Cette thèse vise à analyser l’interaction des procédés d’enseignement et d’appropriation dans un univers didactique multipolaire [le tuteur, les aides en ligne, les conduites d’auto-apprentissage, etc.], afin de déterminer à quelles conditions l’utilisation d’un environnement mixte rend possible la mise en oeuvre d’expériences d’apprentissage potentiellement favorables à l’acquisition de l’anglais langue étrangère auprès d’un public LANSAD en milieu universitaire. L’ouverture de cette thèse est consacrée à l’apprenant. Etant donné que la mise en place d’un dispositif pédagogique donné revient à mettre à la disposition de ce dernier des outils visant potentiellement à le conduire vers une progression qualitative et quantitative en L-C 2, celui-ci y occupe une place centrale en tant qu’utilisateur. La deuxième partie vise à mettre en évidence comment les logiques de la DLC et de la RAL peuvent être conciliées pour transformer les diverses implications et pédagogiques tirées de la première partie en outils didactiques susceptibles d’influer positivement sur les mécanismes acquisitionnels des apprenants. Ces considérations sont réinvesties dans le cadre de la troisième partie, afin d’étudier à quelle[s] condition[s] un dispositif permettant a priori aux apprenants [ou d’élaborer à leur intention] des tâches [macrotâches] qui répliquent ou simulent les pratiques sociales observées et qui servent d’objectifs aux apprenants ou à l’institution [Demaizière et Narcy-Combes, 2005] peut être mis en place. Enfin, les pratiques apprenantes au sein du dispositif élaboré sont analysées à la lumière des conclusions tirées dans nos trois premières parties. / The perspective of this dissertation is to analyze how the teaching and learning processes are interacting in a multipolar environment [tutor, online help, learning strategies] in order to shed light on the conditions to which a numerical environment is liable to promote English as a foreign language and culture [hereinafter L-C 2] acquisition amongst ESP learners at university level. The first part of the dissertation deals with the learner. If the implementation of a pedagogical environment aims at providing him - her with tools enabling both a potential qualitative and quantitative progression in L-C 2, the learner indeed plays a central role within it, as a user. In order to achieve this objective, a reflection on the L-C 2 learning processes is necessary to take them into account, as far as possible, in the setting up of a pedagogical environment. The second part looks at how the considerations of SLA, second language learning and teaching and the pedagogical implications drawn from the first part can be linked up and turned into tailor-made tools liable to impact positively on the learners’ SLA processes. The third part is about pedagogical engineering with a particular emphasis on how both the pedagogical implications drawn from the first two parts and the various parameters inherent to a pedagogical setting can be taken into account to implement an L-C 2 blended learning environment. Eventually, action research is presented. This part aims at providing an analysis of the learning practices and of the multipolar interaction taking place within a blended environment and at assessing its potential in terms of SLA.

Este estudo investiga o sucesso no processo de bilinguismo português/japonês de seis jovens retornados do Japão. Como sucesso no bilinguismo, entendemos pelo caso em que o indivíduo, mesmo após uma longa permanência no Japão e vivência no sistema escolar japonês, tenha conseguido após o seu retorno no Brasil, manter o domínio na lingua japonesa e possuir uma proficiência linguísitica em português suficiente para seu ingresso no ensino superior brasileiro. O referencial teórico sobre bilinguismo foi baseado nos estudos de Skutnabb-Kangas (2008); Cummins (1984); Baker (1993); Nakajima (2010). Foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas presenciais e online, sendo analisados os seguintes três domínios na trajetória de vida desses colaboradores que, baseados em uma auto-avaliação, foram divididos em 2 grupos bilíngues dominantes em português e bilingues dominantes em japonês : (1) ambiente linguístico no Japão (2) atitudes dos colaboradores com os estudos da L1 e L2 e (3) ambiente linguístico no Brasil. O estudo comprovou que o apoio de familiares e de terceiros constitui um fator importante na motivação dos estudos, bem como na superação de desafios surgidos na adaptação linguística e cultural. Foi também observado que os colaboradores de ambos os grupos tiveram que investir na aprendizagem da língua por um longo período para o desenvolvimento da proficiência linguística acadêmica ALP (Cummins, 2001; 2011) até o ingresso na faculdade. Em relação à rede de apoio formal, foram verificadas as seguintes ações para minimizar os problemas relacionados ao não domínio da língua japonesa no contexto de imigração no Japão: ingresso em escola pública de região com alta concentração de brasileiros, ingresso em faculdade japonesa por programa especial para retornados e ingresso em escola brasileira ações essas realizadas pelos colaboradores do grupo dominantes em português. Por outro lado, os do grupo dominantes em japonês utilizaram as seguintes medidas para facilitar a adaptação linguística e escolar no Brasil: ingresso em escola privada com curso curricular de japonês, ingresso em escola técnica e ingresso em escola pública estadual. Em ambos os grupos foi observada a frequência em cursos preparatórios pré-vestibular. Concluiu-se que o uso dessas redes de apoio formais infuenciou positivamente no desenvolvimento da ALP dos colaboradores. / The study herein aims to investigate success in the process of Portuguese/Japanese bilingualism of six youngsters returned from Japan. In our view, successful bilingualism happens in those cases in which even after a long stay in Japan along with an experience with the Japanese school system, the individual has managed to keep his mastery of the Japanese language after returning to Brazil, and be proficient enough in Portuguese so as to be admitted to Brazilian higher education. The theoretical framework on bilingualism was based on studies of Skutnabb-Kangas (2008); Cummins (1984); Baker (1993); Nakajima (2010). Both in-person and online semi-structured interviews have been conducted focusing on three aspects in the life trajectory of interviewees who, based on self-evaluation, have been divided into two groups: Portuguese-dominant bilinguals, and Japanese-dominant bilinguals: (1) linguistic environment in Japan (2) attitude of interviewees with the study of both L1 and L2; and (3) linguistic environment in Brazil. The study has proved that support both from family and others is key to generate motivation for studies, as well as to foment the overcoming of problems arising from both linguistic and cultural adaptation. It has also been observed that interviewees in both groups had to invest on language learning for a long period of time to develop academic linguistic proficiency ALP (CUMMINS, 2001; 2011) until they were admitted to college. As for the formal support network, the following actions aiming at alleviating problems concerning nonmastering of Japanese language in the context of Japanese immigration in Japan have been taken: admission to a public school in an area with a high concentration of Brazilian people; admission to a Japanese college by means of a program specially designed for returned, and admission to a Brazilian school, being all those actions taken by interviewees in the Portuguese-dominant group. On the other hand, those in the Japanese-dominant group have taken the following measures to facilitate linguistic and school adaptation in Brazil: admission to a private school with Japanese language in the syllabus, admission to a technical school, and admission to a state public school. Attendance to college entrance examination prep courses has been observed in both groups. it has been concluded that the use of those formal support networks has had a positive impact on the development of ALP of interviewees.

This thesis proposed a framework for conceptualizing critical thinking in language learning. A learning environment where collaborative learning and network technology were combined − computer-mediated collaborative learning (CMCL) − was set up. The main aim was to study the potential of the learning environment in promoting critical thinking (CT) in language learning. The proposed framework of CT in language learning had three aspects: (1) communication, (2) reasoning, and (3) self-reflection. The study was a qualitative one that took place between June 2003 and January 2004. Three case studies were undertaken that involved up to 90 participants, comprising students, teachers, volunteers, and the researcher. All were members of an online learning community, the Bamboo Enterprise. Students worked in groups that investigated environmental problems. The student projects were grouped into three case studies: (1) Using Collaborative Environmental Projects to Promote Communicative Language Learning and Computer Skills, (2) Using Environmental Themes in Computer-Supported Cooperative Learning to Prepare ESL Students for Academic Study in the Australian University Environment, (3) Promoting Communicative Language Learning Through Computer-Supported Cooperative Learning. Findings were based on analyses of five sources of data: (1) interviews with the student participants; (2) teachers’ comments and opinions; (3) questionnaires; (4) students’ overall group work; and (5) online discussions. The investigation found that, overall, the CMCL environment with its particular framework had the potential to promote CT in language learning. However, it had both strengths and weaknesses. The strengths were that it promoted the communicative use of English, encouraged critical thinking in action, and extended the students’ potential to learn a second language. It also encouraged the appropriate use of technology. More importantly, this CMCL environment showed itself to be a viable method of learning and one in which both students and teachers can be empowered. However, along with these advantages, some avenues for improvement were evident. The study found that the students’ grammatical accuracy was low, despite their rich vocabulary and ability to use complex language structures. Some students found working in groups challenging and some never acquired the necessary web skills. Access to the Internet was not always adequate for this type of project. In sum, the students needed more support, especially at the task level, when using this method of language learning.

<p>The purpose of this study was to investigate the collaboration of four learners of Swedish as a second language during a pair-writing task, as well as their experiences of the process, in order to draw conclusions about how to execute pair-writing in the L2 classroom. The study has found that the establishment of compatible partners are of great importance to achieve success and learning through pair-writing. One of the pairs studied managed to work well together and use each other’s knowledge to improve their text, while the other pair continuosly battled for dominance, which had a negative impact on their performance. The two successful students had enjoyed the task and believed they had learned something from it and that pair-writing can be a useful source of knowledge. The other two both felt that they were too independent to write together and that they could not learn from writing collaboratively with a peer.</p>

<p>This study deals with the testing and grading of Swedish school leaving students’ oral proficiency in English, and with certain aspects of these students’ linguistic competence. The analyses and results are based on material drawn from an assessment project carried out at Gothenburg University in 1993.</p><p>The 29 students taking part in the project were interviewed three times by three different interviewers in tests comprising three tasks, similar in structure but different in content. The interviewers were of three categories: school teachers of English, university teachers of English and native speakers of English. The student production was graded on a five-point scale according to a set of rating criteria.</p><p>The interviewers assigned generally positive but often differing grades to the student performance. The grades were influenced by the students’ ability to communicate and speak with flow, and by gaps in vocabulary and by occurrences of grammatical errors. The students’ use of discourse phenomena and compensatory strategies was also of importance to the grades assigned. Many students were considered to have acceptable intonation and rhythm, but nevertheless an evident Swedish accent. The linguistic features studied comprised the verbal group, vocabulary, discourse markers and pronunciation. </p><p>Differences could be observed between the members of the interviewer categories regarding the grades they assigned to student production. The school teachers seem to have paid special attention to grammatical accuracy, and the native speakers appear to have had a notion of communicative competence where accuracy plays a less important role.</p><p>Differences in the grades assigned could also be explained by the order in which the interviews were made, by some students’ hesitant delivery, by the positive or negative effect of various fillers in the students’ speech, and by the interviewing methods used by the interviewers in the tests.</p>

An often discussed issue in the field of second language learning is the influence and importance of individual differences, IDs, such as motivation, personality, previous learning experiences and learning strategies. It has been claimed that IDs form a complex system in the learner, but little consensus has been reached as regards definitions of constructs or their relative importance. Taking the individual learner as a starting-point, this dissertation attempts to demonstrate the complexity of individual differences in the single learner by adopting an in-depth holistic approach. For this purpose a longitudinal case study was designed to follow the learning process of a young Greek woman's acquisition of Swedish during a ten-month intensive course in Sweden. The study is mainly based on self-report and personal diaries, which have been interpreted and analysed qualitatively. The learning process is extensively described and changes in, for example, strategy use, life situation and learning progress are illustrated. There are indeed many complex factors which have the potential to influence learning. In this particular case, seven factors are indicated as having had a positive influence: previous language learning experiences (especially as regards learning strategies), long-term motivation, metalinguistic awareness, social contacts with L2 speakers, access to English as a mediating language, access to a strict and intensive Swedish course, and a well-needed learning break in the middle of the studies. Negative factors were largely of an emotional nature, especially a period of liminality which created feelings of not belonging, of being betwixt and between. It is suggested that IDs form a dynamic variable system in the learner. All the IDs are present in the learner, but they seem to change both in substance over time and in importance for the learner at different times in the learning process. Furthermore, IDs appear to be interconnected in a complex and dynamic way. The results of this study strongly emphasise the importance of both an holistic and a longitudinal approach to IDs in second language learning. / digitalisering@umu

Det förekommer mycket forskning kring brytning hos andraspråksinlärare. Många studier använder sig av modersmålstalare som har skattat brytning hos andraspråksinlärare på en Likert-skala (Jesney, 2004). Ett mål med föreliggande studie var att bidra till en ökad insikt om och hur personer med svenska som andraspråk uppfattar utländsk brytning i svenska på samma sätt som en modersmålstalare gör och om det fanns något samband mellan förmågan att uppfatta brytning och förmågan att utrycka sig på svenska.  Djupare analyser gjordes av perception och produktion hos andraspråksinlärare. Designen på studien bestod av tre grupper och omfattade 42 deltagare som representerade 15 språk . Två av grupperna innehöll andraspråksinlärare och den tredje gruppen bestod av modersmålstalare. Samtliga andraspråksinlärare studerade eller hade studerat svenska som andraspråk vid ett universitet eller SFI. Alla deltagare med svenska som andra språk spelades in, när de uttalade ett antal meningar samt beskrev två bilder. Andraspråksinlärarna i den första gruppen och modersmålstalarna i den tredje gruppen fick sedan skatta brytning utifrån det inspelade materialet. Skattningarna utfördes på en 8-gradig Likert-skala där 1 stod för ”ingen brytning” och 8 för ”mycket stark brytning”. Det utfördes även en intervju för att kartlägga olika språkliga och sociala bakgrundsfaktorer hos andraspråksinlärarna i den första gruppen. Under intervjun fick andraspråksinlärarna även göra en självskattning av sin egen brytning. Resultaten visade att andraspråksinlärarna skattade både sin egen och andra andraspråksinlärares brytning högre än modersmålstalarna. Det fanns även tendenser till samband mellan brytningsgrad i det egna uttalet och likhet i skattning av brytning jämfört med modersmålstalare. Resultaten visade också att andraspråksinlärarna och modersmålstalarna i viss mån uppfattade olika fenomen i svenska språket som brytning. Det märktes tydligast då accenter förekom i meningarna vilket andraspråksinlärarna tycktes vara känsliga för i skattning av brytning. Slutsatsen av föreliggande studie är att olika faktorer i svenska språket ger upphov till grad av uppfattad brytning och att andraspråksinlärare och modersmålstalare delvis uppfattar brytning på olika sätt. / The results showed that the second language learners were more critical in their ratings of foreign accent of other second language learners than the native speakers. The results also indicated a correlation between native-like rating of foreign accent and the rating of one’s own perceived foreign accent among the second language learners.  Correlations between gender and native-like rating and correlation between friendship with native speakers and native-like rating showed no significant results. Second language learners and native speakers perceived different factors in Swedish as foreign accent. This was most distinct when word stress occurred in the sentences, which the second language learners appeared to be more sensitive to in perceived foreign accent rating than the native Swedish speakers. The conclusion of this study is that a variety of factors in Swedish affect perceived foreign accent and that second language learners and native speakers of Swedish to some extent perceive foreign accent in similar ways, and to some extent deviate from each other.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the collaboration of four learners of Swedish as a second language during a pair-writing task, as well as their experiences of the process, in order to draw conclusions about how to execute pair-writing in the L2 classroom. The study has found that the establishment of compatible partners are of great importance to achieve success and learning through pair-writing. One of the pairs studied managed to work well together and use each other’s knowledge to improve their text, while the other pair continuosly battled for dominance, which had a negative impact on their performance. The two successful students had enjoyed the task and believed they had learned something from it and that pair-writing can be a useful source of knowledge. The other two both felt that they were too independent to write together and that they could not learn from writing collaboratively with a peer.

<p>The purpose of this essay was to investigate how films and TV-series were used in a Swedish lower secondary school, but also the pupils’ and teachers’ attitudes towards using television media. A questionnaire was handed out to 49 pupils asking them, for example, if they thought they learned grammar from watching films. In addition two teachers were interviewed and asked questions about what they thought about using television media in their teaching and how often they used it in their teaching. The results showed that both teachers and pupils were positive towards television media. The pupils thought they learned grammar, pronunciation, improved their listening comprehension and learned new vocabulary. They also stated that a lesson based on television media was more fun than a usual lesson and something they would like to see more of . However, the pupils were doubtful whether they learned more during such a lesson than a lesson based on the textbook. Copyright problems were an issue for the two teacher and they also stated that it requires more time to plan a meaningful activity involving television media compared to the traditional teaching. However, they felt that when they took the time to plan such an activity, it was worth it and the pupils reacted in a positive way.</p>

This dissertation adds to the growing body of research on L2 academic discourse socialization in classroom contexts. Although the importance of students' writing in socializing them into their target discourse communities has been well documented, much less has been made of how students learn through online activities when the division between more and less knowledgeable individuals are blurred. Addressing this gap, this qualitative extended case study explored the experiences and perspectives of novice L2 graduate students in academic literacy practices that involved online writing activities. The focal participants included five first-year female graduate students from different cultural backgrounds enrolled in a graduate class during fall 2008 semester. Data sources included interviews with focal students and with the professor, class observations, field notes, questionnaires, handouts, and students' reflective essays. Anchored in language socialization theories (Duff, 1996, 2003; Schieffelin & Ochs, 1986) and the notion of community of practice (Lave & Wenger, 1991; Wenger, 1998), this study provides an ecological perspective on these five L2 students' socialization into academic literacy activities. The findings revealed how the students negotiated competence, relations, and identities to participate legitimately as competent members of their classroom communities. This study also contributes to an understanding of the changing role of novice learners in a given academic community by analyzing how they variably exercise their agency and develop their subject positioning in academic literacy activities that are imbricated in social, cultural, and discoursal contexts. Ultimately, this study enriches the notions of academic discourse socialization by demonstrating the dialogic and transformative nature of academic literacy practices mediated by online discourses in order to highlight ever more contextual information. / text