Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Type 2 diabetes, a chronic condition affecting millions, continues to rise in epidemic proportions. Type 2 diabetes, managed through lifestyle changes, affects the entire family. Family caregivers provide vital support to these individuals; however, little research has been conducted surrounding the perceived difficulty or ease of caregiver activity and supportive behaviors. The purpose of this dissertation was to develop and psychometrically test a scale that measures this difficulty or ease of activities and behaviors. This was accomplished through the compilation of three distinct manuscripts. First, an integrative review was conducted to identify what is known regarding needs and concerns of family caregivers of persons with type 2 diabetes; findings revealed a need for more research. Then, based on these recommendations, a qualitative study was conducted that explored the needs and concerns identified by 33 American Indian, African American, and White family caregivers. All these caregivers had similar concerns related to needing general diabetes information, providing support to the family member, and taking care of their own health. Study themes were used to develop items for a new instrument, the Diabetes Caregiver Activity and Support Scale (D-CASS) that was psychometrically tested with 101 American Indian, African American, and White family caregivers of persons with type 2 diabetes. This study used a cross-sectional, descriptive-correlational design and provided evidence of internal consistency reliability (α = .82) and two-week test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient = .70) for the D-CASS. Criterion-related validity was established using a single-item criterion measuring overall how easy or difficult it was for caregivers to provide care for their loved ones (r = .65, p < .01). Unidimensionality was supported by factor analysis, with loadings ranging from .45 to .70, with 32% of the variance explained by the first factor (eigenvalue = 4.02). Model testing through a series of three hierarchical multiple regressions guided by a conceptual model provided further evidence of construct validity for the D-CASS. This dissertation provided better understanding of needs and concerns of family caregivers of persons with type 2 diabetes and led to the development of a psychometrically sound diabetes-specific instrument for future research.

Nous étudions plusieurs aspects d'équations aux dérivées partielles multi-échelles. Pour trois exemples, la présence de multiples échelles, spatiales ou temporelles, motive un travail de modélisation mathématique ou constitue un enjeu de discrétisation. La première partie est consacrée à la construction et l'étude d'un système multicouche de type Saint-Venant pour décrire un fluide à surface libre (océan). Son obtention s'appuie sur l'analyse des échelles spatiales, précisément l'hypothèse « eau peu profonde ». Nous justifions nos équations à partir du modèle primitif et montrons un résultat d'existence locale de solution. Puis nous proposons un schéma volumes finis et des simulations numériques. Nous étudions ensuite un problème hyperbolique de relaxation, inspiré de la théorie cinétique des gaz. Nous construisons un schéma numérique via une stratégie préservant l'asymptotique : nous montrons sa convergence pour toute valeur du paramètre de relaxation, ainsi que sa consistance avec le problème à l'équilibre local. Des estimations d'erreurs sont établies et des simulations numériques sont présentées. Enfin, nous étudions un problème d'écoulement sanguin dans une artère avec stent, modélisé par un système de Stokes dans un domaine contenant une petite rugosité périodique (géométrie double échelle). Pour éviter une discrétisation coûteuse du domaine rugueux (l'artère stentée), nous formulons un ansatz de développement de la solution type Chapman-Enskog, et obtenons une loi de paroi implicite sur le bord du domaine lisse (artère seule). Nous montrons des estimations d'erreurs et des simulations numériques / This work is concerned with different aspects of multiscale partial differential equations. For three problems, we address questions of modelling and discretization thanks to the observation of the multiplicity of scales, time or space. We propose in the first part a model of approximation of a fluid with a free surface (ocean). The derivation of our multilayer shallow water type model is based on the analysis of the different space scales generally observed in geophysical flows, precisely the 'shallow water' assumption. We obtain an existence and uniqueness result of local in time solution and propose a finite volume scheme and numerical simulations. Next we study a hyperbolic relaxation problem, motivated by the kinetic theory of gaz. Adopting an Asymptotic Preserving strategy of discretization, we build and analyze a numerical scheme. The convergence is proved for any value of the relaxation parameter, as well as the consistency with the equilibrium problem, thanks to error estimates. We present some numerical simulations. The last part deals with a blood flow model in a stented artery. We consider a Stokes problem in a multiscale space domain, that is a macroscopic box (the artery) containing a microscopic roughness (the stent). To avoid expensive simulations when discretizing the whole rough domain, we perform a Chapman-Enskog type expansion of the solution and derive an implicit wall law on the boundary of the smooth domain. Error estimates are shown and numerical simulations are presented

This thesis aims to provide new insights into the importance of decomposing aggregate time series data using the Maximum Overlap Discrete Wavelet Transform. In particular, the analysis throughout this thesis involves decomposing aggregate financial time series data at hand into approximation (low-frequency) and detail (high-frequency) components. Following this, information and hidden relations can be extracted for different investment horizons, as matched with the detail components. The first study examines the ability of different GARCH models to forecast stock return volatility in eight international stock markets. The results demonstrate that de-noising the returns improves the accuracy of volatility forecasts regardless of the statistical test employed. After de-noising, the asymmetric GARCH approach tends to be preferred, although that result is not universal. Furthermore, wavelet de-noising is found to be more important at the key 99% Value-at-Risk level compared to the 95% level. The second study examines the impact of fourteen macroeconomic news announcements on the stock and bond return dynamic correlation in the U.S. from the day of the announcement up to sixteen days afterwards. Results conducted over the full sample offer very little evidence that macroeconomic news announcements affect the stock-bond return dynamic correlation. However, after controlling for the financial crisis of 2007-2008 several announcements become significant both on the announcement day and afterwards. Furthermore, the study observes that news released early in the day, i.e. before 12 pm, and in the first half of the month, exhibit a slower effect on the dynamic correlation than those released later in the month or later in the day. While several announcements exhibit significance in the 2008 crisis period, only CPI and Housing Starts show significant and consistent effects on the correlation outside the 2001, 2008 and 2011 crises periods. The final study investigates whether recent returns and the time-scaled return can predict the subsequent trading in ten stock markets. The study finds little evidence that recent returns do predict the subsequent trading, though this predictability is observed more over the long-run horizon. The study also finds a statistical relation between trading and return over the long-time investment horizons of [8-16] and [16-32] day periods. Yet, this relation is mostly a negative one, only being positive for developing countries. It also tends to be economically stronger during bull-periods.

Le travail présenté dans ce document vise à mettre en évidence et à comprendre l'effet de la taille nanométrique des renforts sur les propriétés des nanocomposites avec une approche expérimentale. Des nanocomposites de PMMA et particules de silice (15nm, 25nm, 60nm, 150nm et 500nm) de fractions volumiques 2 0/0, 40/0 et 6 0/0 ont été fabriqués. Des analyses multi-échelles (MET et DRX-WAXS) ont montré que les paramètres caractéristiques de la microstructure des nanocomposites varient avec la taille des nanoparticules. En effet, la diminution de la taille des nanoparticules à fraction volumique constante a entrainé une diminution de la distance intermoléculaire. Cette diminution a induit une densification de la matrice et une réduction de la mobilité des chaînes de la matrice. Des essais mécaniques (traction, DMA) ont montré que les modules de Young (E) et de conservation (E') des nanocomposites augmentent avec la diminution de la taille des nanoparticules à fraction volumique constante. Et que l'augmentation de E' est conservée avec l'augmentation de la température. Une augmentation des températures de transition vitreuse (Tg) et de dégradation (Td) a également été observée avec les essais DSC, DMA et ATG. Le modèle de la borne inférieure d'Hashin-Shtrikman étendue aux nanocomposites à renforts sphériques proposé par Brisard a été utilisé. La modélisation des modules élastiques des nanocomposites a montré que pour reproduire les données expérimentales, il faut que d'une part que les modules surfaciques caractérisant l'interface soient dépendants de la taille des nanoparticules. Et d'autre part, tenir compte de l'état de dispersion des nanoparticules. / The work presented in this paper aims to highlight and to understand the size effect of nano-reinforcements on nanocomposite properties With an experimental approach. Nanocomposites of PMMA and silica particles With different sizes (15nm, 25nm, 60nm, 150nm and 500nm) and volume fractions (20/0, 4 0/0 and 60/0) were manufactured. Multiscale analysis (MET and DRX-WAXS) have shown that the characteristic parameters of the microstructure of nanocomposites vary With the size of the nanoparticles. Indeed, the decrease in the size of nanoparticles at a given volume fraction implies a decrease of the intermolecular distance. This decrease has induced a densification of the matrix and a decrease of the matrix chain mobility. Mechanical tests (tensile, DMA) have shown that the young (E) and the conservation (E') moduli of the nanocomposites increase With the decrease in the size of the nanoparticles With a constant volume fraction. And the increase of E l is kept when temperature growing. An increase in glass transition (Tg) and degradation temperature (Td) was also observed With the DSC, DMA and ATG tests. Experimental elastic properties of the nanocomposites were used to assess the relevance of size effect micromechanical models, particularly the Hashin-Shtrikman bounds With interface effects proposed by Brisard. The modeling has shown that to reproduce the experimental elastic moduli of nanocomposites, the elastic coefficients of the interface must be dependents on particle sizes. And the state of dispersion of particles must be taken into account.

Agricultural production is the major source of household food security and income for smallholder maize farmers in the rural households in the Kingdom of eSwatini. The sector also contributes approximately 6.5% to the national gross domestic product and 50% of raw material for industries and other sectors. However, the sector is faced with several challenges which hinder its development. The challenges are brought about by climate change. Farmers implement various strategies to adapt to the negative effects of climate change. Farmers awareness and perceptions of impacts of climate change influence the strategies and hence, farmers’ level of adaptation. This study was undertaken to assess smallholder maize farmers’ awareness and perceptions of the impacts of climate change in three maize producing regions of eSwatini. Descriptive statistics and a regression model were used for data analysis. The results from a descriptive analysis indicated that 71.3% of farmers were aware of climate change, while 28.7% were not aware. A regression test revealed that climate-related information was highly significant in determining farmers’ awareness of the impacts of climate change. A Likert scale analysis showed that rural-urban migration, floods incidents and soil erosion were the most important variables that influenced small-scale maize farmers’ perceptions of climate change. The study revealed that there should be more focus on improving extension services to promote access to financial services. / Agriculture and  Animal Health / M.Sc. (Agriculture)

Orientador: Gabriela Rezende Fernandes / Resumo: Neste trabalho é apresentada uma formulação do MEC (Método dos Elementos de Contorno) considerando-se não-linearidade física para analisar microestruturas de materiais heterogêneos no contexto da análise em multi-escala. A microestrutura, também denominada como EVR (Elemento de Volume Representativo), é modelada como uma chapa em sub-regiões onde vazios ou inclusões podem ser considerados dentro da matriz, sendo diferentes propriedades elásticas e modelos constitutivos definidos para cada sub-região. A equação integral para o deslocamento é obtida a partir do Teorema de Betti, onde para considerar o fenômeno dissipativo, um campo de esforços iniciais é considerado. A equação algébrica da chapa é obtida após a discretização do contorno externo e interface em elementos e do domínio das subregiões em células. Na análise multi-escala cada ponto da estrutura (macrocontínuo) é representado por um EVR, onde o comportamento do material não é definido por um modelo constitutivo, mas através da solução do problema de equilíbrio do EVR quando sujeito à deformação referente ao ponto do macrocontínuo. O problema de equilíbrio do EVR é definido em termos da flutuação dos deslocamentos, sendo o mesmo satisfeito quando seu campo de forças se encontra em equilíbrio. Após a solução do EVR, os deslocamentos no contorno e as forças dissipativas são atualizados e as forças de superfície sobre o contorno recalculadas para se obter a tensão homogeneizada. O custo computacional obtido com a presente... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Mestre

Au cours des dernières décennies, les avancées en termes de technologies robotiques sous-marines ont permis de réaliser des levés sur les fonds marins à l'aide de véhicules sous-marins autonomes (AUV). Ainsi, équiper un AUV avec un sonar latéral permet de scanner une vaste zone de manière rapide. Naturellement, les forces armées se sont intéressées à de tels dispositifs pour effectuer des missions de chasses aux mines rapides et sécurisées pour le facteur humain. Néanmoins, analyser des images sonar par un ordinateur plutôt que par un opérateur reste très complexe. En effet, les chaînes de reconnaissance automatique de cibles (ATR) doivent faire face à la variabilité de l'environnement marin et il a été démontré qu'une forte relation existe entre la texture d'une image et la difficulté d'y détecter des mines. Effectivement, sur des fonds fortement texturés, voire encombrés, les performances d'une chaîne ATR peuvent être très dégradées. Ainsi, intégrer des informations environnementales dans le processus apparaît comme une piste crédible pour améliorer ses performances. Ces travaux de thèse proposent d'étudier la manière de décrire cet environnement marin et comment l'intégrer dans un processus ATR. Pour répondre à ces défis, nous proposons tout d'abord une nouvelle représentation des images sonar basée sur l'utilisation du signal monogène. Ce dernier permet d'extraire des informations énergétiques, géométriques et structurelles sur la texture locale d'une image. La nature multi-échelle de cet outil permet de tenir compte de la variabilité en taille des structures sous-marines. Ensuite, le concept de dimension intrinsèque est introduit pour décrire une image sonar en termes d'homogénéité, d'anisotropie et de complexité. Ces trois descripteurs sont directement reliés à la difficulté de détection des mines sous-marines dans un fond texturé et permettent de réaliser une classification très précise des images sonar en fonds homogènes, anisotropes et complexes. De notre point de vue, la chasse aux mines sous-marines ne peut pas être réalisée de la même manière sur ces trois types de fond. En effet, leurs natures et caractéristiques propres mènent à des challenges variés pour le processus ATR. Pour le démontrer, nous proposons de réaliser un premier algorithme de détection spécifique, appliqué aux zones anisotropes, qui prend en considération les caractéristiques environnementales de ces régions. / In the last decades, advances in marine robot technology allowed to perform accurate seafloor surveys by means of autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs). Thanks to a sidescan sonar carried by an AUV, a wide area can be scanned quickly. Navies are really interested in using such vehicles for underwater mine countermeasures (MCM) purposes, in order to perform mine hunting missions rapidly and safely for human operators. Nevertheless, on-board intelligence, which intends to replace human operator for sonar image analysis, remains challenging. Current automatic target recognition (ATR) processes have to cope with the variability of the seafloor. Indeed, there is a strong relationship between the seafloor appearance on sidescan sonar images and the underwater target detection rates. Thus, embed some environmental information in the ATR process seems to be a way for achieving more effective automatic target recognition. In this thesis, we address the problem of improving the ATR process by taking into account the local environment. To this end, a new representation of sonar images is considered by use of the theory of monogenic signal. It provides a pixelwise energetic, geometric and structural information into a multi-scale framework. Then a seafloor characterization is carried out by estimating the intrinsic dimensionality of the underwater structures so as to describe sonar images in terms of homogeneity, anisotropy and complexity. These three features are directly linked to the difficulty of detecting underwater mines and enable an accurate classification of sonar images into benign, rippled or complex areas. From our point of view, underwater mine hunting cannot be performed in the same way on these three seafloor types with various challenges from an ATR point of view. To proceed with this idea, we propose to design a first specific detection algorithm for sand rippled areas. This algorithm takes into consideration an environmental description of ripples which allow to outperform classic approaches in this type of seafloor.

Submitted by LUIS HENRIQUE DE REZENDE CROZARIOL null (luiscrozariol@gmail.com) on 2017-09-26T22:06:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Luis 26-09.pdf: 3642072 bytes, checksum: 6bd5d174cfe596f9dc2def41f1270185 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Monique Sasaki (sayumi_sasaki@hotmail.com) on 2017-09-28T13:33:18Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 crozariol_lhr_me_ilha.pdf: 3642072 bytes, checksum: 6bd5d174cfe596f9dc2def41f1270185 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-28T13:33:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 crozariol_lhr_me_ilha.pdf: 3642072 bytes, checksum: 6bd5d174cfe596f9dc2def41f1270185 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-07-31 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Neste trabalho é apresentada uma formulação do MEC (Método dos Elementos de Contorno) considerando-se não-linearidade física para analisar microestruturas de materiais heterogêneos no contexto da análise em multi-escala. A microestrutura, também denominada como EVR (Elemento de Volume Representativo), é modelada como uma chapa em sub-regiões onde vazios ou inclusões podem ser considerados dentro da matriz, sendo diferentes propriedades elásticas e modelos constitutivos definidos para cada sub-região. A equação integral para o deslocamento é obtida a partir do Teorema de Betti, onde para considerar o fenômeno dissipativo, um campo de esforços iniciais é considerado. A equação algébrica da chapa é obtida após a discretização do contorno externo e interface em elementos e do domínio das subregiões em células. Na análise multi-escala cada ponto da estrutura (macrocontínuo) é representado por um EVR, onde o comportamento do material não é definido por um modelo constitutivo, mas através da solução do problema de equilíbrio do EVR quando sujeito à deformação referente ao ponto do macrocontínuo. O problema de equilíbrio do EVR é definido em termos da flutuação dos deslocamentos, sendo o mesmo satisfeito quando seu campo de forças se encontra em equilíbrio. Após a solução do EVR, os deslocamentos no contorno e as forças dissipativas são atualizados e as forças de superfície sobre o contorno recalculadas para se obter a tensão homogeneizada. O custo computacional obtido com a presente formulação é menor que aquele referente ao modelo desenvolvido pelo Método dos Elementos Finitos, sendo a resposta homogeneizada do EVR comparada ao modelo de elementos finitos a fim de validar a formulação apresentada nesse trabalho. / A BEM formulation, considering dissipative phenomena, to analyze microstructures of heterogeneous materials in the context of multi-scale analysis is presented. The microstructure, also denoted as RVE (Representative Volume Element), is modelled as a zoned plate where voids or inclusions can be considered inside a matrix, being different elastic properties and constitutive models defined for each sub-region. The integral representation for displacement is obtained from Betti’s Theorem, where to consider the dissipative phenomena, an initial forces field is considered. The plate algebraic equation is obtained after discretizing the external boundary and interfaces into elements and the sub-regions domain into cells. In the multi-scale analysis, each macro-continuum point is represented by a RVE, being the material behaviour not governed by a phenomenological constitutive model, but defined after the solution of the RVE equilibrium problem due to the macro strain. The RVE equilibrium problem is defined in terms of displacement fluctuations, being satisfied when the forces field is in equilibrium. After the RVE solution, the boundary displacements and dissipative forces are updated and the boundary tractions recalculated to obtain the homogenized stress. The computational cost obtained with the proposed formulation is smaller than the formulation developed by the Finite Element Method. Besides, the homogenized response is compared to the finite element model to show its accuracy.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-13T17:08:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AnaPJ_ate_cap4.pdf: 5254385 bytes, checksum: 3ac040e5f9ad13d1d9fc82f32f2f0abf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-08-25 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The tectonics activity on the southern border of Parna?ba Basin resulted in a wide range of brittle structures that affect siliciclastic sedimentary rocks. This tectonic activity and related faults, joints, and folds are poorly known. The main aims of this study were (1) to identify lineaments using several remotesensing systems, (2) to check how the interpretation based on these systems at several scales influence the identification of lineaments, and (3) to contribute to the knowledge of brittle tectonics in the southern border of the Parna?ba Basin. The integration of orbital and aerial systems allowed a multi-scale identification, classification, and quantification of lineaments. Maps of lineaments were elaborated in the following scales: 1:200,000 (SRTM Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission), 1:50,000 (Landsat 7 ETM+ satellite), 1:10,000 (aerial photographs) and 1:5,000 (Quickbird satellite). The classification of the features with structural significance allowed the determination of four structural sets: NW, NS, NE, and EW. They were usually identified in all remote-sensing systems. The NE-trending set was not easily identified in aerial photographs but was better visualized on images of medium-resolution systems (SRTM and Landsat 7 ETM+). The same behavior characterizes the NW-trending. The NS-and EW-trending sets were better identified on images from high-resolution systems (aerial photographs and Quickbird). The structural meaning of the lineaments was established after field work. The NEtrending set is associated with normal and strike-slip faults, including deformation bands. These are the oldest structures identified in the region and are related to the reactivation of Precambrian basement structures from the Transbrazilian Lineament. The NW-trending set represents strike-slip and subordinated normal faults. The high dispersion of this set suggests a more recent origin than the previous structures. The NW-trending set may be related to the Picos-Santa In?s Lineament. The NS-and EW-trending sets correspond to large joints (100 m 5 km long). The truncation relationships between these joint sets indicate that the EW-is older than the NS-trending set. The methodology developed by the present work is an excellent tool for the understanding of the regional and local tectonic structures in the Parna?ba basin. It helps the choice of the best remote-sensing system to identify brittle features in a poorly known sedimentary basin / A atividade tect?nica atuante na borda sudeste da Bacia do Parna?ba resultou em ampla gama de estruturas r?pteis que afetaram rochas sedimentares silicicl?sticas. Esta atividade tect?nica e as falhas, juntas e dobras s?o pouco conhecidas. Os principais objetivos deste estudo foram (1) identificar lineamentos atrav?s de sistemas de sensores remotos, (2) checar como a interpreta??o com base nestes sistemas em diversas escalas influencia a identifica??o de lineamentos, e (3) contribuir para o conhecimento da tect?nica r?ptil na borda sudeste da Bacia do Parna?ba. A integra??o de sistemas orbitais e a?reos permitiu a identifica??o, classifica??o e quantifica??o multi-escala de lineamentos. Mapas de lineamentos foram elaborados nas seguintes escalas: 1:200.000 (radar da SRTM Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission), 1:50.000 (sat?lite Landsat 7 ETM+), 1:10.000 (fotografias a?reas) e 1:5.000 (sat?lite Quickbird). A classifica??o das fei??es com significado estrutural possibilitou a determina??o de quatro conjuntos estruturais: NW, NS, NE, e EW. Eles geralmente foram identificados em todos os sistemas de sensores remotos. O conjunto NE n?o foi facilmente identificado nas fotografias a?reas. Este conjunto, bem como o NW, foram visualizados mais nitidamente nas imagens dos sistemas de m?dia resolu??o (SRTM e Landsat 7 ETM+). Os conjuntos NS e EW foram melhores identificados nos produtos de sensores de alta resolu??o (fotografias a?reas e sat?lite Quickbird). O significado estrutural dos lineamentos foi estabelecido ap?s o trabalho de campo. O conjunto NE est? associado a falhas normais e transcorrentes, inclusive bandas de deforma??o. Estas s?o as estruturas mais antigas identificadas na regi?o e s?o relacionadas ? reativa??o de estruturas do embasamento Pr?-Cambriano. O conjunto NW representa falhas trancorrentes e normais subordinadas. A dispers?o deste conjunto sugere uma origem mais recente que as estruturas inseridas no conjunto NE. O conjunto NW pode estar relacionado ao Lineamento Picos-Santa In?s. Os conjuntos NS e EW correspondem a juntas de grande porte (comprimentos de 100 m a 5 km). As rela??es de truncamento entre estes conjuntos de juntas indicam que o conjunto EW ? mais antigo que o NS. A metodologia desenvolvida pelo presente trabalho ? uma ferramenta excelente para o entendimento das estruturas regionais e locais na Bacia do Parna?ba. Isto auxilia na escolha do sistema de sensor remoto mais indicado para identificar fei??es r?pteis em uma bacia sedimentar pouco conhecida

Le premier chapitre de cette thèse traite de l'importance des échelles temporelles et spatiales dans le contexte des systèmes vivants. J'y décris également les principaux composants de la réponse mécanique des cellules vivantes. Après ce chapitre introductif, le deuxième chapitre est dédié à la réponse mécanique des cellules évaluée avec l'AFM et en particulier, son aspect dynamique. Je présente d'abord l'analyse des courbes force-indentation, puis je propose une méthode alternative pour l'étude de la rhéologie cellulaire qui est basée sur l'excitation multifréquence du levier par bruit thermique. La DPM est l'objet du troisième chapitre où je revisite la méthode d'extraction de phase en utilisant la transformation en ondelette à deux dimensions. Ensuite je montre comment la DPM peut être utilisée pour caractériser les fluctuations temporelles et la morphologie de différents types de cellules du sang et de cellules adhérentes. Finalement, le chapitre quatre est un chapitre de conclusion où je fais une synthèse des résultats obtenus. Par exemple, je montre que, en comparaison avec des cellules saines, les cellules leucémiques subissent des changements morphologiques qui sont accompagnés par un comportement mécanique plus rigide et plus élastique. Cela indique que dans cet exemple la transformation cellulaire n'est pas seulement donnée par son cortex mais aussi par son cytosquelette et son couplage avec le noyau / In the first chapter of this thesis I discuss the importance of spatial and temporal scales in living systems, and I review the main components involved in the mechanical response of living cells. After this introductory chapter, the second one is dedicated to evaluating the mechanical response of single-cells with AFM, and in particular, its dynamical aspect. I present the analysis of force-indentation curves without any assumption on the linearity of the system, contrary to more typical analysis based on Sneddon’s or Hertz models. Then, I propose an alternative method to study the cell rheology based on the multi-frequency excitation of the cantilever by thermal noise. DPM is discussed on chapter three. I revisit the phase recovery method using the 2D wavelet transform, and I show how DPM can be used to characterize the temporal fluctuations and the morphology of different types of blood cells and adherent cells. Finally, chapter four is a conclusion chapter where I summarise our results by comparing healthy and pathological immature blood cells. For instance I show that, in comparison to healthy cells, leukaemic cells undergo morphological changes that are accompanied by a stiffer and more elastic behaviour. Altogether, our results indicate that this cell transformation involves the whole cytoskeleton and its coupling to the nucleus rather than simply the cell cortex