Arbetet som presenteras i rapporten omfattar en undersökning av dimensioner och strategier som främjar flerspråkiga elever inom låg-, mellan- och högstadiet. Samt att se vilka likheter och skillnader som framkommer i de olika stadierna. I studien betonas vikten av att undervisningsspråket, språkkompetenser samt att inkluderande arbetssätt och språkinriktad undervisning är avgörande faktorer för matematiklärandet och språkutveckling hos andraspråkselever. Framöver anses kodväxling där eleverna växlar mellan olika språk som resurs. Denna studie är baserad på vetenskapliga forskningar och erfarenheter från verksamhetsförlagd utbildning (VFU). Forskningen visar att det finns en koppling mellan matematikinlärning och språkkunskaper och betonar vikten av språkutvecklande arbetssätt där eleverna skall inkluderas och får anpassat stöd utifrån deras språkbehov. Detta examensarbete baseras på en kvalitativ studie som bygger på ljudinspelningar från lektioner i matematik på låg-, mellan- och högstadiet. Datainsamlingen är baserad på lärarnas mobiltelefoner för att spela in ljud från lektionerna och därefter transkriberades alla ljudinspelningar, för att möjliggöra en detaljerad analys av samtalet och interaktioner i klassrummet. Olika dimensioner såsom matematisk diskurs, klassarumsdiskurs i alla stadier samt explicit (tydlig och strukturerad undervisning) och implicit (självupptäckt och utforskning) undervisning, användes i studien. Dock fanns det en begränsning av användandet av flerspråkiga resurser. Slutsatsen pekar på att andraspråkselever gynnas av matematikundervisning när eleverna inkluderas i matematiska diskussioner på olika språk. / This thesis presents an investigation into the dimensions and strategies that promote the academic success of multilingual students in primary, middle, and high school levels. The study aims to identify similarities and differences across these stages while emphasizing the crucial role of language skills, inclusive practices, and language-focused teaching in fostering mathematics learning and language development among second language learners. Code-switching, which refers to students switching between different languages, is recognized as a valuable resource for their educational experience.The research is grounded in scientific studies and field-based education (FBE) experiences. The findings demonstrate a clear connection between mathematics learning and language skills, underscoring the importance of language development approaches that provide tailored support based on students' language needs. This thesis is based on a qualitative study employing audio recordings from mathematics lessons in primary, middle, and high school. Data collection involved teachers using their mobile phones to record audio during lessons, which were later transcribed to facilitate a detailed analysis of classroom discussions and interactions. Various dimensions were considered in the study, including mathematical discourse, classroom discourse across all educational levels, as well as explicit and implicit teaching. However, there were limitations in utilizing multilingual resources. In conclusion, this study highlights that second language learners benefit from mathematics education when they actively engage in mathematical discussions conducted in different languages.

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This thesis aims to explore the mathematics achievement of second language immigrants in compulsory school as they continue their schooling in Sweden. Specifically, the thesis aims to generate more knowledge about different sub-categories of second language students, namely newly arrived immigrants, early arrived immigrants and other second language students in compulsory school. The data in this thesis consists of students’ responses to test items and thus mainly contains mathematical symbols, essentially numbers in different representations, written by the students. Doing so, this thesis problematizes the concept of second language students in mathematics in two aspects. One aspect is to assess the first and second language students’ achievement in different mathematical content domains, instead of only assessing the total achievement. Another aspect is to see the second language students as different sub-categories of second language students. Papers I and II of this thesis found that the achievement difference between first and second language students is not homogeneous. Instead the achievement difference between first and second language students is larger for concepts that are rare in mathematics textbooks. Moreover, the achievement difference between first and second language students varies with the content domain. Another way to say this is that first and second language students have different achievement profiles. Papers III and IV of this thesis explored how sub-categories of second language students achieved on mathematics test items. Mathematics achievement studies on second language students often classify the second language students into a single category of students. Methodologically this imposes a concept of viewing second language students as homogeneous in proficiency in the language of instruction. This view is challenged in this thesis by dividing the second language students into newly arrived immigrants, early arrived immigrants and other second language students. These three sub-categories have different proficiency in Swedish language due to how long they have lived in Sweden. Papers III and IV found that these student categories both had different test achievement and, related to this, also used mathematical concept representations differently. In particular, the newly and early arrived immigrants seemed to experience on average different challenges during mathematics testing. The newly arrived students seemed more challenged with terminology but less with the mathematical content while the opposite seemed to hold for the early arrived students. An implication for teaching is that particularly early arrived second language children seem to be in urgent need of support in mathematical concept building from first day of schooling in the new country. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: In press. Paper 3: Manuscript.</p>

In this thesis, the three hypotheses on the nature of early L2 acquisition (the Full Transfer/Full Access view of Schwartz and Sprouse (e.g., 1996), the Minimal Trees view of Vainikka and Young-Scholten (e.g., 1996), and the Valueless Features view of Eubank (e.g., 1996)), are discussed. Analysis of the early French production by two native speakers of Moroccan Arabic is done to determine if the L1 grammar is transferred onto the L2 grammar. In particular, the phenomena of verb-raising (as determined by the verb's position vis-a-vis negation) and finiteness are examined. The results of this study indicate that the relevant structures of Moroccan Arabic do not transfer onto the emerging French grammar.

The major purpose of this study was to determine the possible correlation between reading and writing abilities of college students who are identified as second language learners. It was also aimed at determining the relationships between variables pertaining to the ESL college students, namely, their self-selected reading materials, their reading interests, the amount of time spent studying English, how they studied English, how they were taught English, and the length of residence in the United States.

The purpose of this study is to explore the different experiences and perceptions that second language learners in the Swedish upper secondary school have of the Swedish langague and swedish as a second language. The purpose is also to examine differences and relations between second language learners´ attitudes and some background factors that may influence their attitudes. The study is based on a survey containing two parts: the first concerning background factors of the respondents and the second part consisting of statements combined with a likert scale. The survey was given to students studying swedish as a second language in the upper secondary school. The most important result is that the student´s attitudes to swedish and swedish as a second language are affected by the number of years they have lived in Sweden.

<p>Studies carried out by different scholars have shown that the social roles society assigns to women and men create differences in how the genders use language. However, there is little previous research in the domain of gender and topic shift or initiation. This essay aims to investigate possible gender differences in topic shift and initiation in multiparty conversation among second language learners of English in upper secondary school. The three group discussions were recorded in a classroom setting and the data collected was transcribed. The topical shifts in the transcripts were coded using the Topical Episode Analysis (TEA) and the episode shifts in each conversation were analyzed on the basis of gender distribution and type of shift. In addition, the findings of the three groups were compared and discussed. The main result of this study was that the boys initiated 100 percent more shifts than the girls. The boys took up more linguistic space and dominated the topical shifts in the conversation which indicates that gender differences in topic shift and initiation exists, a finding that is consistent with previous research within the field of gender and language. In conclusion, gender differences were found between how the girls and the boys participating in this study shifted and initiated topics. The boys initiated more shifts than the girls in the multiparty conversations.</p>

This inquiry focussed on a single unit of analysis: TeleTuks Schools, a community outreach initiative of the University of Pretoria, South Africa and is classified as a case study. It sought to explain why despite technology that permits bi-directional oral communication during televised instruction, learner participation was poor. The exploration of literature related to instructional television (ITV) and social communication, ensured a richer understanding of ITV as delivery mode as well as potential reasons for low responsivity during telelessons. It also raised awareness of the particular challenges of utilising ITV in a developing country context. This inquiry was informed by an interpretivist paradigm and the theoretical stance related to a synthesis of several communication models designed for mass media while the concept interaction as a key element of instructional communication was also dissected. Initially, a small-scale quantitative approach, established how prevalent poor participation was while rich experiential interview and video data identified why learners refrained from participating overtly. The use of Atlas.tiTM to systematically analyse the volume of unstructured data as a single unit, not only facilitated analysis but also enhanced the validity of the inquiry. An inductive analysis of the research data generated three significant and interrelated themes: Paradoxical perceptions, Presenter nescience, and Problematic practicalities and partnerships. These accounted for why learners did not respond as expected during televised instructional episodes. Key findings suggested that the rate of learner participation during telelessons was not influenced by an isolated factor as initially anticipated, but by a combination of variables. Technical and methodological design limitations were complicated by ineffective communication skills on the part of both presenters and viewers. Incongruence between the findings and initial suppositions added to an overarching sense of mismatch and led to the proposal of a theory linked to instructional dissonance i.e. the ignorance or denial of distortions that negatively affect communication between the instructor and student. Instructional communication is successful but not meaningful as a mismatch of sense or utility occurs. Recommendations for theory and practice are deemed applicable to mediated instructional contexts. Research avenues for further exploration relating to interaction in blended learning environments have been suggested. / Thesis (PhD (Curriculum Studies))--University of Pretoria, 2005. / Curriculum Studies / unrestricted

The purpose of this study is to see how second-language learners uses noun phrases in their written texts and oral speech as well as how they differ from each other. In order to answer this, the following questions have been formulated: What congruent errors are found in the noun phrases in the students' texts and oral speeches? Are there any differences in the use of noun phrases in the students' texts and oral speeches? The study is based on performance analysis, where student texts and transcribed recordings of students' oral speeches are analyzed. The result shows that congruence errors in the students' noun phrases are mostly due to the misuse of gender, definite form and numerus. The result also shows that the students had more congruence errors in the written texts, but there were similar, but fewer, mistakes in the oral speeches. This means that you cannot draw general conclusions about any differences between the written texts and the oral speeches.

Syftet med studien är att undersöka vad svensk och internationell forskning visar om hur transspråkande används för att stötta språk-, kunskaps- och identitetsutveckling i det flerspråkiga klassrummet. Studien är en systematisk litteraturstudie som diskuteras i förhållande till sociokulturell teori och transspråkande som pedagogisk strategi. Resultatet av studien visar att transspråkande dels kan ske på övergripande nivå där hela skolan kännetecknas av en positiv inställning, dels genom att lärare använder transspråkande genom digitala verktyg, språkgrupper, modersmål- och studiehandledare, men också genom samarbete med hem och vårdnadshavare. Detta svarar också på studiens frågeställning om hur transspråkande kan stötta flerspråkiga elever i grundskolans tidigare år. Resultatet visar att transspråkande stärker elevens kunskapsinhämtning, språkutveckling och identitet.