcels, time of bioeletrographies (5, 10 and 15 minutes after treatment), with 4 replications and one plant per plot. The diluted solution (20 drops of each treatment/100 m L of water) was sprayed in the aerial part. The leaves were photographed by the Kirlian machine (Newton Milhomens standard) with the digitalized photos. The color expansions were quantified by Corel Draw 11 (0 to 100 mm), Yellow (Y), Blue (B), White (W), Magenta (M) and Red (R). Significant differences were detected: colors Red and White (between treatment) color Yellow interation time x dinamization x medicaments and colors Yellow and Magenta interation treatments x time. The colors espansion was bigger in the homeopatizaded plants, Arnica caused greater expansion than Camphora with differences in colors Red and White. The dinamizations were significant in color Yellow, having 5 CH and 12 CH bigger expansion of Yellow color than the 30 CH. Arnica, in 15 minutes, revealed bigger expansion in 5 CH. Camphora caused bigger expansion with 5 CH compared to 30 CH in time 10 minutes (in time 15 min, 12 CH caused the biggest expansion values) the dinamization 30 CH didn t altered the expansion of the color in all times. Compared with the witness there was bigger expansion in Arnica 5 CH and 12 CH in color Yellow, 12 CH in color Red and 30 CH in color White. In color Yellow Arnica caused bigger expansion than Camphora except in dinamizations/times: 5 CH/10 minutes and 12 CH/15 min. The bioeletrography comproved variations in electromagnetic field of plants of Ruta graveolens treated with homeopatic, having the Yellow color bigger possibilities of be the most important indicator of the alterations. / A bioeletrografia detecta, no campo eletromagnético, alterações de diâmetro e cor, relacionadas com variações do estado fisiológico/energético de organismos vivos. Com o objetivo de interpretar padrões de bioeletrografías de plantas tratadas com homeopatia, foi realizado o experimento com parcelas subdivididas em arranjo fatorial 2 x 3: medicamentos (Homeopatias Arnica e Camphora), dinamizações (5, 12 e 30 CH), nas subparcelas tempos de obtenção das bioeletrografias (5, 10 e 15 minutos após tratamento), no delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições e uma planta por parcela. A solução diluída (20 gotas de cada tratamento/ 100 mL de água) foi pulverizada na parte aérea. Os folíolos foram fotografados com a máquina Kirlian (padrão Newton Milhomens). Com as fotos digitalizadas foram quantificadas, pelo Corel Draw11, as expansões das cores (0 a 100 mm): amarela (Am), azul (Az), branca (B), magenta (M) e vermelha (V). Diferenças significativas foram detectadas: cores V e B (entre tratamentos), cor Am (interação tempo x dinamização x medicamento) e cores Am e M (interação tratamentos x tempo). A expansão das cores foi maior nas plantas homeopatizadas. Arnica causou maior expansão que Camphora, com diferenças nas cores V e B. As dinamizações foram significativas na cor Am, tendo 5 CH e 12 CH maior expansão da cor Am que a 30 CH. Arnica, aos 15 minutos, revelou maior expansão em 5 CH. Camphora causou maior expansão com 5 CH, comparada a 30 CH no tempo 10 minutos (no tempo 15 minutos, 12 CH causou os maiores valores de expansão). A dinamização 30 CH não alterou a expansão da cor em todos os tempos. Comparada com a testemunha, houve maior expansão em Arnica: 12 CH, nos tempos 5 e 10 minutos, na cor Am; 12 CH, na cor V; e 30 CH, na cor B. Na cor Am, Arnica causou expansão maior que Camphora. A bioeletrografia comprovou variações no campo eletromagnético de plantas de Ruta graveolens tratadas com homeopatia, tendo a cor amarela maiores possibilidades de ser a indicadora mais importante das alterações.

Les furocoumarines constituent l'une des classes de métabolites secondaires dérivant de la voie de biosynthèse des phénylpropanoïdes. Elles ont été décrites comme étant des phytoaléxines mais sont également très largement utilisées par l'Homme pour leurs propriétés thérapeutiques. Un certain nombre d'études biochimiques ont été réalisées afin d'en comprendre la biosynthèse mais peu de choses sont connues concernant leur déterminisme moléculaire. Dans cette étude, nous nous sommes concentrés sur la caractérisation fonctionnelle de gènes appartenant aux prényltransférases aromatiques potentiellement impliquées dans cette voie de biosynthèse. Les prényltransférases catalysent la première étape de la voie de biosynthèse des furocoumarines linéaires ou angulaires. Elles permettent l'addition d'un groupement dimethylally pyrophosphate (DMAPP) sur l'umbelliférone. En utilisant SfN8DT-1, une prényltransférase aromatique récemment caractérisée, comme sonde, nous avons identifié 7 gènes candidats chez deux familles de plantes (Rutaceae et Apiaceae). Dans la mesure où il a été décrit que ces enzymes étaient des protéines membranaires, nous avons adapté un système d'expression hétérologue basé sur l'utilisation de N. benthamiana. Ce système a été validé par l'expression de deux protéines membranaires : un cytochrome P450 CYP98A22 et une prényltransférase déjà caractérisée SfN8DT-1. Nous avons ensuite utilisé ce système d'expression pour réaliser l'étude des 7 gènes nouvellement isolés. Ces travaux nous ont permis de caractériser la première umbelliferone prenyltransferase de Petroselinum crispum capable de catalyser in vitro et in vivo la prénylation du carbone 6 ou 8 de l'umbelliférone en présence de DMAPP permettant ainsi la synthèse respectivement de demethylsuberosin et d'osthenol. Par ailleurs, une étude réalisée in planta chez le persil a permis de mettre en évidence une relation positive entre le niveau d'expression du gène et la teneur en umbelliférone prénylée. L'étude de la surexpression du gène chez Ruta graveolens a permis de mettre en évidence un lien entre l'expression du gène et la disparition de l'umbelliférone. Enfin nous avons identifié la même activité pour une prényltransférase de Pastinaca sativa, ce qui nous amène à émettre l'hypothèse que l'étape de prénylation n'est pas une étape limitante dans la biosynthèse des furocoumarines angulaires, étant donné que le persil ne produit que des furocoumarines linéaires, tandis que le panais produit des furocoumarines linéaires et angulaires. L'utilisation de ces mêmes systèmes d'expression hétérologue de N. benthamiana et R. graveolens nous a également permis d'identifier une seconde prényltransférase aromatique capable de catalyser l'addition de géranylpyrophosphate (GPP) sur l'umbelliférone et sur l'esculétine / Furanocoumarins constitute one of the classes of secondary metabolites deriving from the phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathway. These molecules are described as phytoalexins in plants but are also used by humans for their pharmaceutical properties. A large number of biochemical studies were carried out to understand their biosynthetic pathway but little information was available concerning the genes involved in the pathway. In this study, we focused on the characterization of genes encoding for aromatic prenyltransferases which were described to be involved in this pathway. Prenlyltransferases catalyze the entry step to the linear or angular furanocoumarin pathway. Hence they catalyze the addition of a dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP) prenyl moiety to umbelliferone. Using a recently characterized aromatic prenyltransferase (SfN8DT-1) as a probe, we isolated 7 different candidate genes from two plant families (Rutaceae and Apiaceae). As these enzymes were described as membrane bound proteins, we adapted a heterologous expression system made up of Nicotiana benthamian aand we validated its efficiency by using two membrane-associated enzymes: a cytochrome P450 (CYP98A22) and the already described prenyltransferase SfN8DT-1. Subsequently, this system was used to perform the functional characterization of the 7 newly identified proteins. This way we succeeded to characterize the first umbelliferone prenyltransferase of Petroselinum crispum that was able to catalyze both the 6-C and 8-C prenylation of umbelliferone with DMAPP producing demethylsuberosin and osthenol respectively. We made evidence that these reactions occurred both in vitro and in vivo. In addition, in planta studies performed in P.crispum showed a positive relationship between the gene expression level and the content of prenylated umbelliferone. The overexpression of this gene was investigated in Ruta graveolens and we could provide evidences of a link between the enzymatic activity and the disappearance of umbelliferone. We also reported a similar activity for a prenyltransferase isolated from Pastinaca sativa, which makes us assume that the prenylation step is not a rate limiting step in the biosynthetic pathway of angular furanocoumarins since parsley is producing only linear furanocoumarins whereas parsnip is producing both linear and angular furanocoumarins. In addition, using the same N. benthamiana and R. graveolens heterologous expression systems, we identified a second aromatic prenyltransferase able to catalyze the addition of geranyl pyrophosphate (GPP) both to umbelliferone and esculetin

Heritage tourism is one of the fastest growing sub-categories of the tourism industry, which is arguably the largest industry in the world. When communities and regions compete for a greater share of the heritage tourism market, the authenticity and integrity of a heritage can be compromised by the way it is represented. One way to represent heritage is a “cultural route,” which has recently been added to definition of “cultural heritage” in the UNESCO World Heritage Convention. The interpretation of a “cultural route,” however, continues to evolve, especially in Latin America. In anticipation of the bicentennial celebration of independence from Spain, two cultural routes were separately inaugurated in 2009: the Ruta del Libertador in Ecuador and Venezuela, and the Ruta Libertadora in Colombia. After providing an overview of the historical, political and cultural contexts that surround these routes, this paper draws upon a website content analysis to explores how national identity, cultural heritage and the legacy of Simón Bolívar are represented by the governments of Colombia, Ecuador and Venezuela. These observations and analyses show that while both routes represent a shared heritage, the differences in their representations straddle the definitions of “authenticity” and “cultural heritage,” as the Ruta Libertadora in Colombia is a “cultural route” and the Ruta del Libertador in Ecuador and Venezuela is a “cultural tourism route.” However, when considered together, the Ruta del Libertador and Ruta Libertadora are a cultural route that more accurately represents a crucial moment in Latin American history: the liberation of South America from Spain, led by Simón Bolívar, “El Libertador.” / text