O hiperinsulinismo congênito (CHI) é um distúrbio do pâncreas endócrino, mais freqüentemente causado por alterações dos canais de membrana KATP das células , resultando em secreção inapropriada de insulina e hipoglicemia severa e persistente nos recém-nascidos, que leva ao óbito ou a seqüelas neurológicas graves, se não diagnosticado a tempo. O diagnóstico depende da análise dos dados clínicos, laboratoriais, morfológicos e genético-moleculares (50% apresentam mutações dos canais KATP). As duas formas histopatológicas descritas requerem cirurgias radicalmente opostas: pancreatectomia quase-total (95-98%) na forma difusa que acomete todo o pâncreas, ou apenas exerese do foco adenomatoso de células , medindo em média 4,5 mm, na forma focal, e portanto a sua distinção é essencial durante o exame intra-operatório de congelação ou através de [18F]-L-Dopa PET-CT. Dez pacientes com CHI difuso e um com CHI focal, submetidos a pancreatectomia, foram analisados em relação a parâmetros clínicos, histopatológicos, de proliferação das células (IHQ de dupla marcação Ki-67 / insulina) e quanto à presença de mutações nos genes das únicas duas proteínas (SUR 1 e Kir 6.2) que formam os canais KATP, e comparados a 19 pâncreas controles normais da mesma faixa etária. Pacientes e controles foram estratificados em 3 meses e > 3 meses de idade. Nucleomegalia, ausente nos controles, foi observada apenas na forma difusa. Os critérios histológicos de maturação normalmente mais freqüentes nos controles 3 meses, foram freqüentemente observados nos recém-nascidos com CHI difuso > 3 meses, sugerindo um retardo na maturação do pâncreas endócrino destes pacientes. O índice de proliferação das células (Ki-67- LI), muito elevado nos focos adenomatosos da forma focal, foi útil na distinção destes focos dos agregados frouxos de ilhotas, histologicamente muito semelhantes, observados em dois casos difusos e um controle, que apresentam níveis de Ki-67-LI cerca de 10 vezes menor. Na forma difusa o Ki-67-LI também foi estatisticamente mais alto do que nos controles. Este é o primeiro estudo de pacientes com CHI no Brasil, e embora existam diferenças epidemiológicas entre os países relacionadas à determinação genética do CHI, não foram constatadas mutações ou novos polimorfismos nos exons 33-37 do gene ABCC8 (SUR 1) de 10/10 pacientes ou no único exon do gene KCNJ11 (Kir 6.2) de 4/10 pacientes / Congenital hyperinsulinism (CHI) is a rare pancreatic endocrine cell disease which most severe cases are found to be, at least in half of patients, associated with genetic defects in the -cell KATP channels. The aim of this study was to evaluate eleven Brazilian patients diagnosed, by standard criteria, as CHI non responsive to clinical therapy, and submitted to pancreatectomy, regarding: histology, -cell proliferation (IHC Ki-67 / insulin) and -cell KATP channels genes mutations in blood samples. For comparison of histology and -cell proliferation, 19 pancreatic control samples were included. According histology, ten patients were classified as diffuse and one as focal form. Nucleomegaly and -cells with abundant cytoplasm were absent in controls, and observed only in the group of diffuse CHI patients. Ki- 67-LI was useful to differentiate the adenomatous areas of the focal form CHI neonate from loose clusters of islets found in two diffuse form and one control samples. Proliferation was much higher in the focal CHI adenomatous areas, but diffuse CHI patients also have statistically higher Ki-67-LI than controls. This is the first genetic study of CHI patients in Brazil, and no mutations or new polymorphisms were found in the ABCC8 gene (SUR 1) (exons 33-37) or in the only exon of KCNJ11 gene (Kir 6.2) in 4/4 patients evaluated. On the other hand, enhanced -cell proliferation seems to be a constant feature in these patients both in diffuse and focal forms

O autor estudou prospectivamente a evolução clínica e a função secretora e hormonal 90 estômago em quinze pacientes portadores de rnegaesôfago chagásico avançado, antes e seis meses após o tratamento cirúrgico pela esofagectornia subtotal associada a esofagogastroplastia com anastomose esofa gogástrica cervical e piloroplastia. A evolução clínica pós-operatória, foi segui- da com avaliaçôes a cada dois meses, durante os seis meses es tudados neste tratabalho. Houve resolução da síndrome disfágicã, apos o tratamento cirúrgico, com exceção de um paciente em que ape- sar da melhora evidente, persistiu disfagia discreta. Consta tou-se ainda aumento significativo do peso corporeo, notada- mente nos pacientes que apresentavam maior dãficit ponderal. A diarrãia,que não esteve presente no período pré-operatório, foi constatada no pós-operatório, em nível si~ nificante, até os seis meses considerados neste estudo, porem com discreta intensidade, a partir do terceiro mês de evolução. Esta manifestação foi interpretada como conseqüência da VT e piloroplastia. No período pós-operatório, o estômago trans- posto ao mediastino, tomou forma alongada com pregas mucosas de disposição longitudinal, porém com moderada dilatação na porção distal em três casos. Houve redução significativa do TEG, no período pós-operatório. Os valores médios da acidimetria, em condição basal e apos estimulação com pentagastrina, no período pré-operatório, foram inferiores aos valores obtidos em indivíduos DOr mais, nas mesmas condições. Seis meses após a realização do tratamento cirúrgico, houve diminuição significativa dos valo- res médios da acidimetria após estimulação com pentagastrina, sem no entanto- se alterarem significativamente os referidos va lores, em condição basal. Os valores médios da acidimetria, apos estimulação com pentagastrina,apresentavam aumento significativo quan do comparados aos valores médios obtidos em condição tanto antes- como após o tratamento cirúrgico. Os valores médios dos niveis séricos do pepsnogênio, tanto em condição basal, como após estimulação com Betazole R aos 60, 90 e 120 minutos, diminuiram significativa- mente no período pós-operatórioíquando comparados às médias dos niveis pré-operatórios. Os valores médios dos niveis séricos do pepsnogênio, obtidos após estimulação com BetazoleR aos 60, 90 e 120 minutos, apresentaram aumento significativo quando compara dos aos valores obtidos em condição basal, tanto no pre como no pós-operatório período. No periodo pré-operatório, os valores médios dos niveis séricos da gastrina, em condição basal, apresenta- ram aumento significativo quando comparados aos valores obti dos em individuos normais, nas mesmas condições. o valor médio da gastrinemia, em condição basal, mostrou-se significativamente aumentado no periodo pós-operatório, quando comparado ao valor obtido no pré-operatório, nas mesmas condições / Clinical evolution and secretory and hormonal gastric functions were prospectively studied in fifteen - patients with advanced megaesophagus consequent to Chagas disease. Stu dies were carried out before and up to six months after surgi- cal treatment by subtotal esophagectomy associated with gastr9 plasty, cervical gastroesophageal anastomosis and pyloroplasty. Complete postoperative resolution of the dis phagic syndrome was observed in alI patients except one, who was evidently relieved but still complained of some disphagia. Significant postoperative body weight increase was also registered, specially in those patients who exhibited preoperative larger body weight deficit. Diarrhea was never present before the opera- tion. Postoperative diarrhea, however, occurred significantly up to the six months included in this study, but i t was of mild degree from the third month on. This symptom was atributed to vagatomy and pyloroplasty. In the radiological postoperative studies the stomach in mediastinal position assumed an alongated shape, with longitudinal mucosal folds, but with moderate distal enlargement in three cases. There was significant reduction in the time of gastric emptying after the operation. Preoperative mean vaIues of gastric acid secretion in basal condition and after stimuIation with pentaga trin were Iower than observed in normal controls in the same conditions. Six months after surgery there was significant reduction of the mean values after stimulation, with pentagastrin. However, no significant variation was observed in basal condition. Mean values after stimulation with pentagastrin w re significantly higher than in basal condition before as well as after the operation. Mean values of serum pepsinogen levels in basal condition, as well as after, stimuIation with Betazole, at 60, 90 and 120 minutes, were significantIy reduced in the post operative period when compared to the preoperative correspon- dents Ievels. Mean values after stimuIation with Betazole we re siginificantly higher than in basal condition, before as weIl as after the operation. Preoperative mean values of ser um gastrin levels in basal condition were significantly higher than in normal controls in the same conditions. The mean value of basaI serum gastrin increased significantly after the operation, in comparison:with preoperative vaIue in the same condition

Escherichia coli enteroinvasora (EIEC) é um dos agentes etiológicos da disenteria bacilar. Seu processo fisiopatológico é desencadeado pela expressão de fatores de virulência, que proporcionam sua invasão e sobrevivência nas células do hospedeiro, ativando o sistema imune inato e adaptativo da mucosa intestinal. Trabalhos recentes têm salientado a importância do sistema de secreção e da flagelina bacteriana como agonista de receptores da imuninade inata dos macrófagos, em especial alguns dos receptores do tipo NLR. Uma vez que esta espécie de E. coli também é capaz de expressar flagelina e fazer a montagem completa do flagelo e do sistema de secreção do tipo III, a nossa proposta foi avaliar o papel da flagelina e do sistema de secreção de EIEC na resposta imune dos macrófagos murinos. Para isso, utilizamos três cepas de EIEC: a cepa selvagem; a cepa mutante no gene responsável pela síntese da flagelina; e a cepa sem o plasmídio de virulência plnv, deficiente no sistema de secreção, para a infecção de macrófagos peritoniais de camundongos C57BI/6, caspase-1-/-, IPAF-/- e ASC-/-. Neste estudo foi possível observar que o escape bacteriano e a morte dos macrófagos infectados por EIEC, assim como a ativação da caspase-1 e posterior secreção de IL-1β é independente da flagelina bacteriana, mas dependente do sistema de secreção, além disso, a ativação da caspase-1 de macrófagos infectados por EIEC é dependente do receptor IPAF e parcialmente da proteína adaptadora ASC. Assim, no nosso modelo, a ativação da caspase-1 dos macrófagos infectados por EIEC parece estar envolvida com o processamento e secreção de IL-1β e, possivelmente na secreção de IL-18, mas não na morte celular. No modelo de infecção in vivo, o sistema de secreção bacteriano foi importante para a sobrevivência bacteriana no hospedeiro, assim como para a indução de uma resposta inflamatória no local da infecção. Ainda, a caspase-1 parece ter um papel importante para o controle da infecção in vivo por EIEC, podendo assim contribuir para uma resposta imune protetora do hospedeiro. / Enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (EIEC) is one of the etiologic agents responsible for bacillary dysentery. The pathophysiological process induced by this bacteria is triggered by the expression of virulence factors that provide the invasion and survival in host cells, resulting in activation of innate and adaptive immune system present on intestinal mucosa. Recent studies have emphasized the importance of the secretion system and bacterial flagellin as agonist of innate immune receptors present in macrophage, especially NLR (Nod like receptors). Then, our proposal was evaluate the role of flagellin (f1iC) and secretion system of EIEC in the induction of immune response of murine macrophages using the EIEC strains wild type (WT), mutant flagellin gene (f1iC), and a strain deficient in secretion system (DSS) for infection of peritoneal macrophages of C57Bl/6, caspase-1-/-, IPAF-/- and ASC-/-- mice. In this study we observed that the bacterial escape and death of infected macrophages with EIEC, the caspase-1 activation and subsequent IL-1β secretion is independent of bacterial flagellin, but dependent of secretion system, moreover, the caspase-1 activation in infected macrophages is IPAF-dependent and partially dependent of the adapter protein ASC. Thus, in our model, the caspase-1 activation in EIEC infected macrophages seems to be involved with the processing and secretion of IL-1β and possibly with the secretion of IL-18, but not involved with cell death. In the infection model in vivo, bacterial secretion system was important for bacterial survival in the host, as well as for the inflammatory response induction at the infection site. In addition, caspase-1 seems to have an important role to the control of in vivo infection by EIEC and can contribute to a protective immune response of the host.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa est une bactérie pathogène opportuniste qui est caractérisée par son ubiquité et sa grande capacité adaptative. Cette faculté lui est notamment permise par de nombreux systèmes de perception et de régulation, la sécrétion d'un large arsenal d'exoprotéines, une capacité à alterner entre deux modes de vie, une haute résistance naturelle aux antibiotiques ainsi qu'un génome riche soumis à une importante plasticité génomique. Cette dernière, associée aux pressions de sélection exercées par la grande diversité d'environnements rencontrés par P. aeruginosa, a permis l'émergence de nombreuses souches aux caractéristiques génotypiques et phénotypiques qui leur sont propres. Durant ma thèse, nous avons réalisé une analyse transcriptomique globale comparative entre les souches connues PA14, PAO1 et un nouvel isolat clinique atypique multirésistant aux antibiotiques, la souche PA7. Cette étude nous a permis de suggérer que cette souche, dépourvue des armes principales de la cytotoxicité, tendait naturellement vers un mode de développement associé à la formation de biofilm. Nous avons également caractérisé l'îlot génomique RGP69, unique à la souche PA7 qui code un troisième système de sécrétion de type II, Txc, qui sécrète dans le milieu extracellulaire une protéine d'affinité à la chitine, CbpE, sous le contrôle régulationnel d'un nouveau système de régulation à deux composants, Tts. Cet îlot génomique serait directement impliqué dans la physiologie particulière de la souche PA7. / Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic bacterial pathogen, characterized by its ubiquity and its high adaptative property. This faculty is particularly due to many systems of perception and regulation, the secretion of a wide arsenal of exoproteins, an ability to switch between two life styles, a high natural resistance to antibiotics and a rich genome submitted to an important genomic plasticity. The latter, combined with the selection pressure exerted by the wide variety of environments encountered by P. aeruginosa, has allowed the emergence of many strains with their own genotypic and phenotypic characteristics.During my thesis, we performed an overall comparative transcriptomic analysis between the known strains PA14 and PAO1, and a new atypical clinical isolate multiresistant to antibiotics, the PA7 strain. This study allowed us to determine that this strain, lacking the main weapons of cytotoxicity, naturally tended to a life-style associated with biofilm formation. We also characterized the RGP69 genomic island, unique in the PA7 strain, which encodes a third type II secretion system, Txc, that secretes in the extracellular medium a chitin-binding protein, CbpE, under the regulatory control of a component system, Tts. This genomic island could be directly involved in the particular physiology of the PA7 strain.

Mon travail a porté sur la caractérisation des effecteurs toxiques et protéines d’immunité du T6SS Sci-1 d’Escherichia coli Entero-agrégatif, éléments de la lutte inter-bactérienne. Nous avons identifié en outre Tle1, un effecteur de toxine codé par ce groupe et montré que Tle1 possède des activités de phospholipase A1 et A2 requises pour détruire la cellule proie dans la compétition interbactérienne. L'auto-protection de la cellule attaquante est assurée par une lipoprotéine de membrane externe, Tli1, qui lie Tle1 dans un rapport stoechiométrique 1: 1 avec une affinité nanomolaire et inhibe son activité phospholipase. Il a été prédit que la protéine 435 provenant à partir d'un groupe de gènes T6SS1 de l'agent pathogène AIEC LF82 est une phospholipase de la famille d'effecteurs Tle3 avec une activité PLA1. Sa toxicité peut être neutralisée par la protéine d'immunité cognate 434 qui est un Tli3 putatif, en formant le complexe de protéine Tle3 - Tli3. Les deux protéines séparées et leur complexe ont ensuite été appelées protéines complexes Tle3AIEC, Tli3AIEC et Tle3AIEC - Tli3AIEC, respectivement. Afin d'étudier plus en détail le mécanisme de Tle3-AIEC et de Tli3-AIEC, nous avons réalisé l'expression, la purification, la caractérisation, la cristallisation des deux protéines et des études cristallographiques de rayons X préliminaires du complexe Tle3-AIEC/Tli3-AIEC afin de comprendre comment la protéine Tle3-AIEC reconnaît et se lie à son effecteur apparenté Tli3-AIEC et inhibe son activité. Les données préliminaires de diffraction des rayons X ont été recueillies à partir de cristaux Tle3AIEC-SeMet/Tli3AIEC à une résolution de 3,8 Å. / Here, we analyzed the Entero-aggregative Escherichia coli Sci-1 T6SS toxin effectors. We identified Tle1, a toxin effector encoded by this cluster and show that Tle1 possesses phospholipase A1 and A2 activities required for the inter-bacterial competition. Self-protection of the attacker cell is secured by an outer membrane lipoprotein, Tli1, which binds Tle1 in a 1:1 stoichiometric ratio with nanomolar affinity, and inhibits its phospholipase activity.The protein 435 from the pathogen AIEC LF82 has been predicted to be a phospholipase of the Tle3 effector family with PLA1 activity from a T6SS1 gene cluster. Its toxicity can be neutralized by the cognate immunity protein 434 that is a putative Tli3, by forming Tle3 - Tli3 protein complex. The two separated proteins and their complex were then called Tle3AIEC, Tli3AIEC and Tle3AIEC - Tli3AIEC complex proteins, respectively. In order to further investigate the related mechanism of Tle3AIEC and Tli3AIEC, we performed expression, purification, characterization, crystallization of the two proteins and preliminary X-ray crystallographic studies of the Tle3AIEC - Tli3AIEC complex in order to understand how Tle3AIEC protein recognizes and binds to its cognate Tli3AIEC effector and inhibits its activity. X-ray diffraction data were collected from selenomethionine-derivatize Tle3AIEC SeMet - Tli3AIEC crystals to a resolution of 3.8 Å.

Les bactéries du genre Shigella sont responsables de la dysenterie bacillaire, ou shigellose, chez l'être humain, causant plus de 125 millions d'épisodes et 14 000 morts par an. Cette infection est caractérisée par l'inflammation et la destruction de la muqueuse intestinale. La bactérie utilise un système de sécrétion de type III (SST3) pour manipuler la physiologie des cellules épithéliales intestinales et du système immunitaire favorisant l'invasion de la muqueuse et enrayant la mise en place d'une réponse adaptative efficace. Le SST3 peut être comparé à une seringue moléculaire traversant la paroi bactérienne sous la forme d'anneaux membranaires, contenant une tige interne (MxiI), et d’une aiguille extracellulaire (MxiH). L'assemblage de cette dernière se termine par la mise en place d'un complexe d'extrémité formé par plusieurs copies des protéines IpaD et IpaB. Le SST3 prend en charge différentes classes de substrats à sa base via un complexe protéique comprenant l'ATPase Spa47. Les translocateurs (IpaB et IpaC) sont les premiers substrats à être sécrétés. Ceux-ci sont stockés dans le cytoplasme en complexe avec leur chaperon IpgC et sont recrutés à l'extrémité de l'aiguille lors du contact avec la membrane de la cellule hôte pour y former un pore à l'aide de la protéine IpaD. Ce pore permet l'injection des autres substrats du SST3 (effecteurs) qui vont interférer avec les voies de signalisation cellulaire. Il existe deux classes d'effecteurs, les effecteurs précoces (dont OspD1) stockés au préalable dans le cytoplasme et sécrétés suite au contact cellulaire. Ce contact active l’expression des effecteurs tardifs via un couplage assuré par deux complexes, OspD1-MxiE et translocateurs-IpgC. La sécrétion d’OspD1 et des translocateurs libère leurs partenaires qui agissent comme activateurs transcriptionnels. La régulation de la sécrétion dépend de plusieurs acteurs situés dans les différentes parties du SST3. Le complexe d'extrémité et la protéine MxiC contrôlent la sécrétion aux niveaux extra- et intracellulaires alors que l'aiguille transmettrait le signal de sécrétion entre ces deux complexes. Ce paradigme reste cependant encore peu compris et le mode de fonctionnement du complexe d’extrémité et de la protéine MxiC reste à éclaircir.<p>Nos travaux menés sur la protéine IpaD nous ont permis de mettre en évidence un phénotype de sécrétion intermédiaire. Celui-ci est caractérisé par la sécrétion des translocateurs et des effecteurs précoces, sans toutefois observer de sécrétion d’OspD1 et des effecteurs tardifs, suggérant un mécanisme de discrimination entre OspD1 et les effecteurs précoces. Ce phénotype de sécrétion est similaire à celui induit par l’interaction IpaD-désoxycholate. En effet, les variants d’ipaD restant fonctionnels pour la mise en place du pore provoquent également une augmentation de l’insertion des translocateurs et du pouvoir invasif. Nous avons également identifié la région d’IpaD nécessaire au maintien d’IpaB au niveau du complexe d’extrémité ainsi qu’un rôle de son domaine central dans l’insertion du pore. Nous avons enfin étudié l’effet d’anticorps monoclonaux anti-IpaD. Ces résultats nous ont permis de proposer un modèle de fonctionnement du complexe d’extrémité lors de l’insertion du pore, d’identifier les épitopes conférant une protection in vitro et in vivo ainsi que l’existence d’un polymorphisme qui empêche la liaison de ces anticorps à IpaD provenant d’autres sérotypes.<p>Notre étude sur MxiC a mis en évidence de nouveaux partenaires d’interaction (MxiI et IpgC). Ces résultats montrent que l’interaction MxiC-MxiI est nécessaire pour la régulation de la sécrétion des effecteurs précoces par MxiC. De même, la mutation mxiIQ67A provoque un phénotype similaire à la mutation mxiHK69A, ce qui suggère que le mécanisme de régulation impliquant l’aiguille est similaire pour la tige interne. Enfin, l’interaction renforcée MxiC-Spa47, via IpgC probablement couplée à un translocateur, apporte des pistes quant au rôle de MxiC dans la sécrétion des translocateurs.<p>Les rôles identifiés pour les différents régulateurs de la sécrétion ouvrent de nouvelles pistes pour la compréhension du fonctionnement du SST3. Leurs modes de fonctionnement restent cependant encore flous et nécessitent des études complémentaires.<p><p><p>Shigella are responsible for bacillary dysentery, or shigellosis, in human beings causing over 125 million episodes and 14 000 deaths per year. This infection is characterized by inflammation and destruction of the intestinal mucosa. The bacteria use a type III secretion system (T3SS) to manipulate the physiology of intestinal epithelial cells and the immune system favoring the invasion of the mucosa and halting the development of an efficient adaptive response. The T3SS can be compared to a molecular syringe that extends from the bacterial cell wall which contains an internal rod (MxiI), and an extracellular needle (MxiH). The assembly of the latter ends with assembly of a tip complex formed by multiple copies of IpaB and IpaD proteins. The T3SS recruits different classes of substrates at its base via a complex comprising the Spa47 ATPase. The translocators (IpaB and IpaC) are the first substrates to be secreted. They are stored in the cytoplasm in complex with their chaperone (IpgC) and are recruited at the needle tip upon contact with host cell membrane to form a pore via IpaD. This pore allows the injection of other substrates of the T3SS (effectors), which will interfere with the cellular signaling pathways. There are two classes of effectors, early effector (including OspD1) stored in the cytoplasm and secreted upon cell contact. This contact activates the expression of late effectors genes through a complex formed by MxiE (blocked by OspD1) and IpgC. Both proteins are released through OspD1 and translocators secretion. Secretion regulation depends on several actors located at different parts of the T3SS. The tip complex and the gatekeeper MxiC regulate secretion at the T3SS tip and base, the needle subunits transmitting a secretion signal between these two complexes. This paradigm, however, is still poorly understood and the operating mode of the tip complex and MxiC remains unclear.<p><p>Our work on IpaD protein allowed us to identify an intermediate secretion phenotype which is characterized by the secretion of translocators and early effector, but no secretion of OspD1 and late effectors, suggesting a discriminating mechanism between early effectors and OspD1. This secretion phenotype is similar to that induced by deoxycholate-IpaD interaction. Indeed, IpaD point mutants responsible for this phenotype cause an increase in the pore insertion and cell invasion. We also identified the region of IpaD necessary to maintain IpaB at the needle tip as well as a role of IpaD central domain in the pore insertion. We finally studied the effect of anti-IpaD monoclonal antibodies. These results allowed us to propose a working model of the tip complex end upon pore insertion, identify epitopes conferring protection in vitro and in vivo as well as the existence of a polymorphism that prevents the binding of these antibodies to IpaD from other serotypes.<p><p>Our MxiC study showed new interaction partners (MxiI and IpgC). These results showed that the MxiC-MxiI interaction is necessary for the regulation of early effectors secretion of by MxiC. Moreover, a mxiIQ67A mutation causes a phenotype similar to the mutation mxiHK69A, suggesting that the regulatory mechanism involving the needle is shared by the inner rod. Finally, the enhanced interaction MxiC-Spa47 through IpgC, probably in complex with a translocator, provides clues for the role of MxiC in translocators secretion.<p><p>The roles identified for the various regulators of secretion open up new avenues for understanding how the T3SS functions. Their ways of working are however still unclear and require further study.<p> / Doctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Ovarian cancer (OC) has the highest mortality among gynecological cancers. The high mortality is associated with the lack of an accurate screening tool to detect disease in early stage. As a result the majority of OCs are diagnosed in late stage. Further, the molecular events responsible for malignant transformation in the ovary remain poorly understood. Consequently, delineating key molecular players driving OC could help elucidate potential diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic targets. Receptor for hyaluronan-mediated motility (RHAMM) belongs to a group of hyaladherins, which share a common ability to bind to hyaluronan (HA). Intracellularly, RHAMM is involved in microtubule spindle assembly contributing to cell cycle progression. On the cell surface, loosely tethered RHAMM forms a complex with cluster differentiation 44 and HA to activate cell signaling pathways that promote cellular migration, invasion and proliferation. Since RHAMM is overexpressed in a number of cancer types and it is often associated with an aggressive cancer phenotype, I sought to determine if RHAMM similarly contributes to OC. I found that RHAMM is overexpressed in clinical specimens of OC by immuno-histochemistry and although both primary and metastatic OCs stain equally for RHAMM, RHAMM staining was most intense among clinically aggressive OC histologic subtypes. Further, using an in vitro model system, I was able to show that OC cells express and secrete RHAMM. Abrogation of RHAMM using silencing RNA technology inhibited OC cell migration and invasion suggesting that RHAMM may contribute, at least in part, to the metastatic propensity of OC. Since RHAMM lacks an export signal peptide sequence and has not been reported to employ alternate mechanisms for extracellular secretion, I utilized computational analyses to predict post-translational glycosylation events as a novel mode for RHAMM secretion. N- glycosylation inhibitors abrogated RHAMM secretion by OC cells in vitro validating my prediction and identify a novel and potentially unconventional mode for RHAMM secretion. Lastly, since RHAMM is secreted by OC cells, I sought to determine whether RHAMM could be detected in bodily fluids. In a pilot study, I found that urinary levels of RHAMM are elevated in OC patients as measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbant assays. Decreased urinary RHAMM levels noted following cytoreductive surgery support OC as the source of elevated urinary RHAMM levels. Finally, while obesity was associated with high urinary RHAMM levels in OC patients, combined measurements of urinary RHAMM and serum CA125 improved prediction of OC. Taken together, the studies described herein suggest that RHAMM contributes to OC and that further studies are warranted to further elucidate the clinical role of RHAMM in OC.

Bordetella pertussis is a strictly human pathogen and causative agent of infectious respiratory disease called whooping cough. In order to establish successful infection and colonization of the host, B. pertussis uses a broad spectrum of virulence factors such as adhesins (filamentous hemagglutinin, pertactin, and fimbriae) and toxins (adenylate cyclase and pertussis toxins). In addition, the type 3 secretion system (T3SS) was also found in the genus Bordetella. In connection to our previous characterisation of B. pertussis strain lacking the gene encoding RNA chaperone Hfq (Δhfq), which proved that Hfq is required for T3SS functionality, the recombinant T3SS proteins BopB, BopD, BopC and BopN were purified to homogeneity. Next, the specific antibodies were obtained using purified recombinant proteins in order to study the production of the T3SS components in B. pertussis. Using refined anti- BopC antibodies it was for the first time shown that laboratory-adapted B. pertussis strain secretes BopC protein into medium. The recombinant translocators BopB and BopD were also used to examine their pore-forming activity using planar black lipid membranes. Based on the characterisation of hfq deletion mutant, having impaired production of membrane proteins when compared to the wild type, mass spectrometry...

Francisella tularensis est une bactérie responsable de la tularémie. Sa virulence est liée à sa capacité à se multiplier dans le cytoplasme des macrophages. F. novicida, proche de F. tularensis, est utilisée comme modèle d’étude. L'îlot de pathogénicité de Francisella (FPI), un locus crucial pour la virulence de Francisella coderait pour un système de sécrétion de type VI (SST6). Ce SST6 est très distinct des autres SST6 décrits et son fonctionnement est très mal connu. En particulier, la protéine VgrG de Francisella est très différente des protéines VgrG des types VI canoniques. Les protéines VgrG canoniques interagissent avec des protéines à motifs PAAR. Celles-ci sont situées à la pointe des SST6 et fixent un atome de zinc grâce à une cystéine et 3 histidines pour stabiliser la protéine lors de la traversée de la membrane de la cellule cible. Les effecteurs du SST6 peuvent être sécrétés via une interaction avec des extensions N-terminale ou C-terminale de VgrG ou des protéines PAAR (rôle cargo de ces extensions). Par une approche bioinformatique, nous avons identifié une protéine (FTN_1314 : IglG) impliquée dans la virulence de F. novicida. Mon projet de thèse porte sur la caractérisation moléculaire de cette protéine dans la virulence de F. novicida. IglG contient, en C-terminal, un domaine de fonction inconnue (DUF 4280) retrouvé chez plus de 250 espèces bactériennes. L’analyse tridimentionnelle de ce domaine suggère que cette protéine adopte un repliement proche de celui des protéines à motif PAAR et contient 4 cystéines. Nous avons montré que la mutation ponctuelle d’une cystéine d’IglG abolit la virulence de F. novicida, et ceci pour les 4 cystéines indépendamment. De plus, elles sont capables de lier un atome de fer et sont nécessaires pour la sécrétion d’IglG et d’IglC (homologue de Hcp). IglG possède en plus de ce domaine PAAR-like, une extension N-terminale qui pourrait interagir avec des effecteurs de la bactérie (rôle de domaine cargo) ou agir directement en tant qu'effecteur dans la cellule hôte. Nous avons distingué 4 régions dans le domaine N-terminal et nous avons montré que la délétion de la plus petite région abolit la virulence de F. novicida. Ce domaine N-terminal est spécifique de IglG, il n’est pas retrouvé dans d’autres protéines à domaine PAAR. Il n’est pas requis pour la sécrétion de IglG, mais il est requis pour l’interaction avec IglF, une autre protéine du FPI, qui pourrait jouer un rôle d’effecteur du SST6. Ce projet permet une meilleure compréhension du SST6 de F. novicida et des mécanismes de réplication de cette bactérie dans la cellule hôte / The virulence of Francisella tularensis, the etiological agent of tularemia, relies on an atypical type VI secretion system (T6SS) encoded by a genomic island termed the Francisella Pathogenicity Island (FPI). While the importance of the FPI in F. tularensis virulence is clearly established, the precise role of most of the FPI-encoded proteins remains to be deciphered. In this study, using highly virulent F. tularensis strains and the closely related species F. novicida, IglG was characterized as a protein featuring a unique a-helical N-terminal extension and a domain of unknown function (DUF4280), present in more than 250 bacterial species. Three dimensional modeling of IglG and of the DUF4280 consensus protein sequence suggest that these proteins adopt a PAAR-like fold, indicating they could cap the T6SS in a similar way as the recently described PAAR proteins. The newly identified PAARlike motif is characterized by four conserved cysteine residues, also present in IglG, which may bind a metal atom. We demonstrate that IglG binds iron and that each individual cysteine is required for T6SS-dependent secretion of IglG and of the Hcp homologue, IglC and for the F. novicida intracellular life cycle. In contrast, the Francisella-specific N-terminal a-helical extension is not required for IglG secretion, but is critical for F. novicida virulence and for the interaction of IglG with another FPIencoded protein, IglF. Altogether, our data suggest that IglG is a PAAR-like protein acting as a bimodal protein that connects the tip of the Francisella T6SS with a putative T6SS effector, IglF

Récemment, le système de sécrétion de type VI (SST6) a été identifié comme un nouvel acteur clé dans la compétition inter-bactérienne parmi le large arsenal dont dispose les bactéries. L’une des particularités du SST6 est de cibler à la fois des cellules eucaryotes et procaryotes. Le T6SS est un complexe protéique formé par l’assemblage de deux ‘sous-complexes’. Le premier sert à l’ancrage de la machinerie au sein de l’enveloppe bactérienne et le second agit comme une arbalète moléculaire. Le mécanisme d’action du SST6 est très similaire à celui d’autres machineries contractiles telles que celui des bactériophages : la contraction d’un fourreau propulse une flèche, composée d’un tube avec une aiguille à son extrémité, directement dans la cellule cible afin de délivrer les différentes toxines. Mon projet de thèse consiste à comprendre quelles sont la structure et la biogénèse des deux différents complexes et de comprendre comment ils sont assemblés. Nous utilisons comme modèle la bactérie pathogène à Gram négatif Escherichia coli entéroagrégative. J’ai pu démontrer que le complexe membranaire est assemblé en premier, avec l’adressage de la lipoprotéine de membrane externe TssJ, puis le recrutement séquentiel de TssM et TssL, deux protéines de membrane interne. Le complexe membranaire recrute ensuite une plateforme d’assemblage, appelée ‘baseplate’. Nous avons identifié et caractérisé les composants de cette ‘baseplate’ qui sert de plateforme d’assemblage pour le recrutement du reste de la machinerie (fourreau et flèche). Enfin, nous avons identifié et déterminé le rôle de la protéine TssA, une protéine qui coordonne la polymérisation du fourreau et de la flèche. / Among the broad weaponry of bacteria, the recently identified type VI secretion system (T6SS) emerges as one of the key player in bacterial competition. T6SS is a versatile machinery that targets both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. This molecular weapon assembles two evolutionarily different sub-assemblies. One complex anchors the machinery to the cell envelope while the second acts as a molecular crossbow. The mechanism of action of the T6SS is similar to other known contractile machineries such as bacteriophages: the contraction of a sheath propels an arrow, constituted of a tail tube capped by a cell-puncturing device, directly into the prey cell to deliver effector toxins. My Ph.D project was to provide mechanistic details on the structure and biogenesis of the two T6SS sub-complexes and to understand how they are connected, using entero-aggregative Escherichia coli as model bacterium. I have demonstrated that the membrane complex is assembled first and starts with the positioning of the outer membrane TssJ lipoprotein and proceeds inward, from the outer to the inner membrane, through the sequential recruitment of the TssM and TssL subunits. After assembly, the membrane complex recruits an assembly platform called the baseplate. We identified and characterized the components of this baseplate, which serves as assembly platform for the tail. We further demonstrated that the functional and physical interaction between the T6SS membrane complex and the baseplate is mediated by multiple contacts. Finally, we identified and deciphered the role of TssA, a protein that coordinates the polymerizations of the tail tube and sheath.