The topic of this essay is whether the private owned ammunition factory Norma Projectile AB was a part of a war economy system from 1938 to 1943. This is done by analyzing specific documents from the company´s archives that expose the connection with Swedish authorities. The selection and analysis of these documents are based on four main criteria’s of the concept war economy. These criteria’s are based on Ivan T. Berends texts about war economy. The results show that the factory to some extent was a part of a war economy based on these four criteria’s. However, the answer to the questions is a bit more nuanced. By nuanced I’m referring to the company’s independence towards the state. By the end of this essay there is a more detailed discussion on this subject.

This thesis is a narrative and analytical history of the Hungarian air service. It follows its development from the Allied intervention of 1919 through the end of the Second World War. Denied an air force by the Treaty of Trianon, Hungarian airmen determined to thwart the inspection system and preserve national air power. The prohibition against military aviation persisted after the Commission was withdrawn, and through Hungarian diplomatic efforts, a relationship was established with Italy that included substantial assistance to the clandestine Hungarian air service. This low-grade arms build-up continued through the 1930s, during which there was a robust discussion about air power theory and the nature of future aerial warfare in Magyar Katonai Szemle [Hungarian Military Review]. After the rise of Hitler, Germany offered arms credits and support for Hungary’s obsession with regaining the territory lost in the post-war settlement. The air service grew mainly through imported aeroplanes, the purchase of which ceased to be secret after the Little Entente recognised Hungary’s equality of arms. The Hungarian air force became independent in 1939, and enjoyed public acclaim after decisive air-to-air victories over Slovak pilots during the occupation of Upper Hungary. The General Staff never accepted its autonomy, however, and succeeded in reclaiming control of the air force in 1941. After Hungary joined the Axis invasion of the Soviet Union, the air force provided air defence and interdiction in support of the Rapid Corps. Its mounting losses were made good by German aeroplanes, some of which were produced in Hungarian factories. As the Allied bombing campaign against Hungary intensified in 1944, most of its aircraft were devoted to homeland defence. The force ceased to exist as a true national service after the German-led coup in October 1944, but continued a fighting withdrawal to the west until captured by American forces.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

The thesis are concerned with the project Erweiterte Kinderlandverschickung at the area of Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia in term of the organisation, the everyday life and the educational strategy of National Socialism. The authoress is interested in war experience of the children in the KLV camps and the post-war comemoration of KLV as well.

Title Opinions of a German about the value-shifts in the society after the Second World War. Interpretation of the novel "Clown" by Heinrich Böll and its film adaptation Abstract This diploma thesis deals with the novel The Clown (1963) by an important representative of the German post-war literature Heinrich Böll and its film adaptation (1974) of the same name by a Czech director Vojtěch Jasný. The first part of the thesis presents author's life, literary work as well as the roots of his broadly humanistic view of life, which are closely interlinked with his strong Christian belief and his personal value system. The main target of the thesis is a thorough interpretation of the novel, in which author's critical viewpoint on the socio-cultural development of the post-war German society is very strongly reflected. The author's sharp satirical tone in this novel and the very evident anticlericalism are being looked at and explored in terms of the biblical motto of the novel and its main message. The aim of the final chapter is to point out the main differences between the novel and the film adaptation. Key words Heinrich Böll, value-shifts, the German society after the Second World War, Catholicism

Éditer l’œuvre d’un poète « indigène », à l’heure de l’Algérie française, nécessite un changement des schèmes de perception de la société française, mais plus encore, écrire en français une œuvre qui se veut affranchie et libératrice demande un effort et sans doute un choix politique particuliers. Au lendemain de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, l’œuvre de Kateb Yacine qui s’énonce dans et par l’histoire, s’inscrit dans un champ littéraire et intellectuel français en restructuration. Les maisons d’édition optent pour des stratégies éditoriales influencées par des intellectuels désireux de changer la société et créateurs de nouvelles philosophies de vie : le Personnalisme, l’Existentialisme. Des figures cristallisent cette puissance fondatrice : Mounier, Sartre, Jeanson, Senghor, Césaire, Fanon. Le rôle et l’évolution de la revue Esprit, média et réceptacle intellectuel, sont exemplaires et participent grandement à faire évoluer les politiques et la société française. Les liens qui unissent Esprit et la maison du Seuil favorisent à diffuser ces idées. La lutte anti-colonialiste, qui trouve ses sources dans les idées philosophiques et, en fin de compte, dans l’expérience de la Résistance, oriente le champ intellectuel et pousse à des positionnements intellectuels tranchés. Cette histoire conditionne la réception de son œuvre aujourd’hui. La lecture de l’œuvre, particulièrement Nedjma, se fait au carrefour d’enjeux culturels et politiques : illustration de la francophonie, reconnaissance d’une partie de la jeunesse française issue de l’immigration maghrébine. Elle apparaît dans les programmes du Français. / Editing the work of a “native” poet , when Algeria was a French colony, requires a change in the perception habits of the French society, but furthermore, writing in French a piece which is intended to be emancipated and liberating demands a particular effort and definitely a particular political choice. In the aftermath of World War II, Kateb Yacine’s work which enunciates itself in and by history, is in line with a French literary and intellectual field in reconstruction. Publishing companies choose editorial strategies influenced by intellectuals desirous to change the society and creators of new life philosophies: Personalism, Existentialism. Some writers crystallize this founding power: Mounier, Sartre, Jeanson, Senghor, Césaire, Fanon. The role and the evolution of the magazine Esprit, an intellectual media and receptacle, are exemplary and take great part in the evolution of French society and politics. The union between Esprit and Seuil editions helps spreading these ideas. The fight against colonialism, which finds its sources in philosophical ideas, and, ultimately, in the experience of the Resistance, directs the intellectual field and compels clear-cut intellectual positions. This history conditions the reception of his work today. The reading of the work, particularly Nedjma, cannot be separated from political and cultural issues: illustration of the French-speaking world, acknowledgement of a part of the French young people coming from the North African immigration. It appears in the programming of French lessons.

A intenção deste trabalho é compreender a formação de uma rede de debates intelectuais entre dois grupos da esquerda anglófona articulados em torno do Left Book Club, de Londres e em torno da revista Partisan Review, de Nova York durante os anos da Segunda Guerra Mundial. Entendo que, especialmente na primeira metade da década de 1940, os contatos entre estes dois núcleos da esquerda anglo-saxã se estreitaram em dois caminhos: por um lado, por uma crítica comum ao stalinismo; e, por outro, por uma crítica à esquerda da cultura nativa (e tradições burguesas) em ambos os países. Defendemos ainda que essas propostas articuladas por dentro dos movimentos intelectuais de esquerda nos dois países, ora baseadas ideologicamente numa releitura nãoinstitucionalizada do marxismo, ora no trotskismo, ora no pacifismo, ora na reconstrução de um discurso liberal, se aglutinavam em torno da contestação dos rumos do movimento comunista internacional, liderado pelo stalinismo. A articulação dos debates entre esses dois grupos se reforçará no momento em que o célebre romancista anglo-indiano George Orwell, famoso por duas das distopias mais famosas do século XX, o Animal Farm (1945) e o 1984 (1949), contribui simultaneamente com ambos os grupos. Na Partisan Review, Orwell ficara encarregado da publicação da coluna London Letters to Partisan Review, entre os anos de 1941 e 1946. A possibilidade de um diálogo franco com ambos os círculos, especialmente pela rede costurada com membros de ambos os grupos, possibilitou a Orwell criar uma ponte de contatos entre os dois ambientes. Entendo ainda que essa articulação construída por Orwell foi decisiva nas futuras participações de outros intelectuais, que já haviam publicado no Left Book Club e que participavam ativamente dos debates britânicos, como contribuintes da Partisan Review. / The intention of this work is to understand the constitution of a network of intellectual debates articulated among two groups of the Anglophone left around the London\'s Left Book Club, and around the New York\'s Partisan Review, during the years of World War II. I understand that, especially in the first half of the 1940s, contacts between the two cores of the Anglo-Saxon left narrowed in two ways: firstly, by a common critique of Stalinism; and on the other, a left-wing critic of the native culture (and bourgeois traditions) in both countries. We argue that those proposals articulated inside the left-wing intellectual movements in the two countries, based ideologically on a non-institutionalized reinterpretation of Marxism, or in Trotskyism, or in pacifism, or in rebuilding a liberal discourse, coalesced around the challenge of the international communist movement course, led by Stalinism. The joint discussions among those two groups will be strengthened at the time that the famous Anglo-Indian novelist George Orwell, famous for two of the most famous dystopias of the twentieth century, Animal Farm (1945) and 1984 (1949), contributes simultaneously with both groups. In Partisan Review, Orwell had been in charge of publishing the column \"London Letters to Partisan Review\", between the years 1941 and 1946. The possibility of an open dialogue with both circles, especially the stitched network with members of both groups, enabled Orwell to create a bridge between the two environments. I also believe that this articulation builted by Orwell was decisive in the future participation of other intellectuals, who had already published through the Left Book Club and participating actively in British debates, as contributors of Partisan Review.

Este trabalho seleciona e analisa as crônicas nas quais Rachel de Queiroz (1910-2003) abordou o assunto da Segunda Guerra Mundial, durante a sua colaboração com a 2ª Seção do jornal Correio da Manhã (fevereiro de 1944 a março de 1945). Coligem-se e analisam-se os oito textos em que a temática da Guerra é referida, discutida ou aludida, com o objetivo de recuperar o diálogo que as crônicas estabelecem com o momento histórico em que foram publicadas e com a textualidade do jornal, ou as relações estabelecidas com as outras rubricas e cadernos do periódico. Ao explorar a temática da Guerra, a escritora imprime um tom de apelo sentimental aos textos, diferentemente de outros cronistas do período, que abordavam o tema pelo viés político e/ou informativo do conflito, exemplificando assim o hibridismo pertencente ao gênero crônica. / This essay selects and analyses the crônica (newspaper columns) where Rachel de Queiroz (1910-2003) adressed the second war subject during her collaboration for the \"2nd Session\" of the newspaper Correio da Manhã (february 1994 to march 1945). Eight texts are analysed where the war view is referred, discussed or alluded with the purpose of recover the dialogue that the newspaper columns establish with the historical moment when it was published or the relations with another rubrics and sessions from the periodic. By exploring this thematic in her texts, the writer appeals for emotionalism, differently from others writers of the period who used to approach the thematic by political and informative of the conflict view, exemplifying, this way, the hybridity belonging to the crônica (newspaper colunn) genre.

Osamu Dazai é um dos poucos escritores japoneses da primeira metade do século XX que emprega mulheres como narradoras. Procuramos explorar essa peculiaridade de seus textos comparando-os, embora brevemente, com aqueles de alguns de seus contemporâneos, como Yasunari Kawabata e Junichirô Tanizaki. Fazemos algumas incursões na ideia de feminilidade que permeava a sociedade japonesa no início do século XX e as transformações que ela sofre até o final da Segunda Guerra, pois acreditamos que essas mesmas mudanças na imagem do feminino também sejam refletidas pelos textos de Dazai. Analisamos alguns de seus textos com narradoras para observar o quanto elas se distanciam ou se aproximam dos ideais de feminilidade da sociedade da época. Por fim, também comparamos as figuras femininas de suas obras do pós-guerra com suas figuras masculinas, estas, muito parecidas com o próprio autor, presas do niilismo e em rota de autodestruição. Nossa intenção, em suma, é explorar, mesmo que de forma limitada, as relações entre a cultura da época e a literatura por meio da análise de alguns textos com narradoras de Osamu Dazai, bem como sublinhar o caráter peculiar dessas mesmas narradoras no interior das obras do autor e em relação aos textos de seus contemporâneos. / Osamu Dazai is one of the few Japanese writers from the first half of the 20th century in whose texts we find female narrators. We intend to explore, although briefly, this peculiarity comparing his texts with those written by authors like Yasunari Kawabata and Junichirô Tanizaki. We make some incursions into the idea of womanliness which permeated the Japanese society in the beginning of the 20th century and the changes which it undergoes until the end of the Second World War because we believe that the same changes in the female image are reflected in Dazais texts. We analyze some of his texts with female narrators to see how far or close they are to societys ideals of womanliness. Lastly, we compare the female characters of Dazais postwar texts with the male ones (who resemble the author himself in their nihilism and self-destructive tendencies). In short, our objective is to examine, even if not as comprehensively as we could wish, how the culture of the period and the literature are related by analyzing some texts with female narrators written by Osamu Dazai. We also hope to stress the uniqueness of these female narrators within the authors texts and in relation to those of his contemporaries.

This is an analysis of the contributions of Richard Wagner's ideas to the development of Adolf Hitler as seen by various historians. This author has consulted the works of many different authors to attempt to find the ideological roots of Adolf Hitler. The ideology of Richard Wagner, as seen by some of the most pre-eminent historians of this period, has been applied to the ideas of Hitler to find any continuity between these two men. All historians consulted thought Wagner was, for some more, others, less, a contributor to the development of Adolf Hitler and National Socialism. This author has concluded that Wagner was a contributor, but that Hitler's personal environment was more important to the development of National Socialism. This thesis explores an area into which no one has really delved in depth. Hopefully, this thesis can be a springboard for further research into this area.