Kreativitet är resultatet av personliga egenskaper, kognitiva förmågor och sociala miljöer. Studiens syftet var att undersöka hur kreativitet är relaterat till självkänsla, ålder och genus hos gymnasieungdomar. 111 deltagare varav 77 flickor, 17-21 år deltog. Ett tredelat test användes med frågor om fritidsaktiviteter (aktivitet), ett självkänslatest (”Jag tycker jag är”) samt ett kreativitetstest (Unusual Uses test). Resultatet av undersökningen visade inget samband mellan kreativitet och självkänsla men visade att ålder är relaterat till kreativitet. Yngre gymnasieungdomar var mer kreativa än äldre. Äldre hade högre självkänsla än yngre. Variabeln aktivitet kan ses som ett kreativitetsmått. Liksom variabeln kreativitet och visade variabeln aktivitet ett samband med ålder, yngre var mer aktiva än äldre. Det fanns inget statistiskt säkerställt samband mellan kreativitet och genus dock fanns en tendens till att pojkar kunde förutsägas vara något mer kreativa än flickor i undersökningen. Kreativitet kräver mod och för att våga vara kreativ behövs ett visst mått av självkänsla och självförtroende i en miljö som främjar aktiviteter som styrs av eget intresse och inre motivation.

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This paper studied whether threats to self-esteem and goal orientation affected an individual?s propensity to ask for help. Eighty-two undergraduate students from the University of Waterloo completed a self-esteem and goal orientation questionnaire in addition to completing two tests. One test was designed to be more self-relevant than the other, making that test more potentially threatening to an individual?s self-esteem. In each test, subjects were given the opportunity to ask for help on each question. The results show that the use of social comparison motivates individuals to engage in self-protection by reducing their willingness to ask for help. In situations where many others had asked for help, help seeking behavior increased. These results extend other research in showing the impact of social comparison on individual behaviour.

Sammanfattning     Författare (Tillnamn, förnamn)                                                                                                                 Årtal                     Unis, Brian                                                                                                       2010              Arbetets titel   Sexuellt riskbeteende och självkänsla hos ungdomar Opublicerad uppsats för magisterexamen.                                                                                                Sidoantal (tot)                 Karlstad: Karlstads universitet. Fakulteten för samhälls- och livsvetenskaper.            Avdelning för samhällsvetenskap Social omsorgsvetenskap                                                                    47                 Examensarbete 15 hp i Magisterprogrammet Hälsofrämjande arbete, folkhälsoarbete och socialt förändringsarbete i lokalsamhället.   Bakgrund: Attityder till sex och sexuellt beteende särskilt hos ungdomar har genomgått stora förändringar de senaste åren med ökning av sexuellt transmitterade infektioner (STI), i synnerhet klamydia i ungdomsgruppen och oönskade graviditeter. Många studier visar att det inte finns något samband, en del studier visar ett svagt samband och några studier visar ett positivt samband mellan självkänsla och sexuellt riskbeteende.   Syftet: Syftet med studien var att beskriva självkänsla och sexuella vanor hos gymnasieungdomar. Ett annat syfte var att undersöka attityder, normer och self-efficacy i relation till ungdomars sexuella beteende.   Metod: Studiens design var en tvärsnittsstudie. Tre mätinstrument har använts för att studera bassjälvkänsla (Basic Self-Esteem Scale, kort version), förtjänad självkänsla (Earning Self-Esteem Scale, kort version) och faktorer som påverkar sexuellt riskbeteenden (Sexual Risk Behaviour Belief and Self-Efficacy scales, SRBBS). Enkäten innehöll även tilläggsfrågor om sexuellt beteende. Ett systematiskt slumpmässigt urval gjordes bland ungdomar mellan 16 och 18 år från två gymnasieskolor i en glesbygds kommun i mellersta Sverige och 139 ungdomar deltog i studien. Enkäterna förmedlades via mentorerna för respektive klass. Svarsfrekvens var 38%.   Resultat: Resultat visar att ungdomarna har en god självkänsla. Killarna har ett signifikant högre värde för bassjälvkänsla medan tjejerna redovisar ett högre signifikant värde för förvärvad självkänsla. Ungdomarna hade en positiv attityd till kondomanvändning men cirka hälften var dåliga i att använda kondom. Attityder till samlag visade på en liberal inställning. En tredjedel av ungdomarna hade inte erfarenhet av samlag. Drygt hälften av dem som hade erfarenhet angav ingen eller en sexpartner de senaste 12 månaderna. Det var ovanligt att ungdomarna använde alkohol i samband med samlag. Det framkom att self-efficacy var god när det gällde att avstå samlag, att kommunicera om kondomanvändning och att köpa och använda kondom. Tjejer hade en signifikant högre self-efficacy i att avstå från samlag än killar.     Nyckelord Självkänsla, sexuellt riskbeteende, adolescens / Abstract     Author (Last name, First name)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 Year Unis, Brian                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2010 Title Sexuellt riskbeteende och självkänsla hos ungdomar (Sexual risk behavior and Self-Esteem in late adolescence)   Unpublished thesis for the degree Master of Community Care and Public Health                                   Pages (tot) Karlstad: Karlstad University. Faculty of Social and Life Sciences                                                          47 Department of Social Studies                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Background: Attitudes to sex and sexual behaviour especially among young people have gone through great changes in recent years with a rise in the number of sexually transmitted diseases (STD), especially Chlamydia, in the youth group and unwanted pregnancies. Many studies show a negative correlation, some show a weak correlation and some studies show a positive correlation between self-esteem and sexual risk behaviour.   Aim: The aim of the study was to describe self-esteem and sexual behaviour in high school students. Another aim was to investigate attitudes, norms, and self-efficacy in relation to young peoples’ sexual behaviour.   Method: The study’s design was a cross sectional study. Three instruments were used to study basic self-esteem (Basic Self-Esteem Scale, short form), earned self-esteem (Earning Self-Esteem Scale, short form) and factors which affect sexual risk behavior (Sexual Risk Behavior Belief and Self-Efficacy scales, SRBBS). The survey also contained supplementary questions on sexual behavior. A systematic random sample was made among students between 16 and 18 years old from two high schools in a small town in mid-Sweden and 139 students participated in the study. The survey was distributed to the students by their class mentors. The response rate was 38%.   Results: The results show that young people have good self-esteem. The boys have significantly higher scores for basic self-esteem while the girls’ results show significantly higher scores for earned self-esteem. The students had positive attitudes about condom use but around half of them were poor at using condoms. Attitudes about sexual intercourse showed a liberal view. A third of the students did not have any experience of sexual intercourse. A little more than half of those with experience answered that they had no partner or one partner in the last 12 months. It was uncommon that the students used alcohol in combination with sex. The results showed that self-efficacy was good when it came to refusing sex, in communication about condoms, and buying and using condoms. The girls had a significantly higher score for self-efficacy in refusing sex than the boys.     Key words:  Sexual risk behavior, Self-Esteem, Adolescence

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Previous studies suggest that the major source of pressure for inmates or drug rehabilitants is from prison or drug abuser treatment center. The objectives of this research is thus to understand the impacts of life stress, self-esteem and social support to drug rehabilitants¡¦ life adaptation in drug abuser treatment center, and be able to provide practical suggestions to treatment center in order to advance the effectiveness of drug abuse treatment. This study employs quantitative research method, and uses survey questionnaire to collect data from 260 drug rehabilitants in the Kaohsiung Drug Abuser Treatment Center. 230 drug rehabilitants completed their questionnaires. The major findings include the followings. According to one-way analysis of variance, drug rehabilitants with different socio-demographic backgrounds yield dissimilar results toward life stress, self-esteem and social support. In terms of life stress, the younger the abuser is the more life stress he/she would have. In terms of self-esteem, the older the abuser is the better self-affirmation he/she would possess. In terms of social support, the younger the offender is the less social support he/she would have. In our regression model, all three variables including life stress, self-esteem and social support reach significant level with social support most heavily weighted factor in explaining drug rehabilitants¡¦ life adaptation in drug abuser treatment center. Based upon the aforementioned findings, it is believed that the treatment center should give up the dogmas of conventional rehabilitation treatment, and adopt a more pluralistic approach in order to reduce life stress, promote self-esteem and increase social support for drug rehabilitants. The effectiveness of drug rehabilitation treatment can thus be improved.

This correlational cross-sectional study investigated body image from a positive psychology viewpoint by examining variables that were predicted to contribute to positive body image in women and testing a model describing the relationships among the variables. Negative body image has been correlated with many psychological problems in the literature, but less research has examined positive body image. Some questions addressed include: Is there a relationship between secure attachment and positive body image? Do self-esteem and optimism act as intervening variables in the predicted relationship between secure attachment and positive body image? To address these questions, data from 97 women were used in a structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis. Some of the hypotheses were supported, although the overall model was not. Secure attachment was found to be positively correlated with and predictive of self-esteem and optimism as hypothesized and in line with previous findings. Also as hypothesized, self-esteem and optimism were found to be moderately correlated. Self-esteem and optimism were not significantly related to body image in the SEM analysis and therefore the overall proposed model was not supported. In this sample, secure attachment was found to be the greatest predictor of positive body image. Attachment accounted for 40% of the variance in body image, 44% of the variance in optimism, and 25% of the variance in self-esteem.

Research on humility has long been handicapped by the lack of a valid and reliable measure. This research focuses on constructing and validating a measure of Healthy Humility, defined as an unexaggerated, open perception of the abilities, achievements, accomplishments, and limitations of oneself and of others - a perception that focuses primarily, but not exclusively, on the value of the non-self. Through a series of two separate studies using a total sample of 678 undergraduates, an 11-item scale scored on a 6-point Likert scale was developed. A third study using a sample of 183 undergraduates used measures of self-esteem, hope, existential meaning, depression, and anxiety to validate and explore the relationship between the Healthy Humility Inventory (HHI) and the aforementioned variables. Regression analyses supported hypothesized relationships between the HHI and measures of hope and existential meaning, and the trend of the relationship between measures of self-esteem and the HHI, though not significant, also followed along the lines of the hypothesized relationship. A hierarchical regression analysis demonstrated that the HHI explained a significant amount of variance (p<.05) on measures of depression and anxiety above and beyond that explained by self-esteem.

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