This paper advances a decision theoretical foundation for pricing scripts by means of a simple model of product differentiation implementing the undercut-proof equilibrium concept. We argue that while sociological factors play undoubtedly an important role, economic analysis can complement the insights from economic sociology on pricing in the primary art market. Our model analyzes the effects of the gallery's and the artist's reputation on the price the gallery charges. The results suggest that prices positively correlate with an artist's reputation and negatively correlate with a gallery's reputation. The model may therefore explain the results of recent empirical studies that have led to similar results. (author's abstract) / Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series

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Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

This thesis examines characters in Chinese and Japanese, including semantic shift. The writing system in China, Japan and a number of other nations whose script relates to characters, notably Korea, will also be discussed. By examining this "Character Cultural Sphere" in East Asia along with the historical and modern character standardizations and reformations, the role of Chinese characters proves to be essential. Furthermore, the thesis investigates semantic shifts of characters as windows on socio-cultural change in two given areas, namely "disorder" to "order" and "natural" to "artificial, manmade". One major aim is to explore shifts of meanings (semantic shifts), that can provide a commentary on the changes in societal and cultural values. The results reveal that the pattern of semantic shifts between China and Japan is considerably similar. Regarding "natural vs manmade" the overall trend shows that in both China and Japan, more characters acquired the meaning of "artificial, manmade" as time goes by, reflecting the changes in society. Regarding "disorder vs order", while the percentage of characters relating to "disorder" remained relatively stable in these two countries, the percentage of characters relating to "order" saw an undeniable increase - more than double in both Chinese and Japanese - showing that in both countries, the overall societal trend was obviously towards more "order" while "disorder" continues to exist. These results give quantitative data regarding the pattern of evolution of Chinese and Japanese societies, particularly Chinese, and provided an insight through written scripts into the evolution of human beings and civilizations. Also, because of its length, the main database of the research, the table of 2,500 common-use characters with commentary, is attached after the bibliography as an appendix.

Previous research worldwide has shown that curriculum materials maintain a strong presence and constitute an important tool, artefact, in mathematics classrooms. Yet, there is a vast lack of research on the design and the characteristics of teacher guides. The thesis aims to: 1) investigate the features of the Finnish teacher guides for mathematics at primary school and 2) map the cultural specificities and norms for classroom practices as construed in Finnish teacher guides. The data consist of nine Finnish teacher guides in mathematics (belonging to three textbook series) for Grades 1-6 and comprise almost 90 percent of the teacher guides utilized in Finnish schools for 2008. These teacher guides are examined through three studies. In the first study, we developed an analytical tool based on Davis and Krajcik’s ideas about educative curriculum materials when analysing the teacher guides’ content. In the second study, we analysed a larger sample of the Finnish teacher guides using the same analytical tool, but extending the study to also analyse their form, i.e. their look, structure and voice. This study shows that there is a wide consensus on both the content and the form of the guides. While several educative aspects are weakly presented in the guides, the analysis shows that they offer rich and varied resources for teachers in their everyday work in designing and enacting mathematics teaching and hence, learning in practice. The third study delves more deeply into the characteristics of the support the guides offer to design mathematics classrooms. We characterize the cultural script of the reflected classroom practice by analysing the form and the function of the activities promoted in most of the guides. We found a relatively homogeneous script that promotes differentiation while keeping students in the same mathematical area, opportunities to participate in whole-class interaction that comprises a variety of activities, like mental calculation, games, problem-solving, individual and group work, and small piece of homework after every single lesson. The thesis contributes to the international research discourse on curriculum materials and in particular on teacher guides as resources for design of mathematics classroom in a specific educational context. The study is also of interest for teachers, and for text-book authors in developing teacher guides in line with research. / Tidigare forskning visar att läromedel, så som elevernas lärobok och lärarhandledningar är den resurs som används i huvudsak som grund för matematikundervisning. Finsk forskning visar dessutom att finländska lärare (åk 1-6) i stor utsträckning använder lärarhandledningar i själva undervisningen och även för att planera och organisera sin undervisning. Studiens övergripande syfte är att se vilken typ av resurs de finländska lärarhandledningar utgör för läraren, men också att belysa vilken typ av klassrum som dessa lärarhandledningar verkar främja, då lärarna använder de uppgifter och aktiviteter som presenteras i lärarhandledningarna. Studien är genomförd som en dokumentanalys av tre läroboksserier i matematik för grundskolans årskurser 1, 3 och 6. Det är totalt nio lärarhandledningar som har analyserats. Dessa tre läroboksserier täcker nästan 90 procent av de lärarhandledningar som användes i och på finska skolor under år 2008. Avhandlingen består av tre studier. I den första studien som också betraktas som pilotstudie, utvecklade vi ett fungerande analytiskt verktyg som bygger på Davis och Krajciks idéer om ”lärande läromedel”. I den andra studien fördjupar vi resultaten från pilotstudien genom att analysera ett större urval med samma ramverk. Denna studie visar att det finns en bred enighet om både innehåll och form i lärarhandledningarna och vi identifierade sex återkommande aktiviteter som är närvarande på varje tilltänkt lektion. Vidare visar analysen att egenskaperna hos de finländska lärarhandledningarna erbjuder rika och varierande resurser för lärare i det dagliga arbetet vid både planering och genomförande av matematikundervisning. Den tredje studien är en fördjupning i analysverktygets femte kategori för att finna vilket stöd de erbjuder för att designa undervisning. Där kartlägger och karakteriserar vi det kulturella skript utifrån de finska lärarhandledningarna genom att analysera både form och funktion av de gemensamt föreslagna återkommande aktiviteterna. Vi identifierade en relativt homogen klassrumspraktik som lyfter fram helklassinteraktion, variation med hjälp av olika typer av aktiviteter, möjlighet för alla elever att delta och läxor som en förlängning av lärande av lektionens innehåll. Avhandlingen mynnar ut i en diskussion av resultatens slutsatser och dess praktiska implikationer, vilket kan vara av intresse för forskare, läromedelsförfattare men även för lärare, rektorer och kommuner som vill utveckla och förbättra undervisningen i matematik. Avhandlingen bidrar till den internationella forskningsdiskursen om läromedel i stort och om lärarhandledningar i synnerhet.

In a European-wide effort to improve the professional development of teachers, the 2AgePro project was conducted from November 2008 to October 2010. One of its goals was to develop and test different forms of intergenerational teacher collaboration among junior and senior teachers in primary and secondary schools. Another aim was to utilise the results from these pilots, which were conducted in the Czech Republic, Finland, Germany, the Netherlands, and Sweden, to create a model for intergenerational collaboration that could be used in any national or cultural setting. This article reports on the national pilots and proposes a European model for intergenerational collaboration for teachers. / 2AgePro

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[pt] Nesta tese investigou-se o desenvolvimento de software no contexto de groupware, especificamente para apoiar a aprendizagem colaborativa. O desenvolvimento de groupware, entretanto, não é trivial. Como todo software, há aspectos tecnológicos e sociais envolvidos no desenvolvimento. Quanto aos aspectos tecnológicos, o desenvolvimento de artefatos de infraestrutura ocupam grande parte do esforço destinado à implementação dessas aplicações, sobrando pouco tempo para a implementação de soluções inovadoras para as questões da colaboração propriamente ditas. Com respeito aos aspectos sociais, deve-se levar em conta que o trabalho em grupo é dinâmico e a composição dos grupos, bem como suas características, se alteram com o passar do tempo. Assim, desenvolveu-se uma linha de produtos de software para groupware baseado no Modelo 3C de Colaboração, onde os groupware são derivados a partir da formalização de técnicas de aprendizagem colaborativa em scripts de colaboração. Foi desenvolvido um protótipo, o GroupwareBuilder para interpretar o script de colaboração e derivar o groupware para suporte específico das suas atividades. Uma avaliação funcional e um estudo de caso foram realizados. Na avaliação funcional, buscou-se obter uma prova de conceito do GroupwareBuilder, na qual dois groupware foram derivados para apoiar os scripts de colaboração Debate Crítico e Buzz Groups. O estudo de caso foi realizado para observar como se daria a derivação de groupware para técnicas de aprendizagem colaborativa modeladas por diferentes professores. A principal contribuição deste trabalho é uma abordagem que possibilita a derivação e adaptação de groupware a partir de scripts de colaboração elaborados pelos usuários e não a partir de uma lista de requisitos funcionais, como em LPS’s tradicionais. / [en] In this thesis we explore software development on the context of groupware, specifically on supporting collaborative learning. Groupware development is not a trivial task given that technological and social issues are involved. Considering the technological issues, a huge amount of time is wasted on implementing infrastructure aspects leaving little time for implementation of innovative solutions on collaboration. Considering the social issues, we should take into account that group work is dynamic and that group composition changes over time. So, we developed a software product line for groupware based on the 3C Collaboration Model. The groupware derivation process starts with the formalization of the collaborative learning techniques in collaboration scripts. In order to support this collaboration process we developed the GroupwareBuilder, that reads the collaboration script and derives groupware tailored to the tasks described on the script. We made a functional evaluation and a case study. On the functional evaluation, we aimed on getting a proof of concept for GroupwareBuilder by deriving groupware for supporting the Critical Debate and Buzz Groups collaboration scripts. In order to analyze how GroupwareBuilder derives groupware from other collaborative learning techniques described by different teachers we made a case study. The main contribution of this thesis is an approach that enables the derivation of groupware and the customization of groupware in runtime from collaboration scripts written by the users, and not from a list of software requirements as used in other SPLs approaches.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-22T20:50:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-07-30. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-08-11T03:25:54Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 Publico-10999.pdf: 828663 bytes, checksum: 3120eb8cbe0dd912fe745f6d65d0f09e (MD5) / A avaliação da competência para o raciocínio clínico em situações de incerteza ainda é pouco pesquisada. Os testes escritos mais usados na educação médica são os testes de múltipla escolha. Embora estes sejam capazes de avaliar a capacidade para se lidar com problemas bem definidos, reconhece-se que, na prática, a maioria das situações contém incertezas. A tomada de decisões nesses contextos é um dos pilares da competência profissional. Compreender como isso se desenvolve pode contribuir com propostas de ensino com ênfase no aprimoramento dessa competência. Para tanto, a avaliação do raciocínio clínico em contextos de incerteza foi desenvolvida a partir da teoria de scripts, a qual explica o processo de raciocínio clínico, com base na metodologia descrita por Charlin et al. (2000). Os objetivos dessa pesquisa foram: desenvolver, aplicar e analisar um teste de concordância de scripts (TCS) com temas em geriatria. Um grupo de especialistas formou o painel de referência para a construção do escore do teste. O teste também foi aplicado em um grupo de estudantes de graduação. Da comparação dos resultados obtidos pelos dois grupos, chegou-se a indícios de validade do instrumento, que foi capaz de diferenciar o raciocínio clínico de acordo com o nível de experiência dos examinandos. As análises de consistência interna e de estudos G forneceram interpretações que se aproximaram da complexidade contida em um escore que busca avaliar a competência profissional. Os coeficientes de alfa de Cronbach e G foram calculados e discutidos segundo as qualidades e as limitações psicométricas dos resultados alcançados. Com isso, comprovou-se que o teste de concordância de script, com situações em geriatria, desenvolvido em língua portuguesa, em uma instituição de ensino brasileira, pode ser uma alternativa de avaliação do raciocínio clinico em contextos de incerteza. / Assessment of competency for clinical reasoning in contexts of uncertainty is still little studied. The assessment methodologies most applied in medical course are the multiple choice questions. Although these questions are appropriate to evaluate the capacity to solve well defined problems, it is recognized in practice most of situations are under uncertainty. Decision making in these situations becomes one of the supports of the professional competency. To understand how this process develops can contribute with educational propositions emphasizing the improvement of this competency. Therefore, a written test for the assessment of the clinical reasoning process in contexts of uncertainty could be helpful. For this purpose, it was developed an instrument of assessment based on the script cognitive theory that explains the clinical reasoning process, according to the description by Charlin et al. (2000). The purposes of this study were to develop, apply and analyze a script concordance test (SCT) in geriatrics. A group of experts constituted the reference panel for the construction of the test´s score. After that, the instrument was solved by a group of medical students. Comparing the results for both groups, it was achieved evidences of validation for the approach, which result was able to discriminate the clinical reasoning in agreement with the experience level of the examinees. Internal consistency and G test analyzes gave meanings close to the complexity of a score to measure a professional competency. Cronbach´s alphas and G coefficients were calculated and discussed to support psychometric qualities and limitations of results. Therewith, it has confirmed the script concordance test with geriatrics situations, developed in Portuguese, at a brazilian educational institution, can be an alternative to the assessment of clinical reasoning in contexts of uncertainty / TEDE / BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações

Roteiros de vida são um protótipo de trajetória de vida construído socialmente e com partilhado pelos membros de uma cultura e pode influenciar como indivíduos avaliam experiôncias anteriores e projetam seu futuro. Os participantes (384 brasileiros univcr sitú.rios) responderam quais sete eventos mais importantes acontecerão na vida de uma criança hipotética de sua cultura. A análise mostrou um roteiro de vida com alta coin cidência dos eventos citados, cúrnulo de eventos positivos esperados para acontecer entre 15 e 30 anos, além da predominância. de eventos positivos. Comparando os resultados com estudos realizados na Dinamarca, Estados Unidos: Turquia e Holanda, encontrou se uma estrutura semelhante em todos, mas também diferenças no conteúdo referentes a particularidades culturais O roteiro de vida brasileiro ó mais semelhante ao americano Apenas categorias de eventos relacionadas à morte foram consideradas negativas nessa amostra. Estudos futuros podem investigar variações nos roteiros de vida para diferentes grupos na população. / Life scripts are schcrnatic reprcscntations of the lifc history that are socially built and shared by the members of a cultnre and inflnences the way people evaluate their previons and prcsent cxperiences, and how thcy plan their future, A samplc of 384 Brazillians undergnuinates, answered which seven most important events are expected to happen in the life of a newborn in their own culture. Data showed a life script with an overlap of the evcnts: an a.ccurnulation of positivc cvents cxpected to happen bctween thc 15 and 30 ycars of age, anel a prcdominance of positive cvcnts. Comparing this results with previous international studics took placc in Dcnmark, thc Unitcd Statcs, Turkcy: and the Netherlands, a. similar life script structure wa.s fonnd, as well as some content differences refcrring to particular cultural aspccts The brazillian lifc script is more similar to the anwrican life script Only death related event categories \' :ere considered negative by this sample. Futurc studies may investigatc variations on the life seripts for differcnt groups in the population.