Disordered eating is a general term that describes a wide range of behaviors from diagnosable eating disorders to subclinical patterns of behavior that do not meet criteria for diagnosis (e.g., problematic weight loss behaviors, excessive dieting, bingeing, purging). Disordered eating is prevalent and has a wide range of physical and psychological consequences. Negative self-conscious emotions such as shame and guilt have been implicated in the development and maintenance of disordered eating. Positive attitudes toward the self (i.e., self-forgiveness, self-compassion, self-acceptance) may be helpful in reducing shame, guilt, and disordered eating symptoms. In this dissertation, I explored the associations between positive attitudes toward the self, negative self-conscious emotions, and disordered eating in a sample of college students and adults (N = 477). Positive attitudes toward the self were associated with lower levels of disordered eating symptoms, and this relationship was partially mediated by lower levels of negative self-conscious emotions. I concluded by discussing areas for future research and implications for clinical practice.

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Objective: We tested a hypothesized model consistent with the notion that self-compassion mediates the association between negative life events and suicidal risk (viz., depressive symptoms and suicidal behaviors) in college students. Method: The sample was comprised of 331 college students. Self-compassion facets (viz., self-kindness, self-judgment, common humanity, isolation, mindfulness, and overidentification) were used in testing for multiple mediation, controlling for sex. Results: Common humanity, mindfulness, and overidentification were found to mediate the association between negative life events (NLE) and depressive symptoms. However, common humanity was found to be the only mediator of the association between NLE and suicidal behaviors. Conclusion: These findings suggest that there are specific facets of self-compassion that account for the association between NLE and suicidal risk in college students and that (loss of) common humanity plays a central role in this process.

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Objective: One of the main theoretical proposals of Intensive Short-term Dynamic Psychotherapy (ISTDP; Davanloo, 1990) is that experiencing of previously unconscious guilt over aggressive impulses associated with attachment trauma leads to increase in self-compassion. The present study aimed to test this assumption. Method: Videotaped sessions from five therapies from a randomized controlled trial of 20-sessions of time-limited ISTDP for treatment-refractory depression were rated with the Achievement of Therapeutic Objectives Scale (ATOS; McCullough, Larsen, Schanche, Andrews& Kuhn, 2003b). Degree of patient guilt arousal and self-compassion were rated on all available sessions. Data were analyzed using a replicated single-subject time-series approach. Results: Guilt arousal was not shown to positively predict self-compassion for any of the five patients. For one patient guilt arousal negatively predicted self-compassion two sessions ahead in time. Conclusion: The current study yields no support that the experience of guilt over aggressive feelings and impulses leads to increases in self-compassion. On the contrary, the finding that guilt negatively predicted self-compassion for one patient must be considered as an indication that this treatment process might negatively impact self-compassion for some patients in some contexts. However, there are several methodological limitations to the current study in the light of which the results should be regarded as tentative.

Syftet med denna experimentella studie var att öka kunskapen om perfektionism genom att undersöka huruvida perfektionism går att påverka, hur perfektionism påverkar prestation samt hur olika perfektionismdimensioner tar sig uttryck i olika situationer. För att undersöka detta skapades ett internetexperiment innehållande en kort version av Pennebaker’s essay writing procedure (uppsatsskrivande-uppgift), en korrekturläsningsuppgift samt självskattningsformulär för olika perfektionismdimensioner och self-compassion. Deltagarna i studien randomiserades till två olika betingelsegrupper som fick skriva om en gång då de lyckats (pos. betingelsegrupp) eller en gång då de misslyckats (neg. betingelsegrupp). Resultatet visade på ett signifikant samband mellan perfektionismdimensionen perfectionist strivings och antalet ändringar i texten hos den negativa betingelsegruppen samt ett signifikant samband mellan self-compassion och antal skrivna ord i uppsatsskrivande-uppgiften före ändring i den positiva betingelsegruppen. Resultaten visade även på signifikanta korrelationsskillnader både mellan perfektionismdimensionen perfectionist strivings och antalet ändringar i texten samt mellan self-compassion och antalet skrivna ord i uppsatsskrivande-uppgiften. Resultaten tyder på att olika perfektionismdimensioner och self-compassion blir mer framträdande samt påverkar prestation på olika sätt beroende på om situationen är positiv eller negativ.

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The use of social network services (SNS) has exponentially grown especially among younger generations. Facebook (FB) use today constitutes a part of many university students’ everyday life. At the same time, research interest for self-compassion has grown tremendously. High self-compassion is associated with high subjective well-being (SWB), while high FB use has shown association with lower SWB. The effect of interaction between FB use and self-compassion in predicting SWB has thus far not been tested. This study examined if FB use correlated with SWB, if self-compassion correlated with SWB, and if the level of self-compassion had a moderating effect between FB use and SWB. A survey containing measures of frequency and duration of FB use, Self-Compassion Scale - Short Form, Positive and Negative Affect Schedule, and Satisfaction With Life Scale was administered to Swedish university students (N = 231, M age = 24.84, SD = 5.9). A hierarchal regression analysis was used to test if FB use and self-compassion interacted to predict SWB. The regression analysis showed that only self-compassion significantly predicted SWB. This study suggests that frequency and duration of FB use might not be enough to predict SWB. Future research could benefit from mapping more precisely what kind of FB use is beneficial or non-beneficial for user well-being. Also, future research could benefit from considering type of FB use in interaction with the level of self-compassion in predicting SWB. / Användandet av sociala medier (SNS) har växt kraftigt bland yngre generationer. Facebook (FB) användande utgör idag en del av många universitetsstudenters vardagliga liv. Samtidigt har forskningsintresset kring self-compassion vuxit. Hög self-compassion är associerat med högt subjektivt välbefinnande (SWB) medan högt FB-användande har visat associationer med lägre SWB. Effekten av interaktion mellan FB-användande och self-compassion för att predicera SWB har ej tidigare studerats. Denna studie undersökte korrelation mellan FB-användande och SWB, korrelation mellan self-compassion och SWB, samt om self-compassion hade en modererande effekt mellan FB-användande och SWB. En enkät innehållande mätning av frekvens och duration av FB-användande, Self-Compassion Scale - Short Form, Positive and Negative Affect Schedule och Satisfaction With Life Scale administrerades till svenska universitetsstudenter (N = 231, M age = 24.84, SD = 5.9). Hierarkisk regressionsanalys användes för att undersöka om interaktion mellan FB-användande och self-compassion kunde predicera SWB. Regressionsanalysen visade att endast self-compassion signifikant kunde predicera SWB. Resultatet föreslår att frekvens och duration av FB-användande möjligtvis inte är tillräckligt för att predicera SWB. Framtida studier kan med fördel mer utförligt undersöka vilken typ av FB-användande som har fördelaktig eller icke-fördelaktig effekt på SWB, samt ta hänsyn till typ av FB-användande och nivå av self-compassion i interaktion för att predicera SWB.

Bakgrund: Utbrändhet är trots omfångsrik forskning fortfarande ett ökande folkhälsoproblem i samhället. Forskning visar att utbrändhet har starkt samband med arbetslivet och att yrkesgrupper inom vårdsektorn är särskilt utsatta. Självmedkänsla som en ganska ny form av intervention kan här spela en roll i ett preventivt folkhälsoarbete mot utbrändhet. Syfte: Litteraturöversiktens syfte är att belysa självmedkänsla som förebyggande åtgärd mot utbrändhet hos yrkesgrupper inom vårdsektorn. Metod: Ett urval av tio vetenskapliga artiklar har systematiskt lästs, kodats och analyserats för att få fram teman för ny förståelse och för att uppnå syftet med litteraturöversikten. Resultat: Kvalitativa studier visar komplexiteten i begreppet medkänsla och att emotionella aspekten av vård baserad på medkänsla behöver balanseras med egenomsorg. Flera studier visar att självmedkänsla påverkar främst interrelationella sammanhang men inte organisation och arbetsplats i någon större omfattning. Individuella egenskapers kopplingar till olika komponenter i självmedkänsla lyfts som både riskfaktorer och skyddsfaktorer för utbrändhet. Variablerna perspektivförmåga och empatisk omsorg ses som främjande faktorer mot utbrändhet. Självmedkänsla kan motverka risk för utbrändhet visar ett antal studier. Slutsats: Självmedkänsla kan vara av betydelse för bättre förutsättning att hantera emotionell belastning i arbete inom vårdsektorn. Mer praktisk interventionsbaserad forskning med kontrollgrupper behövs för att avgöra effekt av självmedkänsla. / Background: Burnout is despite extensive research still an increasing public health problem in society. Research shows that burnout has a strong connection with work life and that occupational groups in the healthcare sector are particularly vulnerable. Self-compassion as a fairly new form of intervention may play a role in preventive public health work against burnout. Purpose: The purpose of this literature review is to highlight self-compassion as a preventive action against burnout in occupational groups in the healthcare sector. Method:A selection of ten scientific articles has been systematically read, coded and analyzed to obtain themes for new understanding and to achieve the purpose of the literature review. Results: Qualitative studies show the complexity of the concept of compassion and that the emotional aspect of compassion-based care needs to be balanced with self-care. Several studies show that self-compassion primarily affects interrelational contexts but not organization or workplace to the same extent. Individual properties connected to different components of self-compassion are lifted as both risk factors and protective factors. The variables of perspective taking and empathic concern are seen as promoting factors against burnout. Self-compassion can buffer against burnout, as shown in a few studies. Conclusion: Self-compassion may be of importance for better prerequisites for dealing with emotional burden in professions within the healthcare sector. More intervention-based research with control groups is needed to determine the effect of self-compassion.