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Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:59:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sidney de O Novaes Junior.pdf: 6661390 bytes, checksum: db911a668b5af886529a0d861278a4c1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-09 / This study aimed to assess the potential growth of two species of microalgae ( Chlorella vulgaris and Scenedesmus subspicatus ) in two types of effluents ( humans and pigs ) in order to obtain lipids that could be converted into biodiesel . Such compounds must meet the specifications contained in Resolution No. 07 / 2008 of ANP . The effluents were collected in human Station Wastewater Treatment III , located in the city of Foz do Iguaçu / PR and swine effluent in Granja São Jorge ( Colombari ) , located in the municipality of São Miguel do Iguaçu / PR . Both were sent to laboratories for analysis IAP and NUCLEOTEC constatassem that the presence of nitrogenous and phosphatic and oils and greases total , respectively. The effluents were diluted to previously autoclaved and which can serve as culture media for microorganisms . They were then inoculated samples of each type of microalgae in an effluent and evaluated their growth. In four vials was added the compound mineral Agrostemin ® to assess their influence on the results . Prepared growth curves after 60 days of cultivation samples were filtered under vacuum for further extraction of oils using ultrasound. The samples were sent for analysis of lipid content and composition in terms of fatty acids by gas chromatography , which demonstrated the presence of fatty acids that make up biodiesel . The physico-chemical characterization of the effluent showed the presence of small amounts of fats and greases in both the total effluent . The quantitative analysis of lipids showed the highest concentration in the cultivation of C. vulgaris in human effluent , with 50.12 % . With the addition of Agrostemin ®, the yield was better in the cultivation of S. subspicatus in swine wastewater , with 80% increase in the production of lipids , followed by the growth of C. vulgaris in human effluent , with 41 % . The acids were higher concentrations linoleic (C18 : 2) , the cultivation of C. vulgaris in human effluent with 35.17 % , followed by the arachidic ( 20:0 ) with the same microalgae , now in swine wastewater , with 37.29 % , the palmitoleic ( C16 : 1 ) arising from the cultivation of S. subspicatus in human effluent , with 28.85% and pentadecanoic ( C15 : 1 ), the culture of the same organism in swine wastewater , with 55.22 % . It was found that the latter is what gives the best results, but the viability of the remainder is also promising. / Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o potencial de crescimento de duas espécies de microalgas (Chlorella vulgaris e Scenedesmus subspicatus) em dois tipos de efluentes (humanos e suínos) com a finalidade de se obter lipídios que pudessem ser convertidos em biodiesel. Tais compostos precisam atender às especificações contidas na Resolução nº 07/2008 da ANP. Os efluentes humanos foram coletados na Estação de Tratamento de Efluentes III, localizada na cidade de Foz do Iguaçu/PR e os efluentes suínos na Granja São Jorge (Colombari), localizada no município de São Miguel do Iguaçu/PR. Ambos foram enviados aos laboratórios do IAP e NUCLEOTEC para análises que constatassem a presença de componentes nitrogenados e fosfatados e de óleos e graxas totais, respectivamente. Os efluentes foram previamente autoclavados e diluídos para que pudessem servir de meios de cultura para os microrganismos. Foram, então, inoculadas amostras de cada microalga em um tipo de efluente e avaliado o seu crescimento. Em quatro frascos foi acrescentado o composto mineral Agrostemin® para avaliar sua influência nos resultados. Elaboradas as curvas de crescimento, após 60 dias de cultivo as amostras foram filtradas a vácuo para posterior extração dos óleos utilizando ultrassom. As amostras foram enviadas para análise do teor de lipídios e sua composição em termos de ácidos graxos por cromatografia gasosa, onde se constatou a presença de ácidos graxos que compõem o biodiesel. A caracterização físico-química dos efluentes constatou a presença de pequena quantidade de gorduras e graxas totais em ambos os efluentes. A análise quantitativa dos lipídios apontou a maior concentração no cultivo de C. vulgaris em efluentes humanos, com 50,12%. Com a adição do Agrostemin®, o melhor rendimento foi no cultivo de S. subspicatus em efluentes suínos, com aumento de 80% na produção de lipídios, seguido do cultivo de C. vulgaris em efluentes humanos, com 41%. Os ácidos com maiores concentrações foram o linoleico (C18:2), do cultivo de C. vulgaris em efluente humano com 35,17%, seguido do araquídico (20:0) com a mesma microalga, agora em efluente suíno, com 37,29%, o palmitoleico (C16:1) oriundo do cultivo de S. subspicatus em efluente humano, com 28,85% e o pentadecanoico (C15:1), da cultura do mesmo microrganismo em efluente suíno, com 55,22%. Constatou-se que este último é o que apresenta os melhores resultados, mas a viabilidade do restante é igualmente promissora.

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Biotests sind für die toxikologische Bewertung von Chemikalien, Pflanzenschutzmitteln und schadstoffbelasteten Gewässern oder Böden von besonderer Bedeutung, da sie Auskünfte über die biologische Wirksamkeit eines Stoffes auf Organismen geben. Bislang gibt es für die ökotoxikologische Bewertung, insbesondere von Chemikalien und Pflanzenschutzmitteln, für die autotrophe Organismenebene neben verschiedenen Biotests mit höheren Pflanzen den DIN 28 692 Biotest "Wachstumshemmtest mit den Süßwasseralgen Scenedesmus subspicatus und Selenastrum capricornutum", der auch als OECD 201 Biotest "Algal, Growth Inhibition Test" vorliegt. Dieser aquatische Biotest wird nur mit einer Süßwasseralgenart durchgeführt und trotzdem zunehmend für die Bewertung von belasteten Böden und Sedimenten eingesetzt. Untersuchungen über aquatische Biotests, die Bodenalgen als Testorganismen nutzen, oder Boden-Biotests mit Bodenalgen gibt es nur vereinzelt. Ein Biotestsystem, das sowohl aus einem aquatischen als auch aus einem terrestrischen Biotest besteht und mehrere Bodenalgenarten als Testorganismen nutzt, existiert bisher nicht. Dieses wurde in vorliegender Arbeit entwickelt und an dem Schwermetall Cadmium als Cadmiumchlorid und dem Herbizid Arelon, Wirkstoff Isoproturon erprobt. Um Bodenalgen, die keine Resistenzen oder Toleranzen gegenüber Schadstoffen aufweisen, als Testorganismen nutzen zu können, wurden aus unbelasteten Böden Algen isoliert, Klonkulturen erstellt und die Arten bestimmt. Dies führte zu einer Sammlung mit 35 Algenarten. Aus den in die Bodenalgensammlung aufgenommenen Arten wurden Xanthonema tribonematoides, Stichococcus bacillaris, Klebsormidium flaccidum, Xanthonema montanum und Chlamydomonas noctigama für das Testsystem ausgewählt. Zusätzlich zu diesen wurde die Süßwasseralge Scenedesmus subspicatus als Referenzalge ausgewählt. Mit diesen Algen wurde der Gel-Biotest, bestehend aus einem flüssigen gelartigen Medium, das die Kontaminationspfade im Wasser nachbildet, und ein Boden-Biotest mit einem naturnahen sorptionsschwachen Boden entwickelt, der die Kontaminationspfade über Gas-, Wasser- und Festphase im Boden nachbildet. Bei der Erprobung dieses Biotestsystems mit Cadmiumchlorid und Isoproturon zeigte sich, daß Bodenalgen gegenüber Cadmiumchlorid im Gel-Biotest eine geringe bis mittlere Sensibilität aufwiesen. Im Boden-Biotest lag eine sehr geringe Sensibilität vor, wie dies auch bei anderen Bodenorganismengruppen in Biotests festgestellt wurde. Dies kann mit der Sorption der Cadmiumionen im Boden erklärt werden und dem damit geringen für die Organismen bioverfügbaren Cadmiumionenanteil. Für Isoproturon lag sowohl im Gel- als auch im Boden-Biotest eine hohe Sensibilität der Bodenalgen vor. Erstaunlich war, daß die Sensibilität in beiden Biotests nahezu identisch war, obwohl Isoproturon in sorptionsschwachen Böden zu ca. 30 % adsorbiert wird. Im Vergleich zur Sensibilität von Scenedesmus subspicatus waren die Bodenalgen bei Cadmiumchlorid bis auf zwei Ausnahmen um den Faktor 5 bis 10 unsensibler. Die Bodenalge Klebsormidium flaccidum besaß eine vergleichbare Sensibilität und Xanthonema montanum war um den Faktor 20 unsensibler. Für Isoproturon konnten keine Unterschiede in der Sensibilität zwischen Scenedesmus subspicatus und den geprüften Bodenalgen ermittelt werden, außer bei Stichococcus bacillaris, die um den Faktor 5 unempfindlicher war. Das entwickelte miniaturisierte Biotestsystem eignet sich dazu, differenzierte Aussagen über das ökotoxische Potential von Stoffen auf Bodenalgen und der Süßwasseralge Scenedesmus subspicatus zu erhalten. Durch den Einsatz von zwei unterschiedlichen Testsubstraten (Flüssigmedium und naturnaher Boden) werden der Einfluß dieser Substrate sowie die daraus resultierenden Kontaminationspfade der Teststoffe und ihre ökotoxikologische Wirkung auf Algen feststellbar und vergleichbar. Ein Normenentwurf des Biotestsystems wurde inzwischen in das "Technical Committee 190 - Soil Quality" der International Standards Organization (ISO) eingereicht. / Biotests are an important device to assess the toxicity of chemicals, pesticides, polluted water, and soils because they can provide direct information about the influence of a compound on the organism level. Besides various biotests using higher plants there is only the DIN 28 692 biotest "Growth-inhibition test using fresh water algae Scenedesmus subspicatus and Selenastrum capricornutum" (DIN 28 692) also known as the OECD 201 biotest "Algal, Growth Inhibition Test" which is currently available for an ecotoxicological assessment of chemicals such as pesticides on the autotrophic organism level. This aquatic biotest is based on a single specie of fresh water algae and is increasingly applied to evaluate polluted soils and sediments. There is almost no information on aquatic biotests which are using soil algae as test organisms instead. A more comprehensive biotest system which actually combines aquatic and terrestric biotests using several soil algae species as test organisms has not been reported, yet. Thus, a biotest system was developed and subsequently evaluated by using cadmium (cadmium chloride) as a heavy metal, and the herbicide arelon containing isoproturon as the active ingredient. Soil algae were isolated from unpolluted soil in order to obtain test organisms which are not resistant or tolerant to pollutants. The algae isolates were then cultivated, and subsequently identified. A total of 35 algae species was collected. Algae species used in the biotest system were Xanthonema tribonematoides, Stichococcus bacillaris, Klebsormidium flaccidum, Xanthonema montanum, Chlamydomonas noctigama. In addition, the fresh water specie Scenedesmus subspicatus served as a reference algae. Based on these different algae species a gel biotest using liquid gel medium was developed to investigate the contamination path via water, and also a soil biotest with a pre-treated soil of low sorption capacity was deviced to simulate the contamination path through gas, water, and solid phase. The evaluation of the biotest system using cadmium chloride and isoproturon did reveal that soil algae have had only low to medium sensitivity to cadmium chloride in the gel biotest. Algae sensitivity in the soil biotest was very low which was in accordance with data from other biotests using different soil organisms. The weak response of the algae was most likely caused by the sorption of the cadmium ions to the soil matrix what may have decreased the bioavailability of cadmium. In comparison, soil algae were very sensitive to isoproturon in both, the gel biotest and the soil biotest. Both biotests indicated almost identical sensitivities of the tested soil algae which was surprising since 30 % of the isoproturon was sorbed even in soils with a low sorption capacity. Soil algae when compared to the water algae Scenedesmus subspicatus were generally 5 to 10-fold less sensitive to cadmium chloride. Only Klebsormidium flaccidum has proved to have a similar sensitivity as Scenedesmus subspicatus had, whereas Xanthonema montanum was about 20-fold less sensitive. With isoproturon, however, no differences in sensitivity could be seen between Scenedesmus subspicatus and the tested soil algae, except Stichococcus bacillaris which was about 5-fold less sensitive. The biotest system as developed in this study has shown to be suitable for obtaining valuable information about ecotoxicological effects of chemicals on soil and water algae. Since the biotest system consists of two different test media (liquid gel and soil) it is possible to determine ecotoxicological effects on algae in both, water and soil. A first draft of the developed biotest system has been submitted to the "Technical Committee 190 - Soil Quality" of the International Standards Organization (ISO) for review.

Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-04-30T17:31:52Z No. of bitstreams: 1 VIVIANE PEREIRA TIBÚSCIO - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGEQ 2014..pdf: 1713471 bytes, checksum: d59a8d796e182346d0ca928f113a30ee (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-30T17:31:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 VIVIANE PEREIRA TIBÚSCIO - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGEQ 2014..pdf: 1713471 bytes, checksum: d59a8d796e182346d0ca928f113a30ee (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / A busca por alternativas energéticas viáveis, de baixo custo, sustentáveis e que possam substituir o uso de combustíveis fósseis tem aumentado. Neste contexto, os biocombustíveis derivados de microalgas torna-se uma opção promissora quer seja do ponto de vista econômico como do ponto de vista ambiental. Os cultivos de microalgas produzem elevada quantidade de biomassa em curto tempo e não requerem extensas áreas para sua produção como acontece com a cana de açúcar utilizada para a produção de etanol, ou a soja, no caso do biodiesel. Este trabalho teve o propósito de caracterizar o potencial de produção de ácidos graxos de microalgas isoladas da região semiárida do estado da Paraíba mantidas em cultivo monoespecífico no banco de culturas de microalgas do LARBIM/UFPB e selecionar espécies potencialmente produtoras desses compostos visando cultivá-las em diferentes condições de estresse com o propósito de incrementar o rendimento final dos ácidos graxos de interesse à produção de biodiesel. Os cultivos foram desenvolvidos utilizando os meios Zarrouk e WC em câmara de cultura a 25°C±1ºC dotada de sistema de iluminação, com fotoperíodo de 12 horas. Foram estudadas 12 cepas incluídas em 7 espécies representantes dos grupos das cianobactérias e clorofíceas. A quantificação de ácidos graxos de cada uma das microalgas estudadas, foi determinado por cromatografia a gás. Duas espécies Pediastrum tetras (D121WC) e Scenedesmus acuminatus (D115WC) apresentaram teores de ácidos graxos 802,1% em relação a soja 211,1% em relação a soja, respectivamente. Por essa razão essas espécies foram cultivadas em diferentes condições de estresse nas mesmas condições de temperatura e fotoperíodo, utilizando-se estresses fótico, térmico e nutricional. Ao final de cada experimento foram determinadas para cada condição testada, os teores de protrínas, lipídeos e carbiodratos. As curvas de crescimento foram acompanhas por medida de fluorescência in vivo, em triplicatas, e todos os parâmetros de crescimento foram analisados para cada espécie testada. Observou-se maior taxa de divisão celular por dia na espécie D112Z (0,71 divisão/dia). Os teores de ácidos graxos na cepa D121WC aumentaram mais do que o dobro sob a condição de estresse fótico. Já para a espécie D115WC ocorreu um aumento no rendimento de ácido graxo ao condiciona-la a estresse térmico de 590,8% em relação à soja. Apesar das duas espécies testadas (Pediastrum tetras e Scenedesmus acuminatus) serem potencialmente importantes para a produção de biodiesel, evidenciase que suas respostas fisiológicas às condições de estresse não são as mesmas. / The search for viable energy alternatives, low cost, sustainable and can replace the use of fossil fuels has increased. In this context, biofuels derived from microalgae become a promising option either from the economic point of view as from the environmental point of view. The cultivation of microalgae produce higher amount of biomass in a short time and require large areas for their production as with sugarcane used for ethanol production, or soybean in the case biodiesel. This study aimed to characterize the potential for production of fatty acids from microalgae isolated from the semiarid region of the state of Paraiba kept growing in monospecific cultures of microalgae bank of LARBIM / UFPB and select potentially producing species of these compounds in order to grow them different stress conditions in order to increase the final yield of the fatty acids of interest for biodiesel production. The cultures were developed using the means Zarrouk and toilet in a growth chamber at 25 ° C ± 1 ° C equipped with lighting system, with a photoperiod of 12 hours. 12 strains included representatives of groups of cyanobacteria and green algae were studied in seven species. The quantification of each fatty microalgae studied acids was determined by gas chromatography. Two species Pediastrum tetras (D121WC) and Scenedesmus acuminatus (D115WC) showed levels of fatty acids 802.1% compared to 211.1% in soybeans compared to soybean, respectively. Therefore these species were grown under different conditions of stress under the same conditions of temperature and photoperiod, using photic, thermal and nutritional stresses. At the end of each experiment were determined for each condition tested, the levels of proteins, lipids and carbohydrates. The growth curves were avidly by measuring in vivo fluorescence in triplicate, and all growth parameters were analyzed for each species tested. Observed a higher rate of cell division per day in D112Z (0.71 divisions / day) species. The levels of fatty acids in strain D121WC increased more than twice on condition of photic stress. As for the species D115WC was an increase in the yield of fatty acid to condition it to heat stress of 590.8% compared to soybean. Although the two potentially important for the production of biodiesel tested species (Pediastrum tetras and Scenedesmus acuminatus) are, it is evident that their physiological responses to stress conditions are not the same.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T18:13:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Daiany Crystina Macagnan.pdf: 533832 bytes, checksum: 1ef92ef1a169ce21091effcd15916599 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-07-25 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The wastewater is generated daily in all the activities that need water in their process, whether health activities for residential and commercial or manufacturing processes of enterprises. This study evaluated the efficiency of the microalgae Scenedesmus in nitrogen and phosphorus removing from brewery wastewater. Two experiments were conducted at different times in three replicates of each one packaged in boxes of fiberglass 100L. Each treatment was made for a completely randomized design with three different concentrations of wastewater. The collect of wastewater was made at different times. The medium was constituted of 80L of wastewater and five liters of inoculated culture of microalgae Scenedesmus sp. We evaluated the growth curve, phosphate and nitrogen compounds removal, the correlation between the removal of compounds with algal growth, yield and protein biomass. Higher algal density was observed in the treatment 6 (T6) medium with 776 x 104 cells / mL and all treatments had high coefficients of determination (R2) ranging from 0.87 to 0.99 in T4 at T6. In the experiment 1 the removal of the compounds in the treatments occurred in 17 days. In experiment 2 the nitrate removed in 17 days in all treatments and orthophosphate and phosphorus removal occurred between nine to 24 days. Generally, the correlations ranged from moderate to strong, with the exception of total phosphorus in T4 which showed a weak correlation (-0.08).The biomass and crude protein in experiment 1 ranged from 0.15 to 0.19 g / L and 19 to 27% respectively, while those in experiment 2 ranged from 0.12 to 0.19 g / L and 34 to 46% protein. It is concluded that biological treatment from microalgae is able to reduce the nitrate, phosphorus and orthophosphate present in the brewery wastewater, producing biomass with high protein values. / As águas residuárias são geradas diariamente em todas as atividades que necessitam de água em seu processo, sejam elas atividades sanitárias residenciais e comerciais ou pelos processos produtivos das empresas. Neste trabalho avaliou-se a eficiência do gênero de microalgas Scenedesmus na remoção de compostos nitrogenados e fosfatados de efluente de cervejaria. Foram realizados dois experimentos em períodos diferentes e cada um tratou-se de um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com três concentrações de efluente de cervejaria oriundos de coletas em horários diferentes e três repetições de cada tratamento acondicionados em caixas de fibra de vidro de 100L. Em cada unidade experimental foram adicionados 80L de efluente e inoculados cinco litros de cultura de microalga Scenedesmus sp. Avaliaram-se a curva de crescimento, a remoção dos compostos fosfatados e nitrogenados, a correlação entre a remoção dos compostos com o crescimento algal, o rendimento e a proteína da biomassa. A maior densidade algal observada foi no tratamento 6 (T6) com média 776 x 104 cél./mL e todos os tratamentos apresentaram altos coeficientes de determinação (R2) variando de 0,87 em T4 a 0,99 em T6. A remoção dos compostos nos tratamentos do experimento 1 ocorreram em 17 dias. No experimento 2 houve remoção do nitrato em 17 dias em todos os tratamentos e as remoções do ortofosfato e do fósforo variaram de nove a 24 dias. De modo geral as correlações variaram de moderada a forte, com exceção do fósforo total em T4 que mostrou correlação fraca (-0,08). Os rendimentos da biomassa e proteína bruta no experimento 1 variaram de 0,15 a 0,19g/L e de 19 a 27% de proteína, enquanto no experimento 2 esses valores variaram de 0,12 a 0,19g/L e de 34 a 46% de proteína. Conclui-se que esse tratamento biológico a partir de microalgas é capaz de reduzir os teores de nitrato, fósforo e ortofosfato presentes no efluente de cervejaria, gerando biomassa com altos valores protéicos.

To determine the ecotoxicity of analgetics, first the individual ecotoxicity values of individual analgetics are determined and then a mixture of two analgetics is tested. To determine the toxicity, both standard and alternative toxicity tests are used (daphnia magna, sinapsis alba, scenedesmus subspicatum, vibrio fischeri, thamnotoxkit FTM a daphnotoxkit FTM magna). The analgetics being whish tested are the commonly used medicines ibuprofen, ASA, diclofenac and paracetamol, which are the most frequently used medicines in the Czech Republic and whole Europe. To determine the ecotoxicity of the polymers, I‘m using an indirect method of examination, in which I determine the antagonistic or synergistic effects of the mixture of monomers from which the polymer is prepared and into which it slowly decomposes in nature. For the determination both standard and alternative toxicity tests are used. The polymers the toxicity of which is being determined are the habitually used polymer PET and the formaldehyde resine known as bakelite in Eastern Europe.

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