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The study examined the effects of formative assessment on community college students' content-specific vocabulary skills, academic achievement and academic self-efficacy. Sixty-one community college students who were enrolled in Developmental Psychology took part in formative assessment only (N = 24), formative assessment in conjunction with goal setting and self-monitoring (N = 19) or no formative assessment (N = 20). It was hypothesized that students who took part in formative assessment in conjunction with goal setting and self-monitoring would achieve higher content-specific vocabulary skills, academic achievement and academic self-efficacy from pretest to posttest when compared to students who took part in formative assessment only and no formative assessment. Findings indicated that students in both of the formative assessment groups had significantly higher content-specific vocabulary skills from pretest to posttest when compared to the control group. Implications for formative assessment practices with community college students and the lack of support for the hypotheses are discussed. / Educational Psychology

The study evaluated the effectiveness of a video feedback and self-monitoring intervention on the treatment integrity of undergraduate student therapists leading a social skills group in a small clinic for children with autism. The student therapists’ behavior targeted for intervention included the delivery of reinforcement, the delivery of an error-correction procedure, and the delivery of a demand while programming for social interactions within the social skills group. Using a multiple-baseline across behaviors design, the procedure consisted of pre-baseline training, baseline, video feedback with self-evaluation, followed by self-monitoring once a preset criterion had been met. Results indicated that the video feedback increased treatment integrity to mastery criteria, and that the self-monitoring component somewhat maintained the mastery level of performance across participants. However, the time constraints and the rate at which the behavior changed lead to practical limitations of the intervention. / Applied Behavioral Analysis

Physical activity promotion in schools is a critical component of adolescent health. The main purpose of this study was to test the efficacy of a school-based program to increase the physical activity of 6th grade students. A total of 113 students in a large suburban public middle school participated in the 11 week study. A quasi-experimental design was used. Physical education (PE) classes served as the unit of randomization. Six PE classes were assigned to the control condition and six PE classes to the experimental condition. Control group students were asked to wear unsealed pedometers throughout the day in school and at home and to record their daily step-counts in school. Experimental group students also wore unsealed pedometers throughout the day and logged their daily step-counts in school, but additionally received a 10,000 step per day goal, were asked to attain an increased step-count goal during PE class, and received an enhanced PE curriculum. Pre- and post-test data were gathered for all dependent measures including average daily step-counts by week, GPA, attendance, tardiness, attitude and self-efficacy toward physical activity, and Presidential Physical Fitness Tests. The data analysis was completed using analyses of variance (ANOVAs), analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), paired sample t-tests, and independent sample t-tests. Results revealed significant gains in physical activity for both treatment conditions. Both groups demonstrated significantly increased step-counts relative to their baseline step-counts. The intervention did not produce significant changes in attitude or self-efficacy. There were some significant improvements in physical fitness and the scholastic measures, but these changes were not attributed to the intervention. Very low attrition, a high compliance rate, and favorable participant feedback were also noted. Overall, this study revealed that, in the short-term, it is possible to significantly improve physical activity without changing an adolescent's self-efficacy or attitude. An important finding of this study was that multi-faceted self-monitoring was the most critical factor that contributed to increased physical activity. / Kinesiology

The World Health Organization recommends that adults engage in at least 150 minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity every week. Engaging in physical activity improves long-term health, unfortunately, half of the adults in the United States do not meet the recommended levels. Health coaching is a patient-oriented approach to deliver behavior change interventions that has been shown to increase physical activity and improve health outcomes. Self-monitoring is a component of health coaching, and is a behavior change technique that has been identified as an integral component of health interventions that resulted in improved health outcomes. However, the specific effects of self-monitoring as a component of a health coaching package are unclear. The current study employed a single-case, multiple-baseline across participants design to evaluate the effects of self-monitoring on physical activity within a health coaching package. Three adult females participated in the study. Active Zone Minutes and steps were the primary and secondary dependent variables, as measured by the Fitbit Inspire 2. There were no clear changes in physical activity, as measured by Active Zone Minutes and step counts, across the health coaching and instructed self-monitoring phases for any of the three participants.

Forty-three college athletes participated (male basketball players, n=13; female basketball players, n=11; male swimmers, n=9; female swimmers, n=10). Two administrations of four self-report questionnaires were completed. Psychological traits of locus of control and self-monitoring were compared to perceptions of body image and predisposition to eating disorders. Measurements used were Rotter Internal-External Locus of Control Scale, Self-Monitoring Scale, Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire, and the Eating Disorder Inventory-2. Males tended to have lower drive for thinness linked with lower fat anxiety as compared to females. Females associated body dissatisfaction with perception of weight. In females, self-monitoring was correlated with feelings of physical attractiveness. Findings support previous literature proposing that women attach negative feelings to the body in relation to an cultural thin ideal. Reliability estimates lacked significance in general. This suggests that the measurements used are not predictive for these subgroups. / Master of Science

Self-appraisals of performance are traditionally lenient and inaccurate, hampering their practical utility in applied settings. The purpose of the current study is to examine the underlying processes, namely self-deception and impression management, which contribute to this leniency and inaccuracy. Because self-ratings are inflated regardless of environmental affordances, self-deception is said to occur. However, when environmental contingencies that reward positive self-evaluations exist, leniency and inaccuracy increases. This suggests that impression management processes also contribute to inflated and inaccurate self-appraisals. The environmental affordances associated with self-ratings are often couched in terms of reward and nonreward purposes of appraisal (POA). The occurrence of leniency and inaccuracy in reward purposes of appraisal are potentially moderated by personality variables such as self-monitoring (SM). Consequently, POA and SM were examined in the current study. Participants completed a model building task in both non-reward and reward POAs, with self-appraisals following each task. They also completed surveys which assessed their levels of self-monitoring, self-deception, and impression management. It was predicted that self-rated performance would be lenient across conditions, reflecting self-deception. It was further predicted that participants would be more lenient and less accurate in the reward POA than in the non-reward POA, reflecting impression management processes. This would suggest an additive effect in which impression management leads to increased inflation beyond the level of inflation attributed to self-deception. Finally, it was predicted that self-rating leniency in the reward POA would be moderated by self-monitoring, such that only high self-monitors would be significantly more lenient in the reward POA in terms of their self-rated performance. Repeated measure ANOVAS using four accuracy and four leniency measures yielded limited support for the hypotheses. Implications for future research are discussed. / Master of Science

High self-monitors choose as friends skilled activity partners, whereas low self-monitors select friends who are similar in attitude and values. We hypothesized that (a) as self-monitoring increased, individuals would identify the loss of shared interest as the cause for dissolving a former friendship and (b) as self-monitoring decreased, individuals would identify the loss of shared attitudes and values as the cause for dissolving a former friendship. One-hundred sixty one (82 males, 79 females) participants were recruited from MTurk. Participants were prompted with a forced choice measure to identify one of two reasons why a past close friendship dissolved. For one response participants could identify a loss of shared activities, for the other a loss of shared values. Participants then completed the 25-item Self-Monitoring Scale. For exploratory purposes, participants then completed a measure of the strategies they used to terminate that relationship of a best friend. Our results were consistent with our predictions, as self-monitoring appeared to influence the cause of dissolution in former close friendships. Additionally, as self-monitoring tendencies increased, participants were more likely to report using cost escalation, manipulation, distant/mediated communication, and de-escalation as strategies for ending a friendship. Explanations for these findings and suggestions for future research are discussed.

We examined whether individual self-monitoring differences predict what type of relationships people have on Facebook. In the offline world, high self-monitors have large heterogeneous social networks made up of weak emotional ties, whereas low self-monitors have small homogenous social networks made up of strong emotional ties. In our study, we defined online relationships in terms of bridging and bonding social capital. Bridging social capital refers to large heterogeneous social networks made up of weak emotional ties. People maintain these relationships for social benefits. Bonding social capital refers to small homogeneous social networks made up of strong emotional ties. People maintain these relationships for emotional benefits. We predicted high self-monitors will have more bridging than bonding social capital on Facebook; low self-monitors will have more bonding than bridging social capital on Facebook. We believed attitudes about using Facebook would moderate these relationships. We used Snyder‟s Self-Monitoring Scale, Williams‟ Online Social Capital Scales, and Facebook Intensity Scale to assess our variables of interest. We found support for our hypotheses. For high self-monitors, greater importance placed on Facebook usage predicted increases in bridging social capital on Facebook; for low self-monitors, greater importance placed on Facebook usage predicted increases in bonding social capital on Facebook. Keywords: self-monitoring, social capital, social media, Facebook

Since the increased popularity of social media, new marketing strategies have been developed by companies and marketers in order to advertise more effectively. This has concluded in a new marketing strategy originated from celebrity endorsement, called influencer marketing, which is implied by various brands today and often used on the social media platform Instagram. Influencer marketing is a strategy where a brand invests in an individual who has a big influence over its followers, with the purpose to recommend a brand or a product. The issue however is that there are thousands of influencers, and companies have to be selective when choosing who to collaborate with. Furthermore, there are studies examining factors which have an effect on attitudes and purchase intention, but very few study purchase behaviour. The purpose of this paper is to study which factors of an influencer have an effect on consumers’ purchase behaviour. This will be done by examining commerciality, entertainment and factors included in source credibility towards purchase. There was also an interest to investigate if certain personality types of consumers were more prone to make a purchase. Because of this, extraversion and self-monitoring were also included in relation to purchase behaviour. Furthermore, two types of exposure will also be examined to see their effect on purchase. For this study a quantitative approach was applied with the use of a survey questionnaire which resulted in 524 valid answers. The results showed that commerciality, attractivity and similarity had a significant effect on purchase, whereas trustworthiness, knowledge and entertainment did not. Furthermore, personality traits are also a determinant factor as high levels of extraversion and self-monitoring show to have an impact on purchase. Lastly, purchase seems to increase if an individual spends more time on Instagram or follows more influencers, meaning exposure also had a significant effect. In conclusion, our results show clear differences in the dominating factors which have been previously researched towards purchase intention. Attractivity is the factor which has most influence over purchase, closely followed by commerciality. / Uppkomsten av sociala medier har förändrat människors sätt att söka och samla information. Detta har påverkat företags val av strategi för att nå ut till sina kunder på bästa möjliga sätt. Den strategi som kommit att bli dominerande bland företag på den sociala plattformen Instagram är influencer marketing. Denna strategi innebär att företag investerar i en individ som har stort inflytande över sina följare för att marknadsföra en viss produkt eller tjänst. Detta görs i syfte att påverka individens medvetenhet och uppfattning om företag men även dess köpintention för att potentiellt utföra ett köp. Influencer marketing innebär dock att en vanlig person utan att behöva vara känd kan ha ett stort inflytande över sina följare vilket resulterat i tusentals olika influensers. På grund av detta måste företag vara selektiva vid valet av influenser för att marknadsföringsstrategin ska vara effektiv. Tidigare studier har undersökt vilka faktorer som har en inverkan på individens attityd och köpintention men endast ett fåtal undersöker köpbeteende. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka vilka faktorer av en influenser som påverkarkonsumenters köpbeteende. Detta kommer att göras genom att studera faktorerna kommersialitet, underhållning och de faktorer som ingår i modellen source credibility gentemot köp. Studien syftar även till att undersöka om individer med en viss personlighet är mer benägna att utföra ett köp, därav inkluderades extraversion och self-monitoring i relation till köpbeteende. Vidare undersöks effekten av två typer av exponering i förhållande till köp. För studien användes en kvantitativ insamlingsmetod som bestod av en enkät där 524 giltiga svar samlades in. Resultaten visade att faktorerna kommersialitet, attraktivitet och likhet hade en signifikant effekt på köp. Däremot visade faktorerna trovärdighet, kunskap och underhållning ingen signifikant effekt. Från resultaten framgick det även att personlighetstyp är en avgörande faktor där hög grad av extraversion och self-monitoring har inverkan på köp. Dessutom uppvisar resultaten att köp ökar om en individ spenderar mer tid på Instagram eller om hen följer fler influensers, vilket innebär att exponering har en betydande effekt. Slutligen visar våra resultat tydliga skillnader avseende de dominerande faktorer som tidigare undersökts i relation till köp. Faktorn attraktivitet har störst inflytande över köp följt av kommersialitet.