This thesis is comprised of three main parts: The Hermite-Hadamard inequality on discrete time scales, the fractional Hermite-Hadamard inequality, and Karush-Kuhn- Tucker conditions on higher dimensional discrete domains. In the first part of the thesis, Chapters 2 & 3, we define a convex function on a special time scale T where all the time points are not uniformly distributed on a time line. With the use of the substitution rules of integration we prove the Hermite-Hadamard inequality for convex functions defined on T. In the fourth chapter, we introduce fractional order Hermite-Hadamard inequality and characterize convexity in terms of this inequality. In the fifth chapter, we discuss convexity on n{dimensional discrete time scales T = T1 × T2 × ... × Tn where Ti ⊂ R , i = 1; 2,…,n are discrete time scales which are not necessarily periodic. We introduce the discrete analogues of the fundamental concepts of real convex optimization such as convexity of a function, subgradients, and the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker conditions. We close this thesis by two remarks for the future direction of the research in this area.

This study is a comparison of the verification sales of a self-rating sentence completion method for evaluating marital difficulties and the MMPI validity scales.

While musical sources and documents from throughout the Middle Ages reveal that mode was an enduring and consciously derived trait of monophonic chant, modality in later polyphony shares neither the historical span nor the theoretical clarity of its monophonic counterpart. Modern theorists are left with little more than circumstantial evidence of the early development of modality in polyphony. This study attempts to shed light on the problem by detailed analysis of a select body of paraphrase masses from the early sixteenth century. First, it correlates the correspondence between the paraphrased voice and the original chant, establishing points of observation that become the basis of melodic analysis. Then, these points are correlated with known rules of counterpoint. Exceptions are identified and examined for their potential to place emphasis on individual mode-defining pitches. A set of tools is derived for quantifying the relative strength of cadential actions. Levels of cadence are defined, ranging from full, structural cadences to surfacelevel accentuations of individual pitches by sixth-to-octave dyadic motions. These cadence levels are traced through the Missae de beata virqine repertoire from c. 1500-1520, a repertoire that includes masses of Josquin, Brumel, La Rue, Isaac, and Rener. While the Credos, based on two chant sources—one early (11th century) and one later (15th century)—showed little modal consistency, the Kyries show some suggestion of purposeful modal expression; and the Glorias show even greater implications. Results of the study have potential application in sixteenth-century music scholarship to such important issues as musica ficta, performance practice, text underlay, and form.

The purpose of this thesis is to provide translation of documents on lu from two primary sources for a study of the theory of ,lu, with the main focus on the interpretation and the signification attached to each of the twelve lu-pitch names. To establish the background information of the lu-10 system, an explanation of its acoustical properties is first presented. Based on the most important and widely used tonal system in ancient China -- the san-fen-sun-i system, the illustration is provided for the process of tone generation. Methods proposed by the main theorists who engaged in the discussion of the system of lu are presented. The introduction of the concept of yin and yang in reference to the twelve lu and the signification of the lu-lu system in relation to the human and natural world will also be discussed. The main body of this study is devoted to the translation of written references on the meaning of the twelve lu. The first part is the translation of the selected passages from The Anthology of the Historical Document of Ancient Chinese Music. edited by Tsai-Ping Liang; the second part is the translation of a modern exegesis from an article written by Deh-I Liu. This translation offers a perspective to understand the concept of l-pitch names from the ancient points of view in relation to philosophy, education, religion, and science.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Sandy beaches are often highly allochthonous, depending on external subsidies of carbon and nutrients. Despite this, sandy beach macrofaunal assemblages have received little attention regarding their response to enhanced primary productivity generated from coastal upwelling. This thesis investigates the influence of upwelling on macrofaunal assemblages over a variety of spatial and temporal scales. Spatially, four regions were examined across two biogeographic provinces to remove temperature as a confounding factor, and limit biogeography-specific effects. A nested hierarchical design enabled both large and small scales to be examined and generalities about upwelling effects across multiple areas to be considered. Sampling was conducted in two seasons, and over two years, to test the persistence of any effects. Biogeography and region had the strongest influences on macrofaunal biodiversity. Upwelling influenced macrofaunal assemblages in every region when analyses were conducted at the species level. However, the particular effect, positive or negative, differed among regions depending on local factors, and between the response variables, abundance and biomass. Coarser scales of taxonomy, feeding guild and developmental mode were investigated; however, the influence of upwelling generally became weaker and more varied, and occasionally disappeared. Seasonality was greater on the South Coast but was still important in some analyses on the West Coast. At the small-scale, variation within-beaches was lower than between beaches, assemblage structure remained stable over time, and consistent zonation was not present. The influence of temperature on filtration rate and oxygen consumption of Donax serra was investigated to test a driving mechanism for assemblage responses to upwelling. Feeding ability was significantly reduced at colder temperatures indicating an important factor which may be involved in determining assemblage structure. These results suggest that alterations to upwelling regimes predicted under climate change scenarios will impact sandy beach macrofauna, however the specific outcome will depend on multiple contextual factors.

L'évolution sédimentaire des milieux lagunaires est un phénomène complexe faisant intervenir à la fois des processus intenses sur le court terme (crues, tempêtes) et des processus plus lents sur le long terme (variations du niveau marin moyen, changements climatiques). Si les mécanismes généraux de ces phénomènes sont bien connus, leur variabilité spatiale et temporelle les rends difficiles à estimer au niveau local. La grande diversité des milieux lagunaires et l'influence des actions anthropiques rendent plus hasardeuse encore cette estimation. Dans cette étude, je me suis intéressé au cas du système lagunaire méditerranéen des « étangs Palavasiens, étang de l'Or, canal du Rhône à Sète » situé dans le Golfe du Lion (Sud de la France). L'utilisation d'une approche pluridisciplinaire a permis d'évaluer la dynamique sédimentaire sur des échelles de temps multiples. Sur les deux derniers siècles, le comblement du système lagunaire a pu être estimé à la vitesse moyenne de 1,3 mm.an-1 à travers l'utilisation conjointe de données géographiques historiques et d'analyses géochronologiques (210Pb, 137Cs). Une perte de surface imputable pour moitié aux aménagements anthropiques est également mise en avant au cours du XXème siècle. Une campagne de mesures haute fréquence de la dynamique hydro-sédimentaire a été menée à court-terme (2 ans). Elle a permis de déterminer l'influence des conditions de forçages physiques sur les processus internes (érosion, remise en suspension, dépôt). Les seuils caractéristiques tels que la tension critique d'érosion ont pu être estimés et reliés aux conditions météorologiques. Le bilan net sur les stations suivies durant cette période montre une perte de sédiment. Ce bilan opposé aux estimations historiques sur les mêmes secteurs est probablement en lien avec les conditions d'apports réduites durant la période investiguée. L'adaptation d'un modèle numérique sur la zone d'étude a été entreprise afin de préciser cette dynamique sur une plus large échelle spatiale et temporelle. / The sedimentary evolution of coastal lagoons is a complex phenomenon involving both short term extreme processes (floods, storms) and long term processes (mean sea level variations, climate change). If general mechanisms of these phenomena are well known, their spatial and temporal variability makes them difficult to assess at the local scale. The diversity of lagoonal environments and human influence makes this even more risky. I have focussed this study on the case of a Mediterranean lagoon system : “Palavasian lagoons, Or lagoon, and Rhône-Sète waterway” which is located in the Gulf of Lion (South of France). A multidisciplinary approach was used to assess sediment dynamics on multiple time scales. An average filling rate of 1.3 mm.year-1 over the two last centuries was assessed using a both historical maps and geochronology (210Pb, 137Cs). An area loss due for half to anthropogenic impacts was also highlighted in the twentieth century. A short term (2 years) and high frequency monitoring of in situ hydro-sedimentary dynamics was performed to determine the influence of physical forcing over internal processes (erosion, resuspension, deposition). The main characteristics thresholds were estimated and related to weather conditions. The observed net balance during this monitoring shows a loss of sediment. This assessment, opposite of historical trends, is probably related to the conditions of reduced river contribution. The implementation of a numerical model is going on in order to explain the dynamics on a larger spatial and temporal scales.

[pt] As avaliações de proficiência em larga escala vêm exercendo um papel relevante no contexto educacional contemporâneo, pois servem, entre outros propósitos, para retratar mais precisamente o nível de desempenho escolar de uma grande quantidade de alunos avaliados, como também para fornecer subsídios mais sólidos ao aperfeiçoamento das políticas educacionais que vêm sendo implementadas. As escalas de proficiência utilizadas nessas avaliações revestem-se de uma grande importância nesse processo, visto que são utilizadas pelos avaliadores e pelos gestores educacionais como um instrumento capaz de aferir e interpretar a proficiência dos alunos nas diversas habilidades que compõem os domínios de conhecimento investigados. O objeto de estudo da presente tese são precisamente as escalas de proficiência utilizadas nos sistemas de avaliação em larga escala, que são tratadas em três diferentes abordagens: primeiro, há uma avaliação das diferentes abordagens para se obter uma associação entre os itens de um teste e os níveis ou pontos significativos de proficiência de diversas escalas atualmente empregadas. Depois, utilizando uma escala de proficiência em Matemática para a quarta série do Ensino Fundamental, é desenvolvida uma abordagem alternativa para caracterizar os níveis representativos de uma escala de proficiência escolar. Para isso foram utilizados métodos baseados em análise de conglomerados (cluster analysis) para a escolha do subconjunto de itens que caracteriza cada nível de proficiência. Por fim, é realizada uma interpretação pedagógica dos clusters formados, com base nos conhecimentos do ensino e da aprendizagem das habilidades básicas da educação matemática para a primeira etapa do ensino fundamental. A abordagem utilizada será a análise da natureza das operações mentais que caracterizam cada uma das competências e habilidades que compõem os clusters, tendo como pressupostos básicos as referências ao processo de aprendizagem da matemática. / [en] Large-scale evaluations have played a relevant role in the contemporary field of education, not only because of their importance in providing a more precise assessment of the proficiency of large numbers of students, but also because of their use as a means of producing more reliable elements that are used in the improvement of educational policies. The proficiency scales adopted in these evaluation programs are a very important part of this process, for they are employed by educational evaluators and decision-makers as an instrument able to gauge and interpret the students` levels of proficiency in the many different abilities that compose the knowledge domains under investigation. The object of this thesis is precisely the proficiency scales used in large scale evaluation systems, which are treated according to three different approaches: First an investigation is made about the relative merit of different methods of association between the items that make up a test and the significant points or levels of proficiency in several scales that have been employed by different evaluation programs. Then, by using a 4th-grade Mathematics proficiency scale, an alternative approach to characterize levels that are representative of a proficiency scale is developed. This is done by the use of a cluster analysis method aimed at choosing a subset of items that characterize each proficiency level. Finally, a pedagogical interpretation of the clusters formed along the proficiency scale is obtained through the consideration of teaching and learning of Mathematics education basic skills, related to the beginning series of the fundamental level. The methodology used in this process is the analysis of the nature of mental operations that characterize each one of the competencies and skills that are typical of each cluster, by adopting references to Mathematics learning processes as basic assumptions.

As doenças cardiovasculares (DCVs) são as doenças não transmissíveis com maiores taxas de morbidade e mortalidade no Brasil e no mundo, tendo grande impacto socioeconômico. Dentre os fatores de risco (FRs) biopsicossociais estudados, a personalidade tipo D (PTD) destaca-se como um FR psicossocial emergente e crônico que se refere à personalidade não patológica que torna o indivíduo mais suscetível a outros FRs, aumentando as chances de estabelecimento e prognóstico desfavorável de DCVs. Caracteriza-se pela apresentação simultânea dos traços de personalidade Afetividade Negativa (AN) e Inibição Social (IS), podendo ser detectada pela DS-14, escala composta por 14 itens (subescalas de AN e de IS, cada uma com sete itens) cujas opções de resposta variam em escala Likert de cinco pontos, de zero (False) a quatro (True). Este trabalho teve por objetivo realizar a adaptação da DS-14 para o Brasil, além de comparar sua manifestação em pessoas com e sem DCV. O processo de tradução e adequação cultural baseou-se nas recomendações da American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons e do Institute of Work and Health, e teve a participação de dois tradutores, dois retrotradutores e uma linguista. As versões elaboradas foram testadas para confirmação de adequação. Para a verificação de evidências de validade, os escores das subescalas AN e IS foram correlacionados aos escores das subescalas da Bateria Fatorial de Personalidade e foi efetuada análise fatorial exploratória. Para analisar a fidedignidade foi realizado teste-reteste e análise de consistência interna. Os dados de prevalência da PTD e comparação dos escores das subescalas foram obtidos da mesma amostra do estudo psicométrico. A DS-14, versão em português, foi testada com 40 sujeitos, sendo 60,0% do sexo feminino, com média de 45,2 anos de idade (DP=14,95), 72,5% sem problemas de saúde, até que se chegasse à DS-14 versão final, utilizada no estudo psicométrico. Este teve a participação de 184 sujeitos, dos quais 54,3% eram do sexo feminino, tendo em média 47,45 anos de idade (DP=13,48), sendo que 56,5% não tinham DCV. A partir da amostra total, 140 indivíduos compuseram estratificação proporcional de acordo com os subgrupos da população cardiopata (70 sujeitos) e da população geral (70 sujeitos) de Ribeirão Preto para correlação com a BFP. Destes, 44 ainda compareceram após média de 96 dias para reaplicação da escala. Os coeficientes de correlação da AN com o traço Neuroticismo (0,63, p<0,01), assim como o da IS com o traço Extroversão (-0,32, p<0,01) correspondem aos encontrados na literatura internacional e são coerentes com suas definições teóricas. A análise fatorial exploratória encontrou dois fatores (AN e IS) que, juntos, explicam 46,58% da variância dos dados. Os itens da DS-14 se agruparam exatamente conforme escala a original, corroborando o modelo teórico e somando-se aos dados de outros trabalhos para fortalecer as evidências de validade da DS-14. Foram encontrados os índices de 0,76 (AN) e 0,65 (IS) na correlação teste-reteste, e 0,79 (AN) e 0,76 (IS) na análise de consistência interna, o que, junto aos resultados acima, demonstra que a DS-14 tem características psicométricas adequadas para uso junto à população brasileira. A prevalência de PTD na amostra total foi de 45,7%, com escore médio de 24,99 (11,60), com presença de PTD em 50% da amostra cardiopata e 42,3% da amostra sem cardiopatia. Com relação às subescalas, os escores do Grupo DCV foram maiores do que os escores do Grupo sem DCV, com diferença estatisticamente significante no traço AN. A DS-14 é de aplicação rápida e adequada à língua portuguesa usada no Brasil. Os resultados do estudo psicométrico apresentaram evidências consistentes de validade e de fidedignidade, o que a torna um instrumento seguro para uso em pesquisas brasileiras. A tendência da PTD ser mais intensa em indivíduos cardiopatas deve ser melhor estudada. / Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the non-communicable diseases which present the highest rates of morbidity and mortality both in Brazil and the world, causing a major social economic impact. Among studied bio-psychosocial risk factors (RFs), Type D personality (TDP) stands out as an emergent and chronic psychosocial RF, which refers to the non-pathological personality that makes the individual more susceptible to other RFs, increasing the chances for adverse onset and prognosis of CVDs. It is characterized by the simultaneous presentation of the personality traits: Negative Affectivity (NA) and Social Inhibition (SI), and it can be detected by the DS-14, a scale consisting of 14 items (seven-item subscales of NA and SI) whose response options vary according to the five-point Likert scale, from zero (False) to four (True). This study aimed to adapt the DS-14 scale to Brazil, as well as to compare its manifestation in people with or without CVDs. The process of translation and cultural adaptation was based on the recommendations offered by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons and the Institute of Work and Health, and it was performed by two translators, two retro-translators and a linguist. The elaborated versions were tested in order to confirm the adequacy. In order to verify the evidences for validity, the scores for the subscales NA and SI were correlated to the scores for the subscales from the Factorial Personality Test Battery and an exploratory factorial analysis was conducted. A test-retest and an internal consistency analysis were accomplished in order to study the reliability. The data for the prevalence of TDP and for the comparison of the subscales scores were obtained from the same sample of the psychometric study. The DS-14 Portuguese version was tested in 40 subjects, from those, 60% were female, 45.2 years old in average (SD=14.95), 72.5% did not have any health problems. In the psychometric study 184 subjects participated, from which 54.3% were female, 47.45 years old in average (SD=13.48), and 54.3% did not have CVDs. From the total sample, 140 individuals were part of a proportional stratification, according to the subgroups of the population with heart disease (70 subjects) and the general population (70 subjects) from the city of Ribeirão Preto for the correlation with the Factorial Personality Test Battery. From these, 44 presented for retest after an average of 96 days. The correlation coefficient for NA with the trait of Neuroticism (0.63, p<0.01), as well as the coefficient for SI with the trait of Extraversion (-0.32, p<0.01) correspond to the ones found in international literature and are coherent with their theoretical definitions. The exploratory factorial analysis found two factors (NA and SI), which, together, explain the variance of 46.58% of the data. The items of the DS-14 grouped themselves exactly according to the original scale, confirming the theoretical model and adding to the data of other studies to strengthen the evidences for the DS-14 validity. Rates of 0.76 (NA) and 0.65 (SI) were found in the test-retest correlation, and 0.79 (NA) and 0.76 (SI) were found in the internal consistency analysis, which, along with the aforementioned results, demonstrate that DS-14 have adequate psychometric characteristics to be used in Brazilian population. The prevalence for TDP in the total sample was 45.7% with average score of 24.99% (11.60), as TDP was present in 50% of the population with heart disease and 42.3% in the population without any heart disease. Regarding the subscales, the scores for the CVD Group were higher than the scores for the Group without CVD, differing significantly statically in the NA trait. The DS-14 has a rapid and suitable application to be used in Brazil. The results for the psychometric study presented consistent evidences of validity and reliability, which makes it a safe instrument in Brazilian research. The tendency for TDP to be more intense in individuals with heart disease must be studied more deeply.

A vacinação ocupa um papel de destaque na prevenção de doenças e proteção da saúde, tanto no âmbito individual quanto coletivo. Contudo sua realização impõe uma série de condições desagradáveis, principalmente às crianças pequenas. Dentre os vários aspectos críticos que compõem os momentos de vacinação, destaca-se a dor provocada pela aplicação da vacina, por suas implicações para as crianças e seus familiares. Dado que o foco do atendimento nas Salas de Vacina está colocado, principalmente, sobre a vacina (preparação, aplicação, conservação, entre outros), outros aspectos críticos da vacinação das crianças não estão contemplados durante os atendimentos. Visando contribuir para a qualidade da assistência nas Salas de Vacina, este estudo busca levantar na literatura científica elementos que facilitem aos profissionais envolvidos no atendimento e na organização das Salas de Vacina, o reconhecimento da dor pela qual passam as crianças durante sua vacinação, através de instrumentos de avaliação. Para tal foi feita uma revisão da literatura, buscando instrumentos de avaliação de dor em crianças menores de dois anos. A busca foi estruturada a partir do acrônimo PICO em dez diferentes bases. Os descritores foram adaptados para atender às especificidades das mesmas e foi utilizado o Endnoteweb® para sistematização e compartilhamento das informações. Foram identificados 295 estudos entre 1993 e 2010 cujos resumos foram analisados e, aplicando-se os critérios de exclusão chegou-se a um conjunto de 24 artigos que foram lidos na íntegra. Tendo em vista a finalidade chegou-se a uma amostra final de 12 artigos que apresentavam 8 escalas. Constatou-se que as escalas mais adequadas para avaliação das crianças durante a vacinação são: MBPS, CHIPPS, NIPS e ABC. Estas escalas utilizam os parâmetros consagrados na literatura, em composições e especificações diferentes. / Vaccination has an important role to prevent diseases and protect health, both for individuals and for collectives. However its implementation requires a series of unpleasant conditions, especially to small children. Among several critical aspects that are present at the time of vaccination, there is the pain caused by the adistration of vaccine, because of its implications for children and their families. Since the focus of attention in the rooms vaccine is placed primarily on the vaccine (preparation, implementation, maintenance, etc.), other critical aspects of vaccination of children are not covered during the sessions. To contribute to the quality of care in rooms vaccine, this study raises some elements in the scientific literature to facilitate the professionals involved in care and organization of rooms vaccine, the recognition of pain that children may have during their vaccination, through assessment instruments. It was developed a review of the literature, searching for tools to evaluate pain in children under two years. The search was structured from the acronym PICO in ten different bases. The descriptors were adapted to meet the specific needs of these and Endnoteweb© was used to systematize and share information. Were identified 295 studies between 1993 and 2010 whose abstracts were reviewed and, applying the exclusion criteria was reached at a sample of 24 articles that were read in full. Given the goal was reached a final sample of 12 articles that presented eight scales. It was found that the most appropriate scale for assessing children for vaccination are: MBPS, CHIPPS, NIPS and ABC using the parameters established in the literature with compositions and different specifications.