Submitted by RODRIGO GOTO (rodrigo.m.goto@gmail.com) on 2016-09-06T16:25:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 RodrigoGoto.pdf: 841035 bytes, checksum: 988084eee02618c3ba1711a2185d7a47 (MD5) / Rejected by Renata de Souza Nascimento (renata.souza@fgv.br), reason: Rodrigo, boa tarde Por gentileza, verificar a ficha catalográfica. Só poderá submeter o trabalho após recebe-la. Att on 2016-09-06T17:19:48Z (GMT) / Submitted by RODRIGO GOTO (rodrigo.m.goto@gmail.com) on 2016-09-08T19:16:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 RodrigoGotoFinal.pdf: 839665 bytes, checksum: 7afce52822a61ff95f376d69a1390927 (MD5) / Rejected by Renata de Souza Nascimento (renata.souza@fgv.br), reason: Rodrigo, verificar a formatação da ficha catalográfica. Informações encaminhada por e-mail para melhor entendimento. Grata. on 2016-09-08T19:30:05Z (GMT) / Submitted by RODRIGO GOTO (rodrigo.m.goto@gmail.com) on 2016-09-08T19:50:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 RodrigoGoto1.pdf: 839656 bytes, checksum: cab4091d9eb5d9e4c99155c6584f1a11 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Renata de Souza Nascimento (renata.souza@fgv.br) on 2016-09-08T19:54:50Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 RodrigoGoto1.pdf: 839656 bytes, checksum: cab4091d9eb5d9e4c99155c6584f1a11 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-08T20:43:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RodrigoGoto1.pdf: 839656 bytes, checksum: cab4091d9eb5d9e4c99155c6584f1a11 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-05 / This work brings out an approach to the study of structured robustness for the BlackScholes model that allows for not only accounting for the uncertainties on the determination of the parameters involved (volatility σ and risk-free rate of interest r) as well as for simplifying hypotheses such as the assumption that σ is time-invariant (in disregard of the heterocedasticity that is proper to the process). The originality of this approach comes from formulating the equation of Black-Scholes as an abstract ordinary differential equation and transfer to the context of linear operators in infinite dimensional normed spaces some techniques of structured perturbations on finite dimensional deterministic systems. These uncertainties on the model are formulated as being a time-varying additive pertubation applied to the coefficients of the Black-Scholes equation, each one separately or all at once, in order to obtain a quantification of robustness. Such quantification is done by means of a measure of robustness by establishing an upper bound for the 'magnitude' (ultimately, the norm) of the difference from the actual precification of the derivative and the theoretical precification given by the model since the norm of the perturbation does not exceed this measure. At the end or this work, this result is applied to establishing such measure of robustness in the case of the temporal variation of volatility for an European call option. / Este trabalho apresenta uma abordagem ao estudo de robustez estruturada do modelo de Black-Scholes que permite não só levar em conta as incertezas nas determinações dos parâmetros envolvidos (volatilidade s e taxa livre de risco r ) como também dar conta de hipóteses simplificadoras do modelo tais como assumir que s é invariante no tempo (em detrimento da heterocedasticidade inerente ao processo). A originalidade desta abordagem está em formular a equação de Black-Scholes como uma equação diferencial ordinária abstrata e transpor para o contexto de operadores lineares em espaços normados de dimensão infinita técnicas de perturbações estruturadas para sistemas determinísticos de dimensão finita. Estas incertezas no modelo são formuladas como sendo uma perturbação aditiva variante no tempo aplicada aos coeficientes da equação de Black-Scholes, cada um separadamente ou todos de uma vez só, para se obter uma quantificação da robustez. Esta quantificação é feita através de uma medida de robustez estabelecendo um limitante superior para a 'magnitude' (norma) da diferença entre a realização histórica da precificação do derivativo e a precificação teórica fornecida pelo modelo desde que a norma da perturbação não ultrapasse esta medida. No final do trabalho, este resultado é aplicado no estabelecimento desta medida de robustez no caso da variação temporal da volatilidade de uma opção de compra europeia.

Submitted by Fernando Teixeira (fernote7@gmail.com) on 2017-12-08T15:48:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Download File (1).pdf: 1437428 bytes, checksum: d6dfbfe41919a0cdd657900b6784f310 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Janete de Oliveira Feitosa (janete.feitosa@fgv.br) on 2017-12-08T16:04:57Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Download File (1).pdf: 1437428 bytes, checksum: d6dfbfe41919a0cdd657900b6784f310 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-22T17:16:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Download File (1).pdf: 1437428 bytes, checksum: d6dfbfe41919a0cdd657900b6784f310 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-09-29 / In this thesis we revisit numerical methods for the simulation of the Heston model’sEuropean call. Specifically, we study the Euler, the Kahl-Jackel an two versions of theexact algorithm schemes. To perform this task, firstly we present a literature reviewwhich brings stochastic calculus, the Black-Scholes (BS) model and its limitations,the stochastic volatility methods and why they resolve the issues of the BS model,and the peculiarities of the numerical methods. We provide recommendations whenwe acknowledge that the reader might need more specifics and might need to divedeeper into a given topic. We introduce the methods aforementioned providing all ourimplementations in R language within a package.

Esta dissertação revisa a literatura acadêmica existente sobre a teoria de opções utilizando os modelos de precificação com saltos. Os conceitos foram equalizados, a nomenclatura foi padronizada, sendo gerado um material de referência sobre o assunto. O pressuposto de lognormalidade com volatilidade constante não é aceito pelo mercado financeiro. É freqüente, no meio acadêmico, a busca de modelos que reproduzam os fenômenos observados de leptocurtose ou assimetria dos log-retornos financeiros e que possuam a mesma robustez e facilidade para manipulação analítica do consagrado modelo de Black-Scholes. Os modelos com saltos são uma alternativa para esse problema. Avaliou-se o modelo de Kou no mercado acionário brasileiro composto por um componente de difusão que segue um movimento browniano geométrico e um componente de saltos que segue um processo de Poisson com intensidade do salto descrito por uma distribuição duplamente exponencial. A simulação histórica do modelo aponta, em geral, uma superioridade preditiva do modelo, porém as dificuldades de calibração dos parâmetros e de hedge em mercados incompletos são as principais deficiências para o uso dos modelos com saltos. / This master dissertation reviews the academic literature about option pricing and hedging with jumps. The theory was equalized and the notation was standardized, becoming this document a reference document about this subject. The log-normality with constant volatility is not accepted by the market. Academics search consistent models with the same analytical capabilities like Black-Scholes? model which can support the observed leptokurtosis or asymmetry of the financial daily log-returns behavior. The jump models are an alternative to these issues. The Kou?s model was evaluated and this one consists of two parts: the first part being continuous and following a geometric Brownian motion and the second being a jump process with its jump intensity defined by a double exponential distribution. The model backtesting showed a better predictive performance of the Kou´s model against other models. However, there are some handicaps regarding to the parameters calibration and hedging.

The thesis focuses on methods of option prices calculations using two different pricing models which are Heston and Black-Scholes models. The first part describes theory of these two models and conlcudes with a comparison of the risk-neutral measures of these two models. In the second part, the relations between input parameters and the option price generated by these models are clarified. This part ends up with an analysis of the market data and it answers the question which model predicts better.

In this thesis, we derive a closed-form approximation to the implied volatility for a European option, assuming that the underlying asset follows the generalized Heston model. A new para- meter is added to the Heston model which constructed the generalized Heston model. Based on the results in Lorig, Pagliarani and Pascucci [11], we obtain implied volatility expansions up to third-order. We conduct numerical studies to check the accuracy of our expansions. More specifically we compare the implied volatilities computed using our expansions to the results by Monte Carlo simulation method. Our numerical results show that the third-order implied volatility expansion provides a very good approximation to the true value.

Financial engineering problems are of great importance in the academic community and BlackScholes equation is a revolutionary concept in the modern financial theory. Financial instruments such as stocks and derivatives can be evaluated using this model. Option evaluation, is extremely important to trade in the stocks. The numerical solutions of the Black-Scholes equation are used to simulate these options. In this thesis, the explicit and the implicit Euler methods are used for the approximation of Black-scholes partial differential equation and a second order finite difference scheme is used for the spatial derivatives. These temporal and spatial discretizations are used to gain an insight about the stability properties of the explicit and the implicit methods in general. The numerical results show that the explicit methods have some constraints on the stability, whereas, the implicit Euler method is unconditionally stable. It is also demostrated that both the explicit and the implicit Euler methods are only first order convergent in time and this implies too small step-sizes to achieve a good accuracy.

The fast Fourier transform (FFT), even though it has been widely applicable in Physics and Engineering, it has become attractive in Finance as well for it’s enhancement of computational speed. Carr and Madan succeeded in implementing the FFT for pricing of an option. This project, inspired by Carr and Madan’s paper, attempts to elaborate and connect the various mathematical and theoretical concepts that are helpful in understanding of the derivation. Further, we derive the characteristic function of the risk neutral probability for the logarithmic terminal stock price. The Black-Scholes-Merton (BSM) model is also revised including derivation of the partial deferential equation and the formula. Finally, comparison of the BSM numerical implementation with and without the FFT method is done using MATLAB.

The famous Black-Scholes partial differential equation is one of the most widely used and researched equations in modern financial engineering to address the complex evaluations in the financial markets. This thesis investigates a numerical technique, using a fourth-order discretization in time and space, to solve a generalized version of the classical Black-Scholes partial differential equation. The numerical discretization in space consists of a fourth order centered difference approximation in the interior points of the spatial domain along with a fourth order left and right sided approximation for the points near the boundary. On the other hand, the temporal discretization is made by implementing a Runge-Kutta order four (RK4) method. The designed approximations are analyzed numerically with respect to stability and convergence properties.

This paper considers dynamic optimal portfolio strategies of utility maximizing investors in the presence of risk constraints. In particular, we investigate the optimization problem with an additional constraint modeling bounded shortfall risk measured by Value at Risk or Expected Loss. Using the Black-Scholes model of a complete financial market and applying martingale methods we give analytic expressions for the optimal terminal wealth and the optimal portfolio strategies and present some numerical results.

Employee share options and Black Economic Empowerment deals are financial instruments found in the South African market. Employee share options (ESOs) are issued as a form of non-cash compensation to the employees of the company in addition to their salaries or bonuses. Its value is linked to the share price and since there is no downside risk for the employee his share option is similar to owning a call option on the stock of his employer. Black economic empowerment (BEE) deals in this report refer to those types of transactions structured by listed South African companies to facilitate the transfer of a portion of their ordinary issued share capital to South African individuals or groups who qualify under the Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment Act of 2003 (“the Act”). This Act requires a minimum percentage of the company to be black-owned in order to address the disproportionate distribution of wealth amongst racial groups in South Africa due to the legacy of Apartheid. These transactions are usually structured in such a way to allow the BEE partner to participate in the upside of the share price beyond a certain level but not in the downside which replicates a call option on the share price of the issuing company. The cost of both ESOs and BEE deals has to be accounted for on the balance sheet of the issuing company at its fair-value. Neither of these instruments can be traded and their extended option lifetimes are features that distinguish these deals significantly from regular traded options for which liquid markets exist. This makes pricing them a non-trivial exercise. A number of types of mathematical models have been developed to take the unique structure features into account to price them as accurately as possible. Research by Huddart&Lang (1995&1996) has shown that option holders often exercise their vested options long before the maturity of the transactions but are unable to quantify a measure that can be used. The wide variety of factors influencing option holders (recent stock price movements, market-to-strike ratio, proximity of vesting dates, time to maturity, share price volatility and wealth of option holder) as well as little exercise data publicly available prevents the options from being priced in a consistent manner. Various assumptions regarding the exercise behaviour of option holders are used that are not based on empirical observations even though the option prices are sensitive to this input. This dissertation provides an overview of the models, inputs and exercise behaviour assumptions that are recognized in pricing both ESOs and BEE deals under IFRS 2 in South Africa. This puts the reader in a position to evaluate all pricing aspects of these deals. Furthermore, their structuring are also analysed in order to identify the general issues related to them. A number of methods to manage the pricing issue surrounding exercise behaviour on ESOs have been considered for the South African market. The ESO Upper Bound-methodology showed that for each strike there is a threshold at which exercise will occur and the employee can invest the after-tax proceeds in a diversified portfolio with a higher expected return than that of the single equity option. This approach reduces the standard Black-Scholes option value without relying on assumptions about the employee’s exercise behaviour and is a viable alternative for the South African market. The derived option value represents the cost of the option. Seven large listed companies’ BEE transactions are dissected and compared against one another using the fair-value of the transaction as a percentage of the market capitalization of the company. The author shows how this measure is a more equitable way of assigning BEE credits to companies than the current practice which is shareholding-based. The current approach does not reward the effort (read cost) that a company has undertaken to transfer shares to black South Africans but only focuses on the amount that is finally owned by the BEE participants. This leaves the transaction vulnerable to a volatile share price and leads to transactions with extended lock-in periods that do not provide much economic benefit to the BEE participants for many years. Other inefficiencies in the type of BEE transactions that have emerged in reaction to the BEE codes that have been published by the South African government are also considered. Finally the funding model that is often used to facilitate these deals is assessed and the risks involved for the funder (bank) is reflected on. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Mathematics and Applied Mathematics / unrestricted