Bakgrund: Sverige har en av de största andelarna äldre i världen. Fler lever längre med kroniska sjukdomar, vilket ger en ökad efterfrågan på vård. Andelen personer med hjärtsvikt ökar. Digital teknik kan bli en viktig länk mellan patient, anhörig samt hälso- och sjukvården. Ökad användning av digital teknik i hälso- och sjukvården kan underlätta för patienter med kronisk sjukdom och leda till en bättre livskvalitet. Självmonitorering i hemmet ger en snabb indikation på försämring, leder till färre akutbesök och inläggningar samt minskade vårdkostnader. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva upplevelsen av självmonitorering i hemmet utifrån den äldre patienten med hjärtsvikt och anhörigas perspektiv. Metod: För att besvara studiens syfte och problemområde valdes en kvalitativ studie med induktiv design. Material inhämtades genom semistrukturerade intervjuer som sedan analyserades genom kvalitativ analys enligt Malteruds systematiska textkondensering. Resultat: I studien deltog sju äldre med hjärtsvikt och sex anhöriga. Deltagarna självmonitorerade i hemmet med hjälp av en mobil plattenhet. Analysen resulterade i tre kategorier. Aspekter av trygghet och otrygghet i samband med självmonitorering, självmonitorering ett stöd till egenvård samt självmonitorering ett stöd till att bli en partner i vården men också ett ansvar. Slutsats: Hälso- och sjukvården står inför stora utmaningar med en ökande äldre befolkning där fler lever längre med kroniska sjukdomar. Patienten behöver bli mer delaktig samt behöver ta ett större ansvar för den egna vården. Studiens resultat pekar på att äldre patienter med hjärtsvikt och deras anhöriga genom självmonitorering i hemmet upplever trygghet, beskrivs få en ökad kunskap om sin sjukdom och behandling samt tar ett större ansvar för sin hälsa genom att utföra avancerad egenvård i hemmet. / Background: Sweden has one of the highest proportions of older people in the world. More people live longer with chronic diseases, which increases the demand for care. The proportion of people with heart failure is increasing. Digital technology can become an important link between patient, relative and healthcare. Increased use of digital technology in healthcare can help patients with chronic illness and lead to a better quality of life. Self-monitoring in the home provides a quick indication of deterioration and leads to less emergency visits and admissions as well as reduced healthcare costs. Aim: The aim was to describe the experience of self-monitoring in the home based on the elderly patient with heart failure and the relative's perspective. Method: A qualitative study with inductive design was chosen to answer the study's purpose and problem area. Data was obtained through semi-structured interviews, and analysed using qualitative analysis according to Malterud's systematic text condensation. Results: Seven elderly patients with heart failure and six relatives participated in the study.  Participants self-monitored in the home using a mobile device. The analysis resulted in three categories. Aspects of security and insecurity related to self-monitoring, self-monitoring provides support for self-care and self-monitoring a support to become a partner in care but also a responsibility. Conclusion: Health care is facing major challenges with an increasing ageing population where more people live longer with chronic diseases. The patient needs to become more involved and need to take greater responsibility for their own care. The results of the study indicate that elderly patients with heart failure and their relatives through self-monitoring in the home experience security, are described to gain an increased knowledge of their disease and treatment and take greater responsibility for their health by performing advanced self-care at home.

The project was carried out for Semcon’s product development department. The aim of the project was to develop a concept that illustrates Semcon’s competences in their Total Design Office offer. The concept was to be developed within the medical device sector, with the purpose to self-monitor the user's health. The concept should also emphasize Semcon’s focus of being futuristic by analyzing and implementing emerging trends in health care and the medical device industry. At the start of the project a study of Semcon and its competitors was preformed to clarify the development goals. During the development process the Swedish health care system was investigated in order to identify openings for a self-monitoring device for private use. Applications were identified and evaluated according to societal importance and the result was a focus on heartmonitoring devices. The findings shows that heart disease is the most common cause of death and that a large portion of the population suffer from heart-related complications during their lives. The idea was to develop a concept that helped people discover heart problems and to motivate them to improve their lifestyle. Preventive treatment of diseases was identified as a future trend in the healthcare, due to the constant need for cost efficiency and improvements towards patient treatment. The development process was influenced by user involvement to strive for high usability in the concept. Users were identified and invited in two focus groups where their needs and ideas on thetopic of self-monitoring were discussed. By generating ideas from the user’s needs, concepts were formed and developed in several iterations of ideation methods to improved the early ideas of clearly formulated concepts. A workshop was conducted at Semcon were employees shared their expertise to verify and refine the concepts. After a selection process a final concept was chosen, the result was a wristband with an accelerometer and an ECG to provide the user with a quick evaluation of their heart and health condition. A key feature of the concept is the link it provides between user and the physician. The user will get feedback on their collected data and the physician has the ability to monitor patient condition from a distance. A user interface was developed to give the user an easy way to assimilate data without interpret medicinal values. / Examensarbetet genomfördes för Semcons produktutvecklingsavdelning i Göteborg. Syftet med projektet var att utveckla ett koncept som visar på Semcons in-house kompetenser i deras Total Design Office. Konceptet skulle utvecklas inom den medicinska sektorn och ha funktioner riktade mot privatpersoner för att göra egenkontroller av sin hälsa. Konceptet skulle också framhäva Semcons framtidsnisch genom att ligga i tiden och följa etablerade trender. Vid starten av projektet studerades Semcon och deras konkurrenter för att klargöra utvecklingsmålen för produkten. I utvecklingsprocessen undersöktes det svenska sjukvårdssystemet efter eventuella öppningar för ett egenkontrollskoncept riktat mot privat bruk. Öppningar identifierades genom läkarintervjuer på Sahlgrenska och Solna ASiH. Öppningarna utvärderades utefter samhällsnyttig betydelse och resultatet blev att inrikta sig vidare mot hjärtövervakning. Grundtanken var att utveckla ett koncept för att hjälpa människor att upptäcka hjärtproblem i tid och motivera till en förbättrad livsstil. Preventiv vård av sjukdomar hade identifierats som en framtida trend inom vården, på grund av vården konstanta behov av kostnadseffektivisering och förbättra patientnyttan inom vården. Utvecklingsprocessen var influerad av brukarmedverkan då en hög användarvänlighet var eftersträvad i konceptet. Användare var identifierade och inbjudna till två fokusgrupper där användarbehoven och idéer inom egenkontrollen av hälsa diskuterades. Insikterna från förstudien och fokusgrupperna användes i en idégenereringsprocess för att ta fram lösningar på användarnasproblem. Genom flera iterationer av idegenereringsmetoder utvecklades och förbättrades de tidiga idéerna till tydligt formulerade koncept. I denna process anordnades en workshop på Semcons däranställda bidrog med sin egen expertis för att verifiera och utveckla koncepten. Efter en urvalsprocess kunde ett slutkoncept identifieras, det blev ett armband med en inbyggd accelerometer och EKG för att utvärdera användarens hjärta och allmänna hälsotillstånd. En centralfunktion i armbandet var att kunna skicka information mellan användaren och läkare. Användaren får då möjlighet till feedback på sina insamlade data och läkaren får möjligheten att övervaka patientens tillstånd från ett avstånd. Ett användargränssnitt utvecklades för att ge användaren ett enkelt sätt att ta del av det insamlade data utan att bli tvungen att tolka medicinska värden.

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Research suggests a compelling correlation between teacher behavior and effective learning environments (Sutherland & Morgan, 2003; Brophy & Good, 1986). Focusing on the evidence-based teaching skill of offering behavior-specific praise (BSP), the researcher worked with 3 elementary-level general educators in a tiered model of instruction, commonly known as response to intervention (RtI). Although RtI commonly provides targeted instructional support to students, this study, a systematic replication of Myers, Simonsen and Sugai (2011), used the RtI framework to provide professional development to teachers. The researcher also tracked the behavior of 3 students, identified by the teachers as having behavioral difficulties, who became the focus of each teacher's BSP. Results showed rapid and somewhat sustained increases in rates of BSP following the Tier 2 and 3 interventions (video self-monitoring and peer coaching), but not following the Tier 1 intervention (schoolwide in-service training). Averages for all 3 students' on-task behavior increased with increased teacher BSP. Implications for educators, administrators, and researchers are discussed.

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Many attempts have been made to explain the nature of auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH) or the phenomenon of “hearing voices”. In the contemporary discussion of auditory verbal hallucinations, the raw material of the voices of AVH is seen as either inner speech, a spontaneously activated auditory experience, or imagined speech. Some contemporary theories of AVH are self-proclaimed self-monitoring theories which claim that AVH are the result of a failure of self-monitoring of some raw material, while other theories claim that AVH are produced without a self-monitoring failure. In this paper, I argue that even the theories that claim to not rely on self-monitoring, are in fact selfmonitoring theories. I argue that any viable theory of AVH will need to be a self-monitoring theory. Further, I argue that Daniel Gregory’s imagined speech self-monitoring theory is the most parsimonious and complete of the explanatory theories of AVH since it is able to explain characteristics that other theories cannot, including AVH that take place in what seem to be the voices of others, perceived spatial location, intensity of sound, multiple voices, and the intermittent nature of AVH. Further, I show that the imagined speech theory can be well integrated into a general understanding of schizophrenia, while still retaining its explanatory power for all populations that experience AVH, not just schizophrenics, and that for these reasons, it is the strongest contemporary explanatory theory of auditory verbal hallucinations. / Många försök har gjorts för att förklara naturen av auditiva verbala hallucinationer (AVH) eller fenomenet att "höra röster". I den samtida diskussionen om auditiva verbala hallucinationer ses råmaterialet till rösterna i AVH som antingen inre tal, en spontant aktiverad auditiv upplevelse, eller inbillat tal. Vissa samtida teorier om AVH är självutnämnda teorier om självövervakning som hävdar att AVH är resultatet av ett misslyckande i självövervakningen av något råmaterial, medan andra teorier hävdar att AVH produceras utan ett misslyckande i självövervakning. I den här uppsatsen hävdar jag att även de teorier som påstår att de inte är beroende av självövervakning i själva verket är det. Jag hävdar att varje användbar teori om AVH måste vara en teori om självövervakning. Vidare argumenterar jag att Daniel Gregorys Imagined Speech Theory är den mest sparsamma och fullständiga av de förklarande teorierna om AVH eftersom den kan förklara egenskaper som andra teorier inte kan förklara, inklusive AVH som äger rum i vad som verkar vara andras röster, upplevd rumslig placering, ljudintensitet, flera röster och AVH:s intermittenta karaktär. Vidare visar jag att The Imagined Speech Theory kan integreras väl i en allmän förståelse av schizofreni, samtidigt som den behåller sin förklaringskraft för alla populationer som upplever AVH, inte bara schizofreniker, och att den av dessa skäl är den starkaste samtida förklaringsteorin för auditiva verbala hallucinationer. / De nombreuses tentatives ont été faites pour expliquer la nature des hallucinations auditives verbales (HAV) ou le phénomène des "voix entendues". Dans la discussion contemporaine sur les hallucinations auditives verbales, la matière première des voix des HAV est considérée comme étant soit un discours intérieur, soit une expérience auditive activée spontanément, soit un discours imaginé. Certaines théories contemporaines de l'HVA sont des théories autoproclamées d'autosurveillance qui prétendent que l’HVA est le résultat d'un échec d'autosurveillance d'une certaine matière première, tandis que d'autres théories prétendent que l’HVA est produite sans échec d'autosurveillance. Dans cet essai, je soutiens que même les théories qui prétendent ne pas reposer sur une autosurveillance, sont en fait des théories d'autosurveillance. Je soutiens que toute théorie viable de l’HAV devra être une théorie d'autosurveillance. En outre, je soutiens que la théorie de l'autosurveillance de la parole imaginée (The Imagined Speech Theory) de Daniel Gregory est la plus parcimonieuse et la plus complète des théories explicatives de l’HAV puisqu'elle est capable d'expliquer des caractéristiques que les autres théories ne peuvent pas expliquer, y compris les HAV qui a lieu dans ce qui semble être la voix des autres, la localisation spatiale perçue, l'intensité du son, les voix multiples et la nature intermittente. En outre, je montre que la théorie de la parole imaginée peut être bien intégrée dans une compréhension générale de la schizophrénie, tout en conservant son pouvoir explicatif pour toutes les populations qui font l'expérience des HAV, pas seulement les schizophrènes, et que pour ces raisons, c'est la théorie explicative contemporaine la plus solide des hallucinations auditives verbales.

Behavior skills training is a didactic training format used to increase skill in an effective and efficient way. Video self-monitoring refers to the process of recording oneself for the purpose of self-review in order to observe and change one's behavior. The purpose of the following study was to determine if an intervention package that included Behavioral Skills Training (BST) and Video Self-Monitoring (VSM) would increase, generalize and, maintain high levels of treatment integrity of paraprofessional staff members while teaching a discrete trial training program to a student with autism. Additionally, student behavior was observed to determine if increased staff effectiveness would affect learner responding. The study found that the intervention package was effective in changing staff behavior by improving their treatment integrity. An observed change in student behavior emerged towards the end of the study when treatment integrity was high across staff members. Staff behavior generalized when the DTT program was implemented with a novel student. Additionally, maintenance of treatment integrity remained high after the intervention was withdrawn. Overall, these findings suggest that BST, followed by VSM, is an effective intervention for changing staff behavior. / Applied Behavioral Analysis

The main purpose of this thesis was to investigate the fit between four achievement goals, personal goal attributes and self-regulation strategies, and the generalisation of goal-strategy patterns to (1) different life domains (academic and physical activity settings), (2) two cultures (individualistic/the UK and collectivistic/Romania) and (3) over time, in two contexts (academic and sport university settings) in the UK. Additionally, differences between high level English and Romanian athletes in self-construals (individualism versus collectivism), achievement goals and self-regulation processes was investigated in one study. Method. The participants in the four studies of this thesis were: English university students (N = 591; study 1), English university athletes and exercise participants (N = 294 and N = 288, respectively; study 2), English and Romanian elite/sub-elite athletes (N = 91, N = 109 respectively; study 3a), Romanian university students involved in sport at elite and sub-elite levels (N = 196; study 3b), and English university student-athletes (N= 295; study 4). Three main questionnaires were used: the Achievement Goals Questionnaire (AGQ; Elliot & McGregor, 2001) (studies 1, 3b, and 4) and the Achievement Goals Questionnaire for Sport (AGQ-S; Conroy, Elliot & Hofer, 2003) (studies 2, 3ab and 4) measured four achievement goals in academic and sport settings, respectively (mastery-approach, mastery-avoidance, performance-approach and performance-avoidance goals); the third questionnaire, the Goal Systems Assessment Battery (GSAB; Karoly & Ruehlman, 1995) (all studies) required participants to state their most important personal goal, and measured two goal attributes (efficacy and value) and five self-regulation strategies used during goal pursuit (planning, self-monitoring, social comparison, self-reward and self-criticism). The fourth questionnaire, was the Self-Construal Scale-Revised (SCS-R; Hardin, 2006) which measured individualistic and collectivistic self-definitions in study 3a. Studies 1, 2 and 3a and 3b employed a correlational design, structural equation modelling analyses, and multivariate and univariate analyses of covariance (study 3a only), while study 4 employed a longitudinal design, latent growth curve analyses and structural equation modelling. Studies 1 and 2 Results. The goal-strategy models identified in education (study 1), sport and exercise (study 2) in the UK were very similar to each other, and consisted of both positive and negative paths (see figure A overleaf). Furthermore, in study 1, the total sample was divided into two samples according to the difficulty and specificity of personal goals: students in sample 1 (N = 325) set easy and vague goals, while students in sample 2 (N = 266) set difficult and specific goals. The model found in the total sample was tested again simultaneous in these two samples in order to ascertain the potential moderation effects of goal difficulty and specificity. As the model was invariant across groups it was concluded that personal goal difficulty/specificity was not a moderator of achievement goal relations with self-regulation processes. Finally, in study 2 Map relations with planning/self-monitoring was fully and partially mediated by goal efficacy and value in the sport and exercise domains, respectively. Study 3a and 3b Results. In study 3a, Romanian athletes had higher collectivistic self-construals than English athletes, while the two groups were similar in individualism. After controlling for collectivism, Romanian athletes, regardless of sport type (individual or team sport) had higher scores than English athletes on Pap and Pav goals, social comparison and self-motivation strategies (self-reward and self-criticism); and Romanian team sport athletes had higher scores on Map and planning/self-monitoring than their English counterparts. In study 3b the goal-strategy models identified in moderately competitive academic and physical activity settings in an individualistic West European culture (UK) were tested in highly competitive academic and elite sport settings in a collectivistic East European culture (Romania). The academic and sport domain models identified in Romania were similar to each other, and to those found in the UK. The following differences in model paths were noted in Romania: in the academic domain, four paths were not significant (Map and Mav to efficacy, efficacy to self-reward, and social comparison to self-criticism); and a new negative path was identified, from Map to social comparison; in the sport domain, five paths were not significant (Mav to efficacy, Pap to efficacy and social comparison, efficacy to reward and social comparison to self-criticism) and three new paths emerged, two positive paths, Pav to social comparison, and efficacy to planning/self-monitoring, and one negative path from efficacy to criticism. The positive path from Pav to social comparison (found in highly competitive sport settings) represents the most notable difference between the UK and Romanian models. Study 4 Results. The goal-strategy models identified in academic and sport contexts in studies 1 and 2 (described earlier) emerged again in these settings in study 4 (minus the path from efficacy to reward in both settings, and efficacy to criticism in academia) at three measurement times (start, middle and end of academic year/competitive season). Therefore, the model was stable over time. Unconditional growth curve analyses showed that, during one year, achievement goals and self-regulation processes followed different patterns of change: Map and Pav goals declined, while Pap and Mav goals were stable in education, and all goals declined in sport settings; goal commitment (a composite measure of goal efficacy and value) declined and planning/self-monitoring remained stable (in both settings); social comparison and self-motivation (a composite measure of self-reward and self-criticism) increased in education, while in sport the former was stable and the latter declined . Finally, associative growth curve models showed that in both domains: 1) temporal changes in Map were positively related to changes in goal commitment and planning/monitoring, and changes in the latter were associated with changes in self-motivation; 2) changes in Pap, social comparison and self-motivation were positively related; and 3) Mav changes were not related to changes in SR processes. Conclusion. This thesis advocates a conceptualisation of achievement goals as a dynamic, cyclical interplay between situated reasons, standards and self-regulated action; 2) an exploration of goal standards dimensions beyond the mastery-performance focus with the reason-standard complex; and 3) an expanded achievement motivation and self-regulation model, including the why (achievement goals), the what (personal goals/goal setting), and the how (self-regulated action), where the focus of enquiry is sifted from the correlates to the mechanisms of achievement goal effects.