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Desenvolvimento de novos sensores eletroquímicos descartáveis para fins analíticos / Development of new disposable electrochemical sensors for analytical purposesAna Paula Ruas de Souza 16 October 2015 (has links)
O presente trabalho trata do desenvolvimento de sensores eletroquímicos que possuam características descartáveis e ao uso destes dispositivos para a determinação de diferentes analitos em amostras biológicas, farmacêuticas e de interesse ambiental. O desenvolvimento e a aplicação dos sensores foram divididos em seis capítulos. O primeiro capítulo corresponde a fabricação de conjuntos de microeletrodos em suporte de CD-RW e placa fenolite utilizando impressão com tinta toner. Os conjuntos de microeletrodos foram fabricados por meio da deposição de duas máscaras de toner em um substrato de cobre ou ouro. Os eletrodos fabricados neste capítulo foram caracterizados e aplicados nos capítulos subsequentes. Os resultados da aplicação do conjunto de microeletrodos de cobre (DCRM) foram descritos no segundo capítulo. Os dispositivos foram aplicados para a determinação de peróxido de hidrogênio em amostras de antisséptico bucal e clareadores dentais. As determinações foram realizadas em solução de tampão fosfato (pH 7.0) por meio da técnica de amperometria (E = -0,2 V). Estes sensores foram também aplicados para determinação de ácido acetilsalítico (AAS) em amostras farmacêuticas em solução de hidróxido de sódio 0,1 mol L-1 por amperometria (E = 0,6 V). A determinação de nitrato em amostra de água de rio foi realizada por amperometria (E = -0,45V) em solução de sulfato de sódio 0,1 mol L-1 (pH = 2,0). Os resultados obtidos com o sensor demonstraram o sucesso das aplicações. As principais vantagens deste dispositivo dizem respeito à simplicidade de fabricação, baixo custo do equipamento e rapidez das análises. A caracterização eletroquímica do sensor e a determinação de ciclopirox olamina em solução de tampão BR 0,1 mol L-1 (pH = 5,0) utilizando o conjunto de microeletrodos de ouro (CD-RW) foi apresentada no terceiro capítulo. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que é possível realizar a determinação desta espécie de interesse em soluções oftalmológicas. O desenvolvimento, a caracterização e aplicação de um novo conjunto de microeletrodos de ouro fabricados a partir da redução eletroquímica da 5-bromo-1,10-fenantrolina em solução de dimetilformalmida (DMF) foi investidada no quarto capítulo. A superfície foi bloqueada com um filme isolante de 1,10-fenantrolina e o sensor foi caracterizado como um conjunto de microeletrodos de ouro. O sensor foi aplicado para a determinação de peróxido de hidrogênio, nas condições descritas anteriormente a fim de avaliar a aplicabilidade deste dispositivo. Os resultados obtidos foram promissores. A utilização de um eletrodo de microbanda impresso na configuração \"back-to-back\" foi descrita no quinto capítulo. A configuração faz uso da impressão de um novo eletrodo nas costas de um eletrodo impresso \"tradicional\", aumentando com isso a sensibilidade do sensor. O eletrodo impresso na configuração \"back-to-back\" foi utilizado para a determinação de íons Pb(II) em amostras de água potável por meio da técnica de voltametria de redissolução anódica por onda quadrada e os resultados obtidos foram concordantes com os encontrados utilizando espectrometria de emissão atômica por plasma acoplado. Os eletrodos de microbanda impressos na configuração \"back-to-back\" modificados com nanotubos de carbono para a determinação de capsaicina e dopamina e com ftalocianina de cobalto (II) para determinação de hidrazina foram investigados no sexto capítulo. Os resultados obtidos foram concordantes com aqueles descritos em outros trabalhos encontrados na literatura. / This work presents results on the fabrication of disposable electrochemical sensors and the use of such devices for the determination of different analytes in biological, pharmaceutical and environmental samples. The development and application of these sensors have been divided into six chapters. The first chapter describes the fabrication of a microelectrode ensemble (CD-RW) using ink toner. The sensor was fabricated by deposition of two toner pattern masks on copper and gold substrates. The electrodes fabricated according this procedure were characterized and applied in subsequent chapters. The second chapter describes the use of a disposable copper random microarrays (DCRM) for the amperometric determination of three analytes: hydrogen peroxide in real samples (oral antiseptic and dental whitening) at -0.2 V in phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) solution, acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) in pharmaceutical formulations at 0.6 V in 0.10 mol L-1 NaOH solution and nitrate in river samples at -0.45V in a 0.10 mol L-1 sodium sulfate solution (pH 2.0). The good results obtained with the DCRM demonstrated the successful application of this new sensor. The main advantages of the proposed manufacturing procedure are the simplicity, low cost of equipment and the high speed of production. The third chapter presents results on the use of a gold random microarray (GRM) for the determination of ciclopirox olamine in 0.10 mol L-1 Britton Robinson buffer solution (pH 5.0). Following the optimization of the experimental parameters, the proposed sensor presented excellent analytical properties for the amperometric detection of ciclopirox olamine at +0.85 V. The usefulness of the GRM sensor was confirmed by determining ciclopirox olamine in commercial products and the results obtained agreed well with those found by potentiometric titration and the labeled values. The fourth chapter describes the fabrication of a random assembly of microelectrodes (RAMs) by electrochemical reduction of 5-bromo-1,10- phenathroline in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), generating the 1,10-phenanthroline radical, which was covalently grafted on gold electrodes. After several potential cycles, the gold surface was partially blocked with an insulating film of 1,10-phenanthroline and the resulting modified electrode exhibited the characteristics of RAMs for the electrochemical reduction of the reversible probe 1,4-benzoquinone in DMF. This sensor was applied for hydrogen peroxide detection at -0.2 V in phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) solution. The fifth chapter reports on the use of screen-printed back-to-back microband electroanalytical sensors for quantification of lead(II) ions in drinking water samples in 0.01 mol L-1 HCl and the validation of the results by ICP-OES. The sixth chapter shows results on the use of back-to-back screen-printed microband electrodes modified with single-walled carbon nanotubes and cobalt phthalocyanine. The electroanalytical applications of this novel electrode configuration were exemplified towards the sensing of dopamine, capsaicin and hydrazine.
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Entwurf und Berechnung einer Reihe elektrischer Kleinmaschinen mit siebgedruckten WicklungenFietz, Tom 24 February 2012 (has links) (PDF)
Elektrische Maschinen werden heutzutage auf mannigfaltigen Gebieten eingesetzt. Sie verrichten ihre Aufgaben in leistungsstarken Industrieantrieben für Erzmühlen oder Stahlwalzen, als Synchrongeneratoren zur Elektroenergieerzeugung, in Fertigungsanlagen wie Backstraßen oder Fließbänder oder auch im Verkehr, in Zügen oder verstärkt nun auch in Automobilen.
Sie erleichtern uns aber auch den Alltag an Stellen, wo sie oft gar nicht wahrgenommen werden. Sie ermöglichen nützliche Helferlein im Auto mithilfe von Servomotoren – Scheibenwischer, Fensterheber oder Seitenspiegelverstellung sind nur ausgewählte Beispiele. Aber auch Fensterrollläden, Klimaanlagen oder Fahrstühle benötigen elektrische Antriebe. Darüber hinaus verstecken sich sie sich als Klein- und Kleinstmaschinen in medizinischen Geräten wie dem Zahnarztbohrer oder in Pflegeprodukten des täglichen Bedarfs von der Haarschneidemaschine, über den Nasenhaartrimmer und Föhn bis hin zur elektrischen Zahnbürste.
Da Elektromotoren also in immer mehr Geräten stecken, müssen auch immer größere Stückzahlen gefertigt werden, die am besten nichts kosten. Es besteht somit die große Herausforderung all die Bedürfnisse ressourcenschonend und kostengünstig zu bedienen. Aus diesem Gedanken heraus entstand am Lehrstuhl die Idee, Wicklungen elektrischer Kleinmaschinen zu drucken. Dies geschieht mithilfe der Siebdrucktechnik, wie es schon heute bei RFID-Chips die Regel ist. Es handelt sich also um ein erprobtes Verfahren, das eine günstige Fertigung großer Stückzahlen erlaubt.
Erste Erfahrungen wurden bereits gesammelt, hier sei auf [10], [11] und [12] verwiesen. Im Rahmen dieser Diplomarbeit sollen diese Grundlagen nun ausgebaut, gefestigt, sowie erweitert werden. Um einen Eindruck und Überblick zu gewinnen, wird im Folgenden eine Reihe elektrischer Kleinmaschinen entworfen.
Hierbei sollen Probleme ausfindig gemacht, Lösungen eruiert und Abweichungen zum konventionellen Entwurf aufgezeigt werden. Im Rahmen dessen werden Berechnungsvorschriften für siebgedruckte Wicklungen abgeleitet und diese schließlich zur Berechnung einer Maschinenreihe mit verschiedenen Außendurchmessern und Längen genutzt. Am Ende der Arbeit sollen ausgewählte Motoren aus der berechneten Reihe stehen, an denen Messungen stattfinden um die verwendeten Algorithmen zu verifizieren.
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Desenvolvimento de metodologias eletroanalíticas para a determinação de metais em biocombustíveis empregando a análise por injeção em batelada (BIA) / Development of electroanalytical procedures for determination of metals in biofuels employing batch injection analysis (BIA)Tormin, Thiago Faria 20 December 2016 (has links)
CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / Nesta tese foi demonstrado que a associação da técnica eletroanalítica Voltametria de Redissolução Anódica de Onda Quadrada (SWASV, do inglês, Square-Wave Anodic Stripping Voltammetry) com a Análise por Injeção em Batelada (BIA, do inglês, Batch- Injection Analysis) permite o desenvolvimento de métodos analíticos para a determinação de metais (Cu, Cd, Pb, Hg e Zn) em amostras de etanol combustível e biodiesel. Metais podem ser incorporados aos biocombustíveis em processos de armazenagem e transporte, podendo causar danos irreversíveis ao biocombustível, o qual pode danificar motores e causar problemas ambientais. Logo, justifica-se o presente trabalho pela necessidade do desenvolvimento de métodos analíticos visando o controle de qualidade em relação ao teor de metais nestas amostras, preferencialmente métodos de fácil manuseio, rápidos, de baixo custo e robustos. BIA-SWASV permitiu a determinação direta (sem qualquer diluição da amostra) de Cd, Pb, Cu e Zn em etanol combustível empregando eletrodos de Au e filme de Hg. Limites de detecção na faixa de 0,6 a 5 pg L-1, faixa linear de 12,5 a 200 pg L-1 e valores de recuperação entre 87 e 109% foram obtidos para análises de 1 mL de amostra e tempo de deposição de 90 s (tempo total de cada medida de ~200 s). O tempo de injeção da amostra pela micropipeta eletrônica usada no sistema BIA foi de 40 s, ou seja, a deposição dos metais ocorreu mesmo após o término da injeção (transporte difusional das espécies ao eletrodo). Além disso, esta tese apresenta a associação de eletrodos impressos (SPE, do inglês, Screen-Printed Electrode) ao sistema BIA visando o desenvolvimento de métodos analíticos com características portáteis. Este sistema foi combinado a outros componentes que funcionam com uso de baterias como, pipetas eletrônicas, mini-potenciostatos e computador laptop, e aplicado à determinação de metais (Pb, Cu e Hg) em amostras de biodiesel após digestão ácida. Empregaram-se nos experimentos SPE’s com tinta condutora de Au (SPGE, do inglês, Screen-Printed Gold Electrode) como eletrodo de trabalho, reduzindo o volume de amostra a 200 pL (em eletrodos convencionais utilizou-se 1000 pL) com tempo de injeção de 40 s (velocidade de injeção de 5 gL s-1) e, nestas condições, obtiveram-se limites de detecção abaixo de 1,0 gg L-1 (equivalente a 6 gg g-1), faixa linear entre 20 e 280 gg L-1 e valores de recuperação entre 90 e 110% para amostras de biodiesel fortificadas. O baixo consumo de amostra no sistema BIA prolongou o tempo de vida útil do SPGE para um dia inteiro de análises (210 injeções). O sistema BIA associado a técnicas eletroanalíticas permitiu o desenvolvimento de métodos analíticos de baixo custo, simples, precisos, que empregam pequeno volume de amostra, portáteis (sobretudo com o emprego de SPE’s), que podem ser aplicados para a determinação de rotina e em campo de metais em amostras de etanol combustível e biodiesel. / In this thesis it is shown that the association of electroanalytical technique Square- Wave Anodic Stripping Voltammetry (SWASV) with Batch-Injection Analysis (BIA) allows the development of analytical methods for determination of metals (Cu, Cd, Pb, Hg and Zn) in ethanol fuel and biodiesel samples. Metals can be incorporated into biofuels during storage and transportation processes, which can damage engines and cause environmental problems. Therefore, it becomes necessary to develop analytical methods aiming the quality control of metals in these samples, preferably methods that are easy to operate, fast, inexpensive and robust. BIA-SWASV allowed direct determination (no dilution of the sample) of Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn in fuel ethanol employing Au and Hg film electrodes. Detection limits in the range of 0.6 to 5 pg L"1, linear range from 12.5 to 200 pg L-1 and recovery values of between 87 and 109% were obtained for analysis of 1 mL of sample and deposition time of 90 s (total time of each measurement of ~200 s). The time of sample injection by the electronic micropipette used by the BIA system was 40 s, that is, the deposition of metal occurred even after the end of injection (diffusional transport of species to the electrode). In addition, in this thesis it is presented the combination of Screen-Printed Electrodes (SPE) to the BIA system aimed to the development of analytical methods with portable characteristics. This system was combined with other components that operate using batteries as electronic pipettes, mini- potentiostat and laptop computer, and applied to the determination of metals (Pb, Cu and Hg) in biodiesel samples after acid digestion. It was used in the experiments SPE's with Au conductive ink as a working electrode (SPGE), reduced the volume of sample to 200 pL (in conventional electrodes was used 1000 pL) with injection time of 40 s (injection rate of 5 pL s-1), and in these conditions, detection limits lower than 1,0 pg L-1 (equivalent to 6 pg g-1), linear range between 20 and 280 pg L-1 and recovery values between 90 and 110% for biodiesel fortified samples were obtained. The low sample consumption extended the lifetime SPGE’s for a whole day of analysis (210 injections). BIA system associated with electroanalytical techniques allowed the development of inexpensive,simple, accurate, portable (especially with the use of SPE's) analytical methods, employing reduced sample volume, which can be applied for the routine and on-site determinations of metals in ethanol fuel and biodiesel samples. / Tese (Doutorado)
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Development of Schiff base electrochemical sensors for the evaluation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in aqueous mediumWard, Meryck January 2017 (has links)
Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / A novel monomer (N,N'-Bis-(1H-pyrrol-2-ylmethylene)-benzene-1,2-diamine-BPPD) was
derived from the condensation reaction between o-phenylenediamine and a pyrrole derivative. The
monomer was polymerized electrochemically to produce the new polymer material -
polymerized(N,N'-Bis-(1H-pyrrol-2-ylmethylene)-benzene-1,2-diamine) PBPPD. This novel
polymer material was deposited at the surface of a screen-printed carbon electrode, as a thin film,
in the development of chemical sensors for the detection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
(PAHs). The monomer material was characterized in terms of its optical (spectroscopy) and
thermal properties. The polymer material was characterized in terms of its surface morphology
and its redox electrochemistry. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to
confirm the azomethine bond formation during the condensation reaction of an aldehyde and
primary amine derivative. / 2020-08-31
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Contribution to the development of electrochemical methods for liquid chromatographic analysis and drug quality monitoringSarakbi, Ahmad 26 November 2014 (has links)
The present thesis work is dedicated to the implementation of novel electrochemical methods for the assay of drug compounds such as paracetamol and ascorbic acid and biologically relevant biothiols such as cysteine and glutathione. Particular attention has been paid to the development and application of amperometric detectors allowing for a readily surface renewing and for highly selective and sensitive assays.<p>Coupling of a screen printed electrochemical detector with a monolithic chromatographic column was performed for high-throughput analysis along with selectivity, sensitivity and good precision. The modification of a glassy carbon electrode with a perm-selective membrane was investigated in order to provide an electrochemical sensor for on-site analysis. Acetaminophen was investigated as a model drug compound because of its extensive use in drug “pain killer” medication.<p>Along with the aims of this thesis, a silver polycrystalline electrode was investigated as a sensitive and class selective electrode for the assay of small thiol-based molecules. The silver electrode was implemented for the first time as an amperometric detector coupled to liquid chromatography for the assay of thiols. Application to the study of thiol species present in white wines was realized in order to illustrate the potential of the silver working electrode as amperometric detector. / Doctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Разработка и исследование электрохимических сенсоров на основе углеродных нанотрубок для инверсионной вольтамперометрии : магистерская диссертация / Development and research of electrochemical sensors based on carbon nanotubes for stripping voltammetryКосых, А. С., Kosykh, A. S. January 2016 (has links)
Цель работы состояла в определении оптимальных значений диаметра и массы углеродных нанотрубок (УНТ) в нафионсодержащей модифицирующей пленке для получения наилучших электрохимических и аналитических характеристик толстопленочных углеродсодержащих электродов (ТУЭ).
В ходе работы синтезированы многостенные УНТ со средним диаметром dср ≈ 23 нм методом каталитического пиролиза этанола и проведена кислотная очистка полученного материала от металлических частиц катализатора и других модификаций углерода. Аналогичным способом обработаны коммерческие УНТ с dср ≈ 147 и 16 нм от Sigma-Aldrich.
Успешно изготовлены 36 типов ТУЭ без УНТ и на основе УНТ в условиях варьирования массового содержания УНТ в диапазоне MУНТ = 0,3-10,0 мкг на поверхности ТУЭ. Аттестация поверхностей электродов проведена методами оптической и электронной микроскопии. Изучены электрохимические характеристики изготовленных ТУЭ методами циклической вольтамперометриии и импедансной спектроскопии. Выполнено определение ионов железа (III) в модельном растворе методом адсорбционной инверсионной вольтамперометрии. Установлены оптимальные значения среднего диаметра УНТ dср ≥ 23 нм и массы УНТ MУНТ = 5,0-10,0 мкг на поверхности ТУЭ для получения наилучших электрохимические и аналитические характеристики. Разработанные ТУЭ на основе УНТ могут применяться для определения ионов тяжелых металлов в реальных водах с концентрацией меньшей предельно-допустимых значений, установленных нормативными документами. / The aim is to determine the optimal values of the diameter and weight of carbon nanotubes (CNT) in modifier film containing Nafion for the best electrochemical and analytical characteristics of the thick film of carbon-containing electrodes (TFCE).
Multi-walled CNT with an average diameter dav ≈ 23 nm were synthesized by the catalytic pyrolysis of ethanol and purified from the metal catalyst particles and other modifications of carbon, using mixture of concentrated sulfuric and nitric acids. Commercial CNT with dav ≈ 147 and 16 nm from Sigma-Aldrich were treated by a similar procedure.
The batch of 36 types of TFCE without CNT and based on CNT varied by weight of CNT (MCNT) on TFCE surface in the range of 0,3-10,0 μg was made. The electrode surfaces were studied by optical and electron microscopy. The electrochemical characteristics of obtained TFCE by cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were investigated. The detection of Fe (III) ions in a model solution was carried out by adsorptive stripping voltammetry. The optimal values of the average diameter of CNT dav ≥ 23 nm and a weight of CNT on TFCE surfaces MCNT = 5,0-10,0 μg were determined. These parameters allow us to reach the best electrochemical and analytical characteristics of modified TFCE. Developed TFCE based on CNT may be used for the detection of heavy metal ions in real water with a concentration of less maximum permissible values, established by regulations.
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Entwurf und Berechnung einer Reihe elektrischer Kleinmaschinen mit siebgedruckten WicklungenFietz, Tom 24 January 2012 (has links)
Elektrische Maschinen werden heutzutage auf mannigfaltigen Gebieten eingesetzt. Sie verrichten ihre Aufgaben in leistungsstarken Industrieantrieben für Erzmühlen oder Stahlwalzen, als Synchrongeneratoren zur Elektroenergieerzeugung, in Fertigungsanlagen wie Backstraßen oder Fließbänder oder auch im Verkehr, in Zügen oder verstärkt nun auch in Automobilen.
Sie erleichtern uns aber auch den Alltag an Stellen, wo sie oft gar nicht wahrgenommen werden. Sie ermöglichen nützliche Helferlein im Auto mithilfe von Servomotoren – Scheibenwischer, Fensterheber oder Seitenspiegelverstellung sind nur ausgewählte Beispiele. Aber auch Fensterrollläden, Klimaanlagen oder Fahrstühle benötigen elektrische Antriebe. Darüber hinaus verstecken sich sie sich als Klein- und Kleinstmaschinen in medizinischen Geräten wie dem Zahnarztbohrer oder in Pflegeprodukten des täglichen Bedarfs von der Haarschneidemaschine, über den Nasenhaartrimmer und Föhn bis hin zur elektrischen Zahnbürste.
Da Elektromotoren also in immer mehr Geräten stecken, müssen auch immer größere Stückzahlen gefertigt werden, die am besten nichts kosten. Es besteht somit die große Herausforderung all die Bedürfnisse ressourcenschonend und kostengünstig zu bedienen. Aus diesem Gedanken heraus entstand am Lehrstuhl die Idee, Wicklungen elektrischer Kleinmaschinen zu drucken. Dies geschieht mithilfe der Siebdrucktechnik, wie es schon heute bei RFID-Chips die Regel ist. Es handelt sich also um ein erprobtes Verfahren, das eine günstige Fertigung großer Stückzahlen erlaubt.
Erste Erfahrungen wurden bereits gesammelt, hier sei auf [10], [11] und [12] verwiesen. Im Rahmen dieser Diplomarbeit sollen diese Grundlagen nun ausgebaut, gefestigt, sowie erweitert werden. Um einen Eindruck und Überblick zu gewinnen, wird im Folgenden eine Reihe elektrischer Kleinmaschinen entworfen.
Hierbei sollen Probleme ausfindig gemacht, Lösungen eruiert und Abweichungen zum konventionellen Entwurf aufgezeigt werden. Im Rahmen dessen werden Berechnungsvorschriften für siebgedruckte Wicklungen abgeleitet und diese schließlich zur Berechnung einer Maschinenreihe mit verschiedenen Außendurchmessern und Längen genutzt. Am Ende der Arbeit sollen ausgewählte Motoren aus der berechneten Reihe stehen, an denen Messungen stattfinden um die verwendeten Algorithmen zu verifizieren.:1 Einführung
2 Der prinzipielle Aufbau der zu entwerfenden Kleinmaschinen
2.1 Der Aufbau konventioneller Kleinmaschinen
2.2 Der mechanische Aufbau
2.3 Gedruckte Wicklungen
3 Theoretischer Entwurfs- und Rechengang
3.1 Maschinenentwurf
3.1.1 Magnetkreisentwurf
3.1.2 Abmessungen
3.1.3 Entwurf der Wicklung
3.2 Nachrechnung
3.2.1 Ohmscher Widerstand, Nennstrom und Stromdichte
3.2.2 Magnetische Spannungsabfälle
3.2.3 Induktivität und Reaktanz
3.2.4 Kraft, Drehmoment und mechanische Leistung
3.2.5 Verluste, Wirkungsgrad und Leistungsfaktor
3.2.6 Ausnutzungsfaktor, Strombelag und Charakteristisches Produkt
3.3 Bestimmung des Drehmoments
4 Ein zahlenmäßiger Entwurfsgang anhand einer Beispielmaschine
4.1 Vorgaben
4.2 Maschinenentwurf
4.2.1 Magnetkreisentwurf
4.2.2 Abmessungen
4.2.3 Entwurf der Wicklung
4.3 Nachrechnung
4.3.1 Ohmscher Widerstand, Nennstrom und Stromdichte
4.3.2 Magnetische Spannungsabfälle
4.3.3 Induktivität und Reaktanz
4.3.4 Kraft, Drehmoment und mechanische Leistung
4.3.5 Verluste, Wirkungsgrad und Leistungsfaktor
4.3.6 Ausnutzungsfaktor, Strombelag und Charakteristisches Produkt
5 Die Maschinenreihe im Detail
5.1 Die Maschinenreihe im Vergleich
5.2 Außendurchmesser 40 mm
5.3 Ein Vergleich mit am Markt erhältlichen Maschinen
6 Fertigung und Maschinenpraxis ausgewählter Modelle
6.1 Vorbereitungen
6.2 Die gedruckten Wicklungen
6.3 Ein praktischer Ausblick
6.4 Potenzial und Ausblick – Steigerung der Effizienz
7 Zusammenfassung
A Das FEM-Modell zur Ermittlung der Läuferinduktion
B Die Maschinenreihe
C Praktische Ausführungen zum Maschinenentwurf
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Voltametrické a amperometrické stanovení homovanilové, vanilmandlové a 5-hydroxy-3-indoloctové kyseliny / Voltammetric and amperometric determination of homovanillic, vanillylmandelic, and 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acidNěmečková, Anna January 2020 (has links)
Presented dissertation thesis is focused on the development of electrochemical methods for the determination of three important tumour biomarkers, namely homovanillic acid (HVA), vanillylmandelic acid (VMA), and 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid (5-HIAA). First part of the study is focused on electrochemical behaviour of these analytes in batch arrangement using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) at screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCEs). It has been proved that presented method is sufficiently sensitive for monitoring above mentioned analytes. Moreover, it can be used for determination of HVA and VMA in mixture. Obtained limits of detection (LODs) were 0.24 µmol·L-1 for HVA, 0.06 µmol·L-1 for VMA, and 0.12 µmol·L-1 for 5-HIAA. The requirements to speed up the analysis and at the same time to reduce its price initialized our study of the determination of tested biomarkers in flow systems. Firstly, flow injection analysis with amperometric detection was investigated for the determination of all three biomarkers at the same SPCE, and then an analogous determination of structural more similar pair, HVA and VMA, was performed at a boron doped diamond electrode (BDDE). Obtained LODs of optimized methods were as follows: at SPCE 0.07 µmol·L-1 for HVA, 0.05 µmol·L-1 for VMA, and 0.03 µmol·L-1 for 5-HIAA,...
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Синтез медь(II)-имидазольных каркасов и их применение в качестве электрохимических катализаторов для определения креатинина, глюкозы, мочевины : магистерская диссертация / Copper(II)-imidazole frameworks and their application as electrochemical catalysts for determination creatinine, glucose, ureaБахтина, О. В., Bakhtina, O. V. January 2023 (has links)
Настоящая работа состоит из 3 глав и посвящена бесферментному количественному определению креатинина, глюкозы, мочевины с использованием медь(II)-имидазольных каркасов. В ходе работы проведено формирование электрокаталитически активного слоя на поверхности рабочего электрода. Таким образом, каталитически активный слой с наибольшей чувствительностью сформирован на печатном электроде 3-в-1 с использованием многостенных углеродных нанотрубок (cMWCNT), электроосаждённым золотом и медь(II)-имидазольного каркаса, состоящего из иона меди(II) и 2-меркаптоимидазола и 2-метилимидазола. Проведены исследования селективности полученного каталитически активного слоя. / This work consists of 3 chapters and is devoted to the enzyme-free quantitative determination of creatinine, glucose, urea using copper(II)-imidazole frameworks. In the course of the work, the formation of an electrocatalytically active layer on the surface of the working electrode was carried out. Thus, the catalytically active layer with the highest sensitivity is formed on a 3-in-1 printed electrode using multi-walled carbon nanotubes (cMWCNT) electrodeposited with gold and copper(II)-imidazole framework consisting of copper(II) ion and 2-mercaptoimidazole and 2-methylimidazole. The selectivity of the obtained catalytically active layer has been studied.
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Voltametrijske metode zasnovane na primeni jednostavnih i savremenih elektroda/senzora na bazi ugljeničnih materijala za određivanje vodonik-peroksida u odabranim uzorcima / Voltammetric methods based on the application of simple and contemporary carbonaceousmaterials-based electrodes/sensors for the determination of hydrogen-peroxide in the selected samplesAnojčić Jasmina 22 November 2018 (has links)
<p>Cilj ove doktorske disertacije je bio razvoj brzih i pouzdanih voltametrijskih metoda zasnovanih na primeni jednostavnih i savremenih elektroda/senzora na bazi ugljeničnih materijala (ugljenične paste napravljene od grafitnog praha i parafinskog ulja i štampanih ugljeničnih elektroda) za određivanje H <sub>2</sub>O<sub>2 </sub>u odabranim složenim model i realnim uzorcima. U tu svrhu, ispitana je primenljivost različitih radnih elektroda. Amperometrijska metoda zasnovana na elektrodi od ugljenične paste (CPE) zapreminski modifikovane sa 5% (m:m) MnO2 je, pri optimizovanim uslovima i pri radnom potencijalu od 0,40 V u odnosu na zasićenu kalomelovu elektrodu (ZKE) u fosfatnom puferu pH 7,50 kao pomoćnom elektrolitu, omogućila kvantifikaciju H <sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> u opsegu koncentracija od 1,4 do 65 µg mL -1 sa relativnom standardnom devijacijom (RSD) manjom od 10%. Ova metoda je primenjena za određivanje sadržaja H <sub>2</sub>O<sub>2 </sub>u uzorcima podzemne vode iz centralnog Banata (Pokrajina Vojvodina, Srbija) tretirane Fentonovim (Fe<sup> 2+</sup> i H <sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> ) i Fentonu-sličnim (Fe <sup>3+</sup> i H <sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> ) reagensima u cilju uklanjanja prirodnih organskih materija (POM) pri čemu su korišćene različite početne koncentracije gvožđa i različiti odnosi molarnih koncentracija gvožđa i H <sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> . Utvrđeno je da oksidaciono stanje gvožđe (Fe<sup> 2+</sup> ili Fe <sup>3+</sup>) i molarni odnos jona Fe i H<sub> 2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> utiču na stepen potrošnje/razgradnje H<sub> 2</sub>O<sub>2</sub><br />u podzemnoj vodi sa visokim sadržajem POM. Takođe, u slučaju Fentonu-sličnog procesa, za sve početne koncentracije Fe <sup>3+</sup> i H <sub>2</sub>O<sub>2 ,</sub> signifikantna količina H <sub>2</sub>O<sub>2 </sub>ostaje neiskorišćena, što ukazuje na nižu efikasnost ovakvog sistema u poređenju sa Fentonovim procesom.Štampana ugljenična elektroda (SPCE) zapreminski modifikovana sa MnO 2 kao medijatorom je primenjena za određivanje sadržaja H<sub> 2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> u toku Fentonovog (Fe <sup>2+</sup> , H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> ) i vidljivom svetlošću potpomognutog foto-Fentonovog (Fe<sup> 2+ </sup>, H <sub>2</sub>O<sub>2 </sub>, hν) procesa uklanjanja neonikotinoidnog insekticida acetamiprida (ACT). Pri optimizovanim uslovima (radni potencijal 0,40 V u odnosu na ZKE, fosfatni pufer pH 7,50 kao pomoćni elektrolit) amperometrijskog određivanja H <sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> , postignuta je linearnost u opsegu koncentracija 0,01–1,24 mmol L-1(0,34– 42,2 µg mL -1<br />) i vrednost RSD nije prelazila 4,2%. U ispitivanimuzorcima (nakon odgovarajućeg<br />podešavanja pH vrednosti od 2,8 do 7,5 odmah nakon uzorkovanja radi stopiranja ili maksimalnog usporavanja procesa oksidacije, filtriranja, zamrzavanja i odmrzavanja neposredno pre merenja) sadržaj H <sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> je određen metodom standardnog dodatka analiziranjem odgovarajućih amperometrijskih krivi. Paralelna HPLC-DAD merenja su vršena u cilju praćenja koncentracije/uklanjanja ACT. U slučaju foto-Fentonovog procesa (početne koncentracije 0,31; 2,0 i 3,0 mmol L -1 (70,0; 111,7 i 102,1 µg mL -1 ) za ACT, Fe<br /><sup>2+</sup> i H <sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, redom) nakon 10 min H <sub>2</sub>O<sub>2 </sub>je izreagovao, a može se smatrati da je ACT uklonjen nakon 5 min. U toku Fentonovog procesa ACT je uklonjen nakon 20 min tretmana i oko 10% početne koncentracije H <sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> je ostalo u sistemu<br />neiskorišćeno.CPE je površinski modifikovane kompozitom na bazi nanočestica Pt (< 5 nm) i grafitizovanog ugljenika (Pt-C, 10% Pt na Vulkanu XC72) etodom nanošenja kapi. Nemodifikovana CPE i modifikovana (Pt-C/CPE) su okarakterisane primenom SEM/EDS i CV merenja. Pt-C/CPE je pokazala izuzetne elektrokatalitičke osobine u pogledu elektrohemijskeredoks reakcije H<br /><sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> u poređenju sa nemodifikovanom CPE u fosfatnom puferu (0,1 mol L -1 ;<br />pH 7,50), a takođe i u acetatnom puferu (0,1 mol L -1 ; pH 4,50) kao pomoćnim elektrolitima. Prilikom amperometrijskog određivanja H <sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> primenom Pt-C/CPE u model sistemima, zadovoljavajuća linearnost je postignuta u koncentracionom opseguH<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>od 0,15 do 1,45 µg mL -1 ,dok su vrednosti GO iznosile 0,06 µg mL -1 (pH 7,50, radni potencijal 0,20 V) i 0,10 µg mL -1 (pH<br />4,50, radni potencijal 0,50 V). Optimizovane analitičke metode su primenjene za određivanje sadržaja H <sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> u komercijalno dostupnim proizvodima za ličnu negu: rastvoru za dezinfekciju (pH 7,50) i rastvoru za čišćenje kontaktnih sočiva (pH 4,50). Amperometrijski dobijeni rezultati su u dobrom slaganju sa rezultatima dobijenim primenom tradicionalne spektrofotometrijske metode bazirane na titanijum-sulfatu kao reagensu sa određenim koncentracijama 2,91% i 2,94% za<br />dezinfekcioni rastvor i 3,04% i 3,17% za rastvor zakontaktna sočiva, redom. RSD je bila manja od 2%. Postignuti rezultati su u dobrom slaganju sa sadržajem H<br /><sub>2</sub>O<sub>2 </sub>deklarisanim od strane proizvođača (3%) u oba ispitivana uzorka. Pt-C/CPE je takođe testirana za praćenje koncentracije H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> u rastvoru za kontaktna sočiva u toku procesa njegove neutralizacije/razgradnje. Nakon 6 h procesa neutralizacije, 24,68 µg mL -1 je bila određena koncentracija H <sub>2</sub>O<sub>2 ,</sub> što je ispod dozvoljene<br />H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2 </sub>koncentracije u rastvoru za kontaktna sočiva imajući u vidu granicu koja izaziva iritaciju oka. CPE je površinski modifikovana višezidnim ugljeničnim nanocevima (MWCNT) i kompozitima MnO 2 -MWCNT ili Pt-MWCNT metodom nanošenja kapi radi pripreme jednostavnih, osetljivih i pouzdanih voltametrijskih senzora za određivanje H <sub>2</sub>O<sub>2 </sub>u odabranom uzorku. Rezultati SEM/EDS analize kompozitnih materijala su potvrdili da su medijatori, čestice MnO 2 i Pt, nasumično raspoređeni na površini MWCNT i zastupljeni sa blizu 5% (m:m) u kompozitu izraženo<br />preko Mn i Pt. CV merenja su vršena sa pripremljenim radnim elektrodama u acetatnom (pH 4,50), fosfatnom (pH 7,50) i boratnom (pH 9,18) puferu kako bi se okarakterisalo osnovno elektrohemijsko ponašanje H <sub>2</sub>O<sub>2 </sub>i odabrali pogodni radni potencijali za amperometrijsko određivanje ovog ciljnog analita. Pt- WCNT/CPE je primenljiva za rad kako u fosfatnom puferu pH 7,50 tako i u acetatnom puferu pH 4,50 V kako pri negativnim tako i pri pozitivnim radnim<br />potencijalima, pri čemu su vrednosti RSD uglavnom ispod 2,5%. U slučaju MnO 2<br />-MWCNT/CPE, na potencijalu 0,30 V i višim vrednostima, oksidacioni signali H<br /><sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> su signifikantni u blago alkalnoj sredini (pH 7,50), pri pH 4,50 ova elektroda pokazuje nezadovoljavajuće ponašanje, dok pri pH 9,18 ima prihvatljive performanse. Granice određivanja (GO) su bile u oblasti µg mL -1 . H <sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> je određen u spajkovanom uzorku mleka metodom standardnog dodatka nakon odgovarajuće pripreme uzorka (pH podešavanje i centrifugiranje) i primenom optimizovane amperometrijske procedure (acetatni pufer pH 4,50, radni potencijal-0,75 V) koristeći Pt-MWCNT/CPE kao radnu elektrodu. RSD za tri ponovljena merenja je iznosila 2,5%, dok je prinos metode bio nešto veći od 71%.<br />Kompozitni materijali koji se sastoje od MWCNT i čestica na bazi Pd (Pd-MWCNT) ili Pt (Pt-MWCNT) su primenjeni za pripremu zapreminski modifikovanih SPCE (Pd-MWCNT-SPCE i Pt-MWCNT-SPCE) i površinski modifikovane SPCE (Pd-MWCNT/SPCE). Ove elektrode, kao i nemodifikovana SPCE i MWCNT-SPCE, su okarakterisane primenom CV i amperometrije u fosfatnom puferu pH 7,50 radi određivanja H <sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> . Pd-MWCNT-SPCE i Pd-MWCNT/SPCE su se pokazale pogodnim za određivanje H <sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> na radnim potencijalima između -0,50 i 0,50 V, a PtMWCNT-SPCE na ispitivanim radnim potencijalima od -0,80 do 0,70 V. Ove elektrode su zatim modifikovane enzimom glukoza oksidazom (GOx) metodom nanošenja kapi rastvora GOx i Nafion ® -a na njihovu površinu, pri čemu je optimizovana količina nanetog biofilma. GOx/PdMWCNT-SPCE je pokazala bolje analitičke performanse za određivanje glukoze u poređenju sa GOx/Pd- WCNT/SPCE. Kao optimalan radni potencijal GOx/Pd-MWCNT-SPCE je odabrana<br />vrednost potencijala -0,40 V u odnosu na ZKE, sa zadovoljavajućom linearnošću u ispitivanom opsegu koncentracija glukoze od 0,16 do 0,97 mmol L -1 (od 29,1 do 174 µg mL -1), dok je GO iznosila 0,14 mmol L -1 (25 µg mL<br />-1 ). Optimizovana metoda zasnovana na GOx/Pd-MWCNT-SPCE je uspešno primenjena za određivanje glukoze u uzorku livadskog meda. Dobijeni rezultati su u dobroj saglasnosti sa onima dobijenim primenom komercijalno dostupnog aparata za merenje glukoze. Pogodan radni potencijal za GOx/Pt-MWCNT-SPCE je bio -0,50 V u odnosu na ZKE, pri čemu je zadovoljavajuća linearnost postignuta u ispitivanom opsegu koncentracija glukoze od 65,8 do 260,6 µg mL -1 , sa GO 35 µg mL -1 . Optimizovana metoda zasnovana na GOx/Pt-MWCNT-SPCE je uspešno primenjena za određivanje glukoze u u uzorku belog grožđa i uzorku tableta (Traubenzucker-bonbons), pri čemu su dobijeni rezultati u dobroj saglasnosti sa rezultatima dobijenim primenom Accu-Chek aparata.<br />Na osnovu dobijenih rezultata može se zaključiti da su razvijene analitičke metode pre svega jednostavne, pouzdane i pogodne za dobijanje brzih informacija o sadržaju H <sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> u različitim tipovima uzoraka. Svakako odabir pogodne radne elektrode, kao i optimizacija eksperimentalnih uslova su ključni faktori za uspešno određivanje H <sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub></p> / null / <p>The aim of this doctoral dissertation was the development of fast and reliable voltammetric methods based on the application of simple and contemporary electrodes/sensors based on carbonaceous materials (carbon paste made of graphite powder and paraffin oil and screen printed carbon electrodes) for the determination of H <span id="cke_bm_571S" style="display: none;"> </span><sub>2</sub><span id="cke_bm_571E" style="display: none;"> </span>O<sub>2</sub> in the selected complex model and real samples.For this purpose, applicability of different working electrodes was investigated.The amperometric method based on carbon paste electrode (CPE) bulk- modified with 5% (m:m) MnO 2 , under optimized conditions, with a working potential of 0.40 V vs. the saturated calomel elect<span id="cke_bm_572E" style="display: none;"> </span>rode (SCE) and a phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.50) as supporting electrolyte, enabled the quantitation of H <span id="cke_bm_577S" style="display: none;"> </span><sub>2</sub><span id="cke_bm_577E" style="display: none;"> </span>O<sub>2</sub>in the concentration interval from 1.4 to 65 µg mL −1 with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of less than 10%. This meth<span id="cke_bm_578E" style="display: none;"> </span>od was applied for the determination of the H<span id="cke_bm_583S" style="display: none;"> </span><sub>2</sub><span id="cke_bm_583E" style="display: none;"> </span>O<sub>2 </sub>consumption in samples of groundwater fro<span id="cke_bm_584E" style="display: none;"> </span>m the Central Banat region (Province of Vojvodina, Serbia) treated by the Fenton (Fe <sup>2+ </sup>and H <sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> ) and Fenton- like (Fe <sup>3+</sup>and H <sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> ) reagents to remove natural organic matter (NOM) at differentinitial concentrations of iron species, and of their molar ratios to the initial concentration of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> . It was found that the form of Fe (Fe <sup>2+</sup> or Fe <sup>3+</sup> )and the molar ratio to H <sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>influenced the degree of the H<sub> 2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> decomposition in the groundwater with high NOM content. Besides, in the case of the Fenton-like process, for all initial doses of Fe <sup>3+</sup> and H<span id="cke_bm_604S" style="display: none;"> </span><sub> 2</sub><span id="cke_bm_604E" style="display: none;"> </span>O<sub>2</sub>, a sign<span id="cke_bm_605E" style="display: none;"> </span>ificant amount of H<span id="cke_bm_610S" style="display: none;"> </span><sub> 2</sub><span id="cke_bm_610E" style="display: none;"> </span>O<sub>2</sub> remained unused, whi<span id="cke_bm_611E" style="display: none;"> </span>ch also indicates a lower efficiency of such system compared to the Fenton process. Screen printed carbon electrode (SPCE) bulk-modified with MnO <sub> 2</sub> as a mediator was applied for amperometric determination of the H <span id="cke_bm_617S" style="display: none;"> </span><sub>2</sub><span id="cke_bm_617E" style="display: none;"> </span>O<sub>2</sub> content during the Fenton (Fe <sup>2+</sup> , H <span id="cke_bm_624S" style="display: none;"> </span><sub>2</sub><span id="cke_bm_624E" style="display: none;"> </span>O<sub>2 </sub>) and <span id="cke_bm_625E" style="display: none;"> </span>visible light-assisted<span id="cke_bm_618E" style="display: none;"> </span>, photo-Fenton (Fe <sup>2+ </sup> , H <span id="cke_bm_631S" style="display: none;"> </span><sub>2</sub><span id="cke_bm_631E" style="display: none;"> </span>O<sub>2</sub> , hν)<span id="cke_bm_632E" style="display: none;"> </span> based removal of neonicotinoid insecticide acetamiprid (ACT). Under optimized conditions (working potential of 0.40 V vs. SCE, phosphate buffer pH 7.50 as supporting electrolyte) amperometric determination of H <span id="cke_bm_637S" style="display: none;"> </span><sub>2</sub><span id="cke_bm_637E" style="display: none;"> </span>O<sub>2 </sub>showed a linear dynamic range from 0.01 to 1.24 mmol L -1 (from 0.34 to 42.2 µg mL -1) and the RSD did not exceed 4.2%. In the investigated samples (after appropriate pH adjustment from 2.8 to 7.5 instantly after the sampling<span id="cke_bm_638E" style="display: none;"> </span> to stop or maximum decelerate the oxidation processes, filtering, and storage of the deep- frozen sample with defrosting immediately before the measurements) the H <span id="cke_bm_643S" style="display: none;"> </span><sub>2</sub><span id="cke_bm_643E" style="display: none;"> </span>O<sub>2</sub> contents were determined by the standard addition method by analyzing the corresponding amperometric curves. Parallel HPLC-DAD measurements were performed to monito<span id="cke_bm_644E" style="display: none;"> </span>r the concentration/removal of ACT. In the case of the photo- Fenton process (initial concentrations: 0.31; 2.0 and 3.0 mmol L -1 (70.0; 111.7 and 102.1 µg mL -1 ) of ACT, Fe<sup> 2+</sup> and H <span id="cke_bm_650S" style="display: none;"> </span><sub>2</sub><span id="cke_bm_650E" style="display: none;"> </span>O<sub>2</sub>, respec<span id="cke_bm_651E" style="display: none;"> </span>tively) after 10 min of irradiation H <span id="cke_bm_656S" style="display: none;"> </span><sub>2</sub><span id="cke_bm_656E" style="display: none;"> </span>O<sub>2</sub> was consumed and it can be consi<span id="cke_bm_657E" style="display: none;"> </span>dered that ACT was removed after 5 min. During the Fenton process ACT was removed after 20 min of treatment and around 10% of the initial concentration of the H 2O2 remained still unused.<br />CPE was surface modified with a composite of Pt nanoparticles (< 5 nm) on graphitized carbon (Pt-C, 10% Pt on Vulcan XC72) by simply dropcoating method. The unmodified CPE and the modified one (Pt-C/CPE) were characterized by EM/EDS and CV measurements. The PtC/CPE showed remarkable electrocatalytic propertiestoward the electrochemical redox reaction of H<span id="cke_bm_662S" style="display: none;"> </span><sub>2</sub><span id="cke_bm_662E" style="display: none;"> </span>O<sub>2</sub> compared to modified CPE in phosphate buffer (0.1 mol L -1 ; pH 7.50), as well in acetatebuffer (0.1 mol L -1 ; pH .50) supporting electrolytes. Amperometry of H2O2 in the concentration range from 0.15 to 1.45 µg mL -1 with the Pt-C/CPE showed acceptable linearity, while the obtained values of LOQs were 0.06 µg mL -1 (pH 7.50, working potential 0.20 V) and 0.10 µg mL -1 (pH 4<span id="cke_bm_663E" style="display: none;"> </span>.50, working potential 0.50 V). The proposed analytical methods were applied to the determination of the H 2O2 content in commercially available personal care products; i.e., disinfection (pH 7.50) and contact lens cleaning solutions (pH 4.50). The obtained amperometric results are in good agreement with those measured by traditional titanium sulfatereagent based spectrophotometric method with determined concentrations as 2.91% and 2.94% for the disinfection product, and 3.04% and 3.17% for the contact lens solution, respectively. RSD was lower than 2%. The obtained results are in a good agreement with the amounts of the H<span id="cke_bm_668S" style="display: none;"> </span><sub> 2</sub><span id="cke_bm_668E" style="display: none;"> </span>O<sub>2 </sub>declared by producers (3%) in the both investigated samples. The Pt-C/CPE was also tested for monitoring of the H<span id="cke_bm_674S" style="display: none;"> </span><sub> 2</sub><span id="cke_bm_674E" style="display: none;"> </span>O<sub>2</sub> residual concentration in contact lens solution during its neutralization/decomposition rocess. At 6 h of<span id="cke_bm_675E" style="display: none;"> </span> neutralization treatment 24.68 µg mL -1 of the H <span id="cke_bm_680S" style="display: none;"> </span><sub>2</sub><span id="cke_bm_680E" style="display: none;"> </span>O<sub>2 </sub>was determined which is almost half of the allowedH2<span id="cke_bm_681E" style="display: none;"> </span>O2 concentration in the case of the contact lens solution concerningthe limit of eye irritation. CPE was surface modified with multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and with composites of MnO<sub> 2 </sub>-MWCNT or Pt-MWCNT by drop coating method to prepare simply, sensitive and reliable volta<span id="cke_bm_669E" style="display: none;"> </span>mmetric sensors for the determination of H <span id="cke_bm_687S" style="display: none;"> </span><sub>2</sub><span id="cke_bm_687E" style="display: none;"> </span>O<sub>2 </sub>in selected sample. The results of the SEM/<span id="cke_bm_688E" style="display: none;"> </span>EDS analysis of composite materials have confirmed that the mediators, MnO <sub>2</sub> and Pt articles, are randomly distributed on the surface of MWCNT and represent nearly 5% (m:m) of the composite expressed as Mn and Pt. CV measurements were performed with prepared electrodes in acetate (pH 4.50), phosphate (pH 7.50) and borate (pH 9.18) buffers to characterize the basic electrochemical behavior of H <span id="cke_bm_694S" style="display: none;"> </span><sub>2</sub><span id="cke_bm_694E" style="display: none;"> </span>O<sub>2</sub> and to select the working potentials suitable for amperometric determination of this target analyte. The Pt-MWCNT/CPE performs well in phosphate buffer pH .50 and acetate buffer solution pH 4.50 in the negative as well as in the positive polarization range with RSD mainly lower than 2.5%. In case of MnO<sub> 2 </sub>-MWCNT/CPE at <span id="cke_bm_695E" style="display: none;"> </span>0.30 V and above the H<span id="cke_bm_701S" style="display: none;"> </span><sub>2</sub><span id="cke_bm_701E" style="display: none;"> </span>O<sub>2 </sub>oxidation signal is rem<span id="cke_bm_702E" style="display: none;"> </span>arkable in slightly alkaline media (pH 7.50), at pH 4.50 this electrode showed poor behavior and at pH 9.18 offered acceptable performance. LOQs were in the µg mL -1 concentration range. H<span id="cke_bm_707S" style="display: none;"> </span><sub>2</sub><span id="cke_bm_707E" style="display: none;"> </span>O<sub>2 </sub>was determined in a spiked milk sample by standard addition method after appropriate sample preparation (pH adjustment and centrifugation) and using optimized amperometric p<span id="cke_bm_708E" style="display: none;"> </span>rocedure (acetate buffer pH 4.50, working potential -0.75 V) by Pt-MWCNT/CPE as a working electrode. RSD for three repeated measurements was 2.5%, while the recovery of the method was a bit higher than 71%. The composite materials consisting of MWCNT and Pd (Pd-MWCNT) or Pt containing particles (Pt-WCNT) were applied to the preparation of bulk- modified SPCEs (Pd-MWCNTSPCE and Pt-MWCNT-SPCE) and surface modifiedSPCE (Pd- MWCNT/SPCE). These electrodes, as well as unmodified SPCE and MWCNT-SPCE, were characterized by CV and amperometry in phosphate buffer solution of pH 7.50 for the H<span id="cke_bm_713S" style="display: none;"> </span><sub> 2</sub><span id="cke_bm_713E" style="display: none;"> </span>O<sub>2 </sub>determination. Pd-MWCNT-SPCE and PdMWCNT/SPCEare convenient for the etermination of H 2O2 at working potentials from -0.50 to 0.50 V, and Pt-MWCNT-SPCE at investigated working potentials in the range from -0.80 to 0.70 V. These electrodes were then modified with glucose oxidase (GOx) by drop coating a solution of GOxand Nafion ® on their surface, whereby the applied amount of biococktail was optimized. GOx/PdMWCNT-SPCE showed better analytical performance for glucose determination in comparison with GOx/Pd-MWCNT/SPCE. The optimal working potential for GOx/Pd-MWCNT- SPCE was -0.40 V vs. SCE and <span id="cke_bm_714E" style="display: none;"> </span>satisfactory linearity was obtained in the investigated glucose concentration range from 0.16 to 0.97 mmol L -1 (from 29.1 to 174 µg mL -1 ), hile the LOQ was 0.14 mmol L -1 (25 µg mL -1 ). The optimized method based on GOx/Pd-MWCNT-SPCE was successfully applied to the determination of glucose in multifloral honey sample. The results are in a good agreement with those obtained by commercially available equipment for determination of glucose. Optimal working potential for GOx/Pt-MWCNT-SPCE was -0.50 V vs. SCE, and the satisfactory linearity was obtained in the investigated concentration range ofglucose from 65.8 to 260.6 µg mL -1 , with LOQ of 35 µg mL -1 . The optimized method based on GOx/Pt- MWCNT-SPCE was successfully applied for determination of glucose in white grape and glucose tablets (Traubenzucker-bonbons) samples, whereby the obtained results were in a good agreement with the results obtained by Accu-Chek device. Based on the results, the developed analytical methods are first of all simple, reliable and suitable for obtaining fast information about the content of H <sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> in different types of samples. Certainly the selection of a suitable working electrode, as well as the optimization of experimental conditions are key factors for the successful determination of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2 </sub>.</p>
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